STYLISTIC DEVICES OF RAJA ALI HAJI’S AND RENDRA SETYADIHARJA’S GURINDAM.

STYLISTIC DEVICES OF RAJA ALI HAJI’S AND RENDRA SETYADIHARJA’S GURINDAM

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

MAHYA HUMAIRA

Registration Number: 8126111019

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2015

ABSTRACT

Humaira, Mahya. Stylistic Devices of Raja Ali Haji’s and Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam. Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan, 2015.

The aims of this study were to describe the types of stylistic devices used in Raja Ali Haji’s and Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam, and to describe the reason of using those stylistic by the poets in Gurindam. This research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. The data were Gurindam which has analyzed by using stylistic devices. The data analyzed by using theory of descriptive analysis. The results of this study were: (1) The types of stylistic were found in Raja Ali Haji’s are Irony, Polysemy, Ephitet, Oxymoron, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Ellipsis, Anaphora, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Coinage. The types of stylistic devices found in Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam are: Irony, Polysemy, Oxymoron, Euphemism, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Anastrophe, Anaphora, Paradox, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Personification, Clich, Coinage. The dominant stylistic devices that is used by Raja ali Haji is polysemy, while Rendra Setyadiharja dominantly used symbolism in his Gurindam. (2) The reasons of using stylistic devices in this gurindam can be categorized as (a) stylistic devices as the reflection of personal style, (b) Stylistic devices as the medium to attract readers’ attention, (c) Style – Style devices – is influenced by Personal background. Raja Ali Haji is a powerful and important figure in the Malay world in 1880s and he was grown up in the kingdom family, while Rendra Setyadiharja is talented man who was born in 1980s who loves to Malay culture.

ABSTRAK

Humaira, Mahya. Perangkat Stylistik pada Gurindam Raja Ali Haji dan Rendra Setyadiharja. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan tipe-tipe perangkat stylistik yang ada pada gurindam Raja Ali Haji dan Rendra Setyadiharja dan menjelaskan alasan penggunaan stylistik tersebut oleh penyair dalam Gurindam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain qualitatif descriptif. Data pada penelitian ini adalah perangkat stylistik yang terdapat dalam gurindam. Data di analisa dengan menggunakan analisa descriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) ada beberapa tipe perangkat stylistik yang ditemukan dalam Gurindam Raja Ali Haji dan Rendra Setyadiharja, yaitu; ironi, polisemi, efitet, oximoron, eufemisme, hiperbola, pleonasme, Simbolisme, Sinekdoke, Repetisi, Anastrop, Anafora, Paradox, Simile, Metapor, Archaic/ difficult word, periphrasis, personifikasi, klise dan Coinage, stylistik yang dominan digunakan Raja Ali Haji adalah polisemi, dan yang dominan digunakan Rendara Setyadiharja adalah simbolisme. (2) alasan penggunaan stylistik oleh Raja Ali Haji dan Rendra Setyadiharja dalam Gurindam adalah; (a) perangkat stylistik sebagai cerminan style personal, (b) perangkat stylistik sebagai media untuk menarik perhatian pembaca, (c) style – perangkat stylistik – dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang personal. Raja Ali Haji adalah figure yang kuat dan penting dalam dunia Melayu pada tahun 1880an dan beliau tumbuh dalam keluarga kerajaan, sementara Rendara Setyadiharja adalah seorang yang berbakat yang lahir pada tahun 1980an yang mencintai budaya Melayu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Almighty God, the most Gracious and the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah for His Blessing in the completion of this thesis.

In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to her by a lot of people.

The highest appreciation goes to her two advisors, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as her first advisor and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum. as her second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this thesis.

Then, her appreciation also goes to Prof. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. as the head of English Applied Linguistics Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. as the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Program who have assisted her in processing the administration requirements during the process of her studies in the Post Graduate Program of the State University of Medan.

The writer’s great thanks also goes to her reviewers or examiners, Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd. They had given suggestions, criticisms and improvements for this thesis. She also would like to express her thankfulness for all lecturers teaching her during the academic years of LTBI. Then, her gratitude goes to the students of LTBI A2 XXI, such as; Bang Hiskia Manurung, Bang Mahfudz, Kak Ismayani, Dwi Maya Novitri, Kak Elvida Wahyuni, Kak Novi Dian Isra, Kak Raden Syahid, Kak Tasnim, Kak Halimah, Raisa Siska, Rica Umrina, etc. who had given her

ii

encouragement in writing this thesis. Her thanks also dedicated to Bang Farid for his kindness for helping in administration processes of LTBI.

Finally, her special gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents, her late father Drs. Nazrun and her mother Khadijah, who give her pray, motivation, support mentally and financially and also endless praying.

Medan, September 15th 2015 The writer,

Mahya Humaira. Reg. No. 8126111019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study………. 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ..………... 5

1.3 The Objective of the Study……….……… 5

1.4 The Scope of the Study………..……. 6

1.5 The Significance of the Study………... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 The Style and Stylistic ...………. 8

2.2 Stylistic Devices ...………. 13

2.3 The Reasons of Using Stylistic Devices ...……… 33

2.4 Discourse ………...………...…….. 39

2.5 History of Malay ………..…... 40

2.5.1 Gurindam...……….…....… 46

2.5.2 The Profile of Gurindam’s Poet………... 55

2.6 Previous Related Study ……….. 61

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1. Research Method……….… 64

3.2. The Source of Data and Data ………..…. 65

3.3. The Instruments for Collection Data ……….... 65

3.4. The Techniques for Collection Data ………... 66

3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ………... 66

ii

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Data Analysis……… 69

4.1.1. Types of Stylistic Devices Used in Raja Ali Haji’s and Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam ……….…….. 69

4.1.2. The Reason of Using Stylistic Devices in Gurindam …… 78

4.2. Findings……… 79

4.3. Discussion……… 80

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions…..……… 84

5.2. Suggestions……….. 85

REFERENCES …...………... 80

APPENDIX 1 ……….……….. 82

APPENDIX 2 ……….…. 135

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Discourse analysis, being a relative social phenomenon solely depends on the wide range of disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, cognitive and social psychology, philosophy, for knowledge and methodologies and it is difficult to draw a clear line of demarcation between certain linguistic fields, such as anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistic, discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, as the approaches to “study of language in use” are borrowed from these sub fields and most of the times the findings are independently supported by the fresh evidences. Discourse analysis, in turn, is composed of a wide range of sub-disciplines, such as pragmatics, conversational analysis, speech act theory and ethnography of speaking. The discipline studies language used in the context, so its subject matter is language as a whole, either written or spoken, in terms of transcriptions, larger texts, audio or video recordings, which provides an opportunity to the analyst to work with language rather than a single sentence.

Moreover, discourse could be defined as a contextually occurring instance of language use; it is not determined by the length and grammaticalness of utterance/s, but by the involvement of a speaker/writer and a hearer/ reader in an act of communication, in a context saturated with ideologies (conflicting or

necessarily reflects the multifunctional dimensions of language in general, and this suggests that any approach to its analysis will have to take into account both linguistic as well as extra-linguistic features, the latter of which are a combination of subjective / personal and intersubjective / cultural factors.

In the light of above definition, one main proposition put forward in this thesis is that all texts as instances of discourse can be approached in essentially the same manner for critical analysis. This would specifically include those texts (namely literary texts) traditionally viewed as unique and different from all other instances of discourse in that they exhibit unique and different 'types' of language. Yet considering these types as different would naturally cause problems to an otherwise uniform view of discourse, the analysis of which could not then be approached from the same angle. Consequently, the aim of this research is to revisit and, where relevant, redefine a set of traditional notions which do not conform with the view of discourse discussed above. These include such notions as literature, literary and non-literary language, and style in language and its effects on stylistic analyses, and the positions and roles of text producers as well as the reader in interpreting texts. The need to attend to these issues springs from their centrality in critical approaches to discourse analysis.

Treating literature as discourse would then imply that literature be regarded merely as an instance of "real communication in [a] real social context" (Carter and McCarthy 1994: 135): i.e. "mediating relationships between language-users: not only relationships of speech, but also of consciousness, ideology, role and class" (Fowler 1981: 80).

Many contemporary approaches to ideology emphasize that ideologies are not merely systems of beliefs, but also feature such phenomena as symbols, rituals and discourse. It may be readily agreed that such phenomena are often part of ideological systems and practices in a broader sense. However, it is theoretically more useful to distinguish between ideologies as such, that is, socially shared beliefs of a specific type, on the one hand, and their expression or enactment in symbols, rituals, discourse or other social and cultural practices, on the other hand.

Talking about discourse is directly related to the traditional view of literature and literary languages are those of style and stylistics. Similar to the notion of literary language, the term style was traditionally used with positive connotations to describe "written" language as "praiseworthy, skilful or elegant" (Chapman 1973: 11). However, the two core senses of style which developed subsequently were those viewing it either as "an intimate, individuating index" or as "an evaluative index" (Crystal 1969: v). From a practical point of view, this meant the following. In the first case, emphasis is laid on those linguistic features considered unique to a specific author and characteristic of his/her language. In the second, the evaluative, aspect of style is stressed by comparing and contrasting linguistic features of different works in order to determine the value and, more importantly, superiority of one over another.

interact with the language of (mainly literary) texts in order to explain how to understand and are affected by texts when it is read.

Bradford (1997) says that stylistic attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialization, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.

Stylistic can be seen as a bridge connecting linguistics and literary criticism. Stylistic focuses on the language in literature (although it can be and is applied to non-literary texts), specifically on the linguistic features or the technique or craft of literary texts and their related functions. The stylisticians or readers derive a better understanding and appreciation of literary texts through stylistic analysis.

Moreover, stylistic is the science which explores how readers interact with the language of (mainly literary) texts in order to explain how to understand, and are affected by texts when it is read. More technically, stylistic is the study of the linguistic features of a literary text -- phonological, lexical, and syntactical -- which directly affects the meaning of an utterance.

Indonesia used Indonesian language as the official language. As we know that Indonesian language is derived from Malay language. Malay is one of various tribes in Indonesia. There are long historical backgrounds why Malay becomes united language. Malay also has unique custom and culture; they are affected by Hindu, Buddha and Islamic culture. However, almost all of Malayan people are

moslems. So that’s why, much of Malay work that is written by Malayan is affected by religion, especially Islam. For example; Hang Tuah, Hikayat raja, Pak Pandir, syair, Pantun, Gurindam, etc. The poet sometimes affected by religion in

writing his work, like in Gurindam written by Raja Ali Haji that is called Gurindam Dua Belas. The content of Gurindam is mostly affected by Islam.

The researcher tries to find out what types of stylistic that is used in literary work – in this case Gurindam – and how those stylistic devices are used by in Gurindam and the reasons why the poets used the way they did in his work.

1.2Problems of the Study

In relation to the background of the study, the problems researches are formulated as the following:

1) What types of stylistic devices are used in Gurindam of Raja Ali Haji and Rendra Setyadiharja?

2) Why those stylistic devices are used the way they used?

1.3Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are:

1.4Scope of the Study

This study attempts to investigate the stylistic used in Gurindam of Raja Ali Haji and Rendra Setyadiharja, where this study is focused on describing the types of the stylistic devices: there are many types of stylistic devices especially in literature, but the researcher does not elaborate all of them because it is not all the stylistic that is used by the poet in their work. The scope of this study is limited on the figurative of speech; they are 23 types of stylistic devices those are elaborated in chapter II. Then, it will be elaborated to find the reasons of using stylistic. It is related to the reason why the poets use those stylistic in their work.

There are many types of stylistic devices, but the scope of this study will be bordered for only 23 (twenty three) types. Those are elaborated on chapter II. The data will be taken from the classical Malay literature or the document of Raja Ali Haji’s Gurindam and Gurindam Mutiara Hidup that is ritten by Rendra setyadiharja from the book. The data will be focused on nine fasal of Raja Ali Haji’s Gurindam and seven fasal of Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam.

1.5Significances of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution both theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, this research is expected to be able to give contribution for the content analysis research through stylistic aspects about how to analyze stylistic in literary text. And it is also useful as the source of information and idea for other researchers who want to carry out further study on stylistic. This study may be guidance for other researchers who are interested in stylistic study or Gurindam to make better research.

2. Practically, the findings of the study are expected to be able to use as a model to identify the aspects of stylistic in linguistics especially the use of stylistic in literary text. So that, these stylistic can be applied to other literary text.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, the conclusions are stated as follows:

1. The types of stylistic were found in Raja Ali Haji’s are Irony, Polysemy, Ephitet, Oxymoron, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Ellipsis, Anaphora, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Coinage. The types of stylistic devices found in Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam are: Irony, Polysemy, Oxymoron, Euphemism, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Anastrophe, Anaphora, Paradox, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Personification, Clich, Coinage. The dominant stylistic devices that is used by Raja ali Haji is polysemy, while Rendra Setyadiharja dominantly used symbolism in his Gurindam.

2. It was found that there are three reasons why poets use stylistic devices in Gurindam, they are; (1) Stylistic devices as the reflection of personal style. (2) Stylistic devices as the medium to attract readers’ attention. (3) Style – Style devices – is influenced by Personal background. Raja Ali Haji is a powerful and important figure in the Malay world in 1880s and he was grown up in the kingdom family, while Rendra Setyadiharja is talented man who was born in 1980s who loves to Malay culture.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusions stated above, this study has some suggestions to readers with may be different positions as follows:

1. To the other researchers, it is suggested to conduct the same topic with different literary work and different topics in different discourse to see the role of stylistic devices used by the poets whether they have similar or different style.

2. To the teachers, it is suggested to enrich and develop the students’ knowledge of discourse analysis and stylistic devices.

1

REFFERENCES

Abrams, M. 1993. A Glossary of Literary Terms, London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Alabi, V.A.(2007, Lexico-syntactic, phonological and graphological patterns, choices And devices in Discourse. O. Obafemi, G.A. Ajadi, V.A. Alabi (eds.), Critical Perspectives on English Language & Literature, Ilorin: The Department of English, university of Ilorin.

Best, J.W. 1981. Research in Education. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey: Pentice Hall.

Bradford, R. 2005. Stylistics. New York: Routledge.

Birch, D. 1989. Language, literature, and critical practice: Ways of Analysing text, London and Newyork : Routledge.

Carter, R. 1988. What is Stylistics and why can we teach it in different ways, M. Short (ed.), Reading , Analysing & teaching literature, Newyork and UK: Longman Group.

Carter. R. & P. Simpson (eds.) 1989. Language, Discourse and Literature: An

Introductory Reader in Discourse Stylistics, London: Routledge

Crawfurd, J. 1852. A Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language. London: Bradburry and Evans Printers.

Crystal, D and Davy, D. 1969. Investigating English Style. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Limited

Crystal, D and Davy, D. 1997. Investigating English Style. Harlow: Longman. Denzin, N.K and Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research

Thousand Oks. USA: SAGE Publication.

Eggins, Suzzanna, Diana Slade. 1997. Analysis of Casual Conversation. London: Wellington House.

Fairclough, N. (1992) ‘Introduction to stylistics’, in Fairclough, N. (ed) Critical Language Awareness, London: Longman.

Haris, Zellig .(1951). Structural linguistics. Chicago: UP Way of Words, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (The essays on meaning and

2

conversational implicature provide a framework for distinguishing speaker meaning from linguistic meaning and for explaining).

Hiltunen, R. 1990. Chapters on Legal English: Aspects Past and Present of the

Language of the law: Helsinki.

Huberman, M and Miles, M.B. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: Source Book of

New Method. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication.

Lawal, R. A. 1997. Pragmatics in Stylistics: A speech – Act Analysis of Soyinka’s

Telephone Conversation, R.A Lawal (ed.) Stylistics in theory and practice,

Ilorin: Paragon books.

Leech, G. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London: Longman.

Leech, G. & M. Short 1981. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English

Fiction Prose, London: Longman.

Moleong, L.J. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.

Oloruntoba-oju, T. 1999. Sociolinguistics : An overview; E. Adegbija (ed.), The English Language and literature-in –English: An introductory Handbook, Ilorin: The department of Modern European languages, University of Ilorin.

Simpson, P. 1997. Language Trough Literatue. London: Routledge.

Simpson, P. 2004. Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students, London: Routledge. Stubbs, M. 2001. Words and Phrases, Oxford: Blackwell.

Suwardi. 1991. Budaya Melayu Dalam Perjalanannya Menuju Masa Depan.

Pekanbaru: Yayasan penerbit MSI

Tallerman, M. 1998. Understanding Syntax, London & UK: Holder Education. Thornborrow, J and Wareing, S. 2000. Patterns in language Stylistics for

Students. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Routledge.

3

Widdowson, H.G. 1975. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. London: Longman.

Zhang, Z. 2010. The Interpretation of a Novel by Hemingway in Terms of Literary Stylistics. The International Journal of Language Society & culture.

Zulfiqar Ahmad, academy of the Punjab in north America, Stylistics and

Discourse Analysis: A Contribution in Analyzing Literature,

http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers/zulfiqar-1/, browse on

1.5Significances of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution both theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, this research is expected to be able to give contribution for the content analysis research through stylistic aspects about how to analyze stylistic in literary text. And it is also useful as the source of information and idea for other researchers who want to carry out further study on stylistic. This study may be guidance for other researchers who are interested in stylistic study or Gurindam to make better research.

2. Practically, the findings of the study are expected to be able to use as a model to identify the aspects of stylistic in linguistics especially the use of stylistic in literary text. So that, these stylistic can be applied to other literary text.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, the conclusions are stated as follows:

1. The types of stylistic were found in Raja Ali Haji’s are Irony, Polysemy, Ephitet, Oxymoron, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Ellipsis, Anaphora, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Coinage. The types of stylistic devices found in Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam are: Irony, Polysemy, Oxymoron, Euphemism, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Anastrophe, Anaphora, Paradox, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Personification, Clich, Coinage. The dominant stylistic devices that is used by Raja ali Haji is polysemy, while Rendra Setyadiharja dominantly used symbolism in his Gurindam.

2. It was found that there are three reasons why poets use stylistic devices in Gurindam, they are; (1) Stylistic devices as the reflection of personal style. (2) Stylistic devices as the medium to attract readers’ attention. (3) Style – Style devices – is influenced by Personal background. Raja Ali Haji is a powerful and important figure in the Malay world in 1880s and he was grown up in the kingdom family, while Rendra Setyadiharja is talented man who was born in 1980s who loves to Malay culture.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusions stated above, this study has some suggestions to readers with may be different positions as follows:

1. To the other researchers, it is suggested to conduct the same topic with different literary work and different topics in different discourse to see the role of stylistic devices used by the poets whether they have similar or different style.

2. To the teachers, it is suggested to enrich and develop the students’ knowledge of discourse analysis and stylistic devices.

1

REFFERENCES

Abrams, M. 1993. A Glossary of Literary Terms, London: Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich College Publishers.

Alabi, V.A.(2007, Lexico-syntactic, phonological and graphological patterns,

choices And devices in Discourse. O. Obafemi, G.A. Ajadi, V.A. Alabi (eds.), Critical Perspectives on English Language & Literature, Ilorin: The Department of English, university of Ilorin.

Best, J.W. 1981. Research in Education. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey: Pentice

Hall.

Bradford, R. 2005. Stylistics. New York: Routledge.

Birch, D. 1989. Language, literature, and critical practice: Ways of Analysing

text, London and Newyork : Routledge.

Carter, R. 1988. What is Stylistics and why can we teach it in different ways, M.

Short (ed.), Reading , Analysing & teaching literature, Newyork and UK: Longman Group.

Carter. R. & P. Simpson (eds.) 1989. Language, Discourse and Literature: An

Introductory Reader in Discourse Stylistics, London: Routledge

Crawfurd, J. 1852. A Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language. London: Bradburry and Evans Printers.

Crystal, D and Davy, D. 1969. Investigating English Style. London:

Longmans, Green and Co. Limited

Crystal, D and Davy, D. 1997. Investigating English Style. Harlow: Longman.

Denzin, N.K and Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research

Thousand Oks. USA: SAGE Publication.

Eggins, Suzzanna, Diana Slade. 1997. Analysis of Casual Conversation. London:

Wellington House.

Fairclough, N. (1992) ‘Introduction to stylistics’, in Fairclough, N. (ed) Critical

Language Awareness, London: Longman.

Haris, Zellig .(1951). Structural linguistics. Chicago: UP Way of Words,

2

conversational implicature provide a framework for distinguishing speaker meaning from linguistic meaning and for explaining).

Hiltunen, R. 1990. Chapters on Legal English: Aspects Past and Present of the

Language of the law: Helsinki.

Huberman, M and Miles, M.B. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: Source Book of

New Method. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication.

Lawal, R. A. 1997. Pragmatics in Stylistics: A speech – Act Analysis of Soyinka’s

Telephone Conversation, R.A Lawal (ed.) Stylistics in theory and practice,

Ilorin: Paragon books.

Leech, G. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London: Longman.

Leech, G. & M. Short 1981. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English

Fiction Prose, London: Longman.

Moleong, L.J. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosda

Karya.

Oloruntoba-oju, T. 1999. Sociolinguistics : An overview; E. Adegbija (ed.), The

English Language and literature-in –English: An introductory Handbook, Ilorin: The department of Modern European languages, University of Ilorin.

Simpson, P. 1997. Language Trough Literatue. London: Routledge.

Simpson, P. 2004. Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students, London: Routledge.

Stubbs, M. 2001. Words and Phrases, Oxford: Blackwell.

Suwardi. 1991. Budaya Melayu Dalam Perjalanannya Menuju Masa Depan.

Pekanbaru: Yayasan penerbit MSI

Tallerman, M. 1998. Understanding Syntax, London & UK: Holder Education.

Thornborrow, J and Wareing, S. 2000. Patterns in language Stylistics for

Students. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Routledge.

Van Dijk, T. 2003. Ideology and Discourse: A Multidisciplinary Introduction.

Barcelona: Ariel.

3

Widdowson, H.G. 1975. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. London:

Longman.

Zhang, Z. 2010. The Interpretation of a Novel by Hemingway in Terms of Literary

Stylistics. The International Journal of Language Society & culture.

Zulfiqar Ahmad, academy of the Punjab in north America, Stylistics and

Discourse Analysis: A Contribution in Analyzing Literature,

http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers/zulfiqar-1/, browse on