Bacillus Wikipedia
4/28/2017
Bacillus Wikipedia
Bacillus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bacillus is a genus of grampositive, rodshaped bacteria and a member
of the phylum Firmicutes. Bacillus species can be obligate aerobes
(oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes (having the ability to be
aerobic or anaerobic). They will test positive for the enzyme catalase
when there has been oxygen used or present.[3] Ubiquitous in nature,
Bacillus includes both freeliving (nonparasitic) and parasitic
pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the
bacteria can produce oval endospores that are not true 'spores', but to
which the bacteria can reduce themselves and remain in a dormant state
for very long periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus,
but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved
to other genera of the Firmicutes.[4]
Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes
which are made use of in different industries. Some species can form
intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain adverse
environmental conditions, as in a lack of elements such as phosphorus,
nitrogen, or oxygen combined with an excessive supply of carbon
sources.
B. subtilis has proved a valuable model for research. Other species of
Bacillus are important pathogens, causing anthrax and food poisoning.
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Industrial significance
Use as model organism
Ecological significance
Clinical significance
Cell wall
Phylogeny
See also
References
External links
Industrial significance
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein
barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the
protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction
enzyme used in DNA research.
A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into
corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are therefore resistant to
some insect pests.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis, Gram stained
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Division:
Firmicutes
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Bacillaceae
Genus:
Bacillus
Cohn, 1872[1]
Species
B. acidiceler
B. acidicola
B. acidiproducens
B. acidocaldarius
B. acidoterrestris
B. aeolius
B. aerius
B. aerophilus
B. agaradhaerens
B. agri
B. aidingensis
B. akibai
B. alcalophilus
B. algicola
B. alginolyticus
B. alkalidiazotrophicus
B. alkalinitrilicus
B. alkalisediminis
B. alkalitelluris
B. altitudinis
B. alveayuensis
B. alvei
B. amyloliquefaciens
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Bacillus Wikipedia
Use as model organism
Bacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of
molecular and cellular biology. Its superb genetic amenability and
relatively large size have provided the powerful tools required to
investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements
in fluorescent microscopy techniques have provided novel insight into
the dynamic structure of a single cell organism. Research on B. subtilis
has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology,
and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene/protein regulation,
and cell cycle events in bacteria.[5]
Ecological significance
Bacillus species are almost ubiquitous in nature, e.g. in soil, but also
occur in extreme environments such as high pH (B. alcalophilus), high
temperature (B. thermophilus), or high salt (B. halodurans). B.
thuringiensis produces a toxin that can kill insects and thus has been
used as insecticide.[6]
Clinical significance
Two Bacillus species are considered medically significant: B. anthracis,
which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning
similar to that caused by Staphylococcus.[7] A third species, B.
thuringiensis, is an important insect pathogen, and is sometimes used to
control insect pests. The type species is B. subtilis, an important model
organism. It is also a notable food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread and
related food. Some environmental and commercial strains of B.
coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato
based products.
An easy way to isolate Bacillus species is by placing nonsterile soil in a
test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salt agar, and
incubating at room temperature for at least a day. Colonies are usually
large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the
Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells
usually contain oval endospores at one end, making it bulge.
Cell wall
The cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that
forms the second barrier between the bacterium and the environment,
and at the same time maintains the rod shape and withstands the
pressure generated by the cell's turgor. The cell wall is composed of
teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first bacterium for which
the role of an actinlike cytoskeleton in cell shape determination and
peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the entire set of
peptidoglycansynthesizing enzymes was localised. The role of the
cytoskeleton in shape generation and maintenance is important
Phylogeny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
B. a. subsp.
amyloliquefaciens
B. a. subsp. plantarum
B. aminovorans[2]
B. amylolyticus
B. andreesenii
B. aneurinilyticus
B. anthracis
B. aquimaris
B. arenosi
B. arseniciselenatis
B. arsenicus
B. aurantiacus
B. arvi
B. aryabhattai
B. asahii
B. atrophaeus
B. axarquiensis
B. azotofixans
B. azotoformans
B. badius
B. barbaricus
B. bataviensis
B. beijingensis
B. benzoevorans
B. beringensis
B. berkeleyi
B. beveridgei
B. bogoriensis
B. boroniphilus
B. borstelensis
B. brevis Migula
B. butanolivorans
B. canaveralius
B. carboniphilus
B. cecembensis
B. cellulosilyticus
B. centrosporus
B. cereus
B. chagannorensis
B. chitinolyticus
B. chondroitinus
B. choshinensis
B. chungangensis
B. cibi
B. circulans
B. clarkii
B. clausii
B. coagulans
B. coahuilensis
B. cohnii
B. composti
B. curdlanolyticus
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The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried
Ehrenberg, to contain rodshaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years
earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by
Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as sporeforming, Gram
positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria.[1] Like other genera
associated with the early history of microbiology, such as Pseudomonas
and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous.[8] The genus has
a very large ribosomal 16S diversity and is environmentally diverse.
Several studies have tried to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus.
The Bacillusspecific study with the most diversity covered is by Xu
and Cote using 16S and the ITS regions, where they divide the genus
into 10 groups, which includes the nested genera Paenibacillus,
Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Marinibacillus and Virgibacillus.[9]
However, the tree [2] (http://www.arbsilva.de/fileadmin/silva_database
s/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf) constructed by
the living tree project, a collaboration between ARBSilva and LPSN
where a 16S (and 23S if available) tree of all validated species was
constructed,[10][11] the genus Bacillus contains a very large number of
nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is paraphyletic to the
Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria,
etc.), due to Bacillus coahuilensis and others. A gene concatenation
study found similar results to Xu and Cote, but with a much more
limited number of species in terms of groups,[12] but used Listeria as an
outgroup, so in light of the ARB tree, it may be "insideout".
One clade, formed by B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B.
pseudomycoides, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis under
current classification standards, should be a single species (within 97%
16S identity), but due to medical reasons, they are considered separate
species,[13]:34–35 an issue also present for four species of Shigella and
Escherichia coli.[14]
B. cycloheptanicus
B. cytotoxicus
B. daliensis
B. decisifrondis
B. decolorationis
B. deserti
B. dipsosauri
B. drentensis
B. edaphicus
B. ehimensis
B. eiseniae
B. enclensis
B. endophyticus
B. endoradicis
B. farraginis
B. fastidiosus
B. fengqiuensis
B. firmus
B. flexus
B. foraminis
B. fordii
B. formosus
B. fortis
B. fumarioli
B. funiculus
B. fusiformis
B. galactophilus
B. galactosidilyticus
B. galliciensis
B. gelatini
B. gibsonii
B. ginsengi
B. ginsengihumi
B. ginsengisoli
B. globisporus
B. g. subsp. globisporus
B. g. subsp. marinus
B. glucanolyticus
B. gordonae
B. gottheilii
B. graminis
B. halmapalus
B. haloalkaliphilus
B. halochares
B. halodenitrificans
B. halodurans
B. halophilus
B. halosaccharovorans
B. hemicellulosilyticus
B. hemicentroti
B. herbersteinensis
B. horikoshii
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B. horneckiae
B. horti
B. huizhouensis
B. humi
B. hwajinpoensis
B. idriensis
B. indicus
B. infantis
B. infernus
B. insolitus
B. invictae
B. iranensis
B. isabeliae
B. isronensis
B. jeotgali
B. kaustophilus
B. kobensis
B. kochii
B. kokeshiiformis
B. koreensis
B. korlensis
B. kribbensis
B. krulwichiae
B. laevolacticus
B. larvae
B. laterosporus
B. lautus
B. lehensis
B. lentimorbus
B. lentus
B. licheniformis
B. ligniniphilus
B. litoralis
B. locisalis
B. luciferensis
B. luteolus
B. luteus
B. macauensis
B. macerans
B. macquariensis
B. macyae
B. malacitensis
B. mannanilyticus
B. marisflavi
B. marismortui
B. marmarensis
B. massiliensis
B. megaterium
B. mesonae
B. methanolicus
B. methylotrophicus
B. migulanus
B. mojavensis
B. mucilaginosus
B. muralis
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Bacillus Wikipedia
B. muralis
B. murimartini
B. mycoides
B. naganoensis
B. nanhaiensis
B. nanhaiisediminis
B. nealsonii
B. neidei
B. neizhouensis
B. niabensis
B. niacini
B. novalis
B. oceanisediminis
B. odysseyi
B. okhensis
B. okuhidensis
B. oleronius
B. oryzaecorticis
B. oshimensis
B. pabuli
B. pakistanensis
B. pallidus
B. pallidus
B. panacisoli
B. panaciterrae
B. pantothenticus
B. parabrevis
B. paraflexus
B. pasteurii
B. patagoniensis
B. peoriae
B. persepolensis
B. persicus
B. pervagus
B. plakortidis
B. pocheonensis
B. polygoni
B. polymyxa
B. popilliae
B. pseudalcalophilus
B. pseudofirmus
B. pseudomycoides
B. psychrodurans
B. psychrophilus
B. psychrosaccharolyticus
B. psychrotolerans
B. pulvifaciens
B. pumilus
B. purgationiresistens
B. pycnus
B. qingdaonensis
B. qingshengii
B. reuszeri
B. rhizosphaerae
B. rigui
B. ruris
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B. ruris
B. safensis
B. salarius
B. salexigens
B. saliphilus
B. schlegelii
B. sediminis
B. selenatarsenatis
B. selenitireducens
B. seohaeanensis
B. shacheensis
B. shackletonii
B. siamensis
B. silvestris
B. simplex
B. siralis
B. smithii
B. soli
B. solimangrovi
B. solisalsi
B. songklensis
B. sonorensis
B. sphaericus
B. sporothermodurans
B. stearothermophilus
B. stratosphericus
B. subterraneus
B. subtilis
B. s. subsp. inaquosorum
B. s. subsp. spizizenii
B. s. subsp. subtilis
B. taeanensis
B. tequilensis
B. thermantarcticus
B. thermoaerophilus
B. thermoamylovorans
B. thermocatenulatus
B. thermocloacae
B. thermocopriae
B. thermodenitrificans
B. thermoglucosidasius
B. thermolactis
B. thermoleovorans
B. thermophilus
B. thermoruber
B. thermosphaericus
B. thiaminolyticus
B. thioparans
B. thuringiensis
B. tianshenii
B. trypoxylicola
B. tusciae
B. validus
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B. vallismortis
B. vedderi
B. velezensis
B. vietnamensis
B. vireti
B. vulcani
B. wakoensis
B. weihenstephanensis
B. xiamenensis
B. xiaoxiensis
B. zhanjiangensis
Gram stain of a Bacillus species
Colonies of the model species
Bacillus subtilis on an agar plate.
Bacillus phylogenetics
Root
"pathogenic"
Bacillus weihenstephanensis
Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis/anthracis
"soil"
Bacillus pumilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus licheniformis
"benthic"
Geobacillus kaustophilus
"aquatic"
Bacillus coahuilensis
Bacillus sp. m313
Bacillus sp. NRRLB
14911
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"benthic" Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
"halophiles"
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
clausii
Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to [12]
See also
Paenibacillus and Virgibacillus, genera of bacteria formerly included in Bacillus.[15][16]
References
1. (German) Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien.
Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Heft 2, 1872, 1,
127224.
2. Loshon, Charles A.; Beary, Katherine E.; Gouveia,
Kristine; Grey, Elizabeth Z.; SantiagoLara, Leticia
M.; Setlow, Peter (March 1998). "Nucleotide
sequence of the sspE genes coding for γtype small,
acidsoluble spore proteins from the roundspore
forming bacteria Bacillus aminovorans, Sporosarcina
halophila and S. ureae". Biochimica et Biophysica
Acta (BBA) Gene Structure and Expression. 1396
(2): 148–152. doi:10.1016/S01674781(97)002042.
3. Turnbull PCB (1996). Baron S; et al., eds. Bacillus.
In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of
Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 9780963117212.
4. Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology
of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0
131443291.
5. Graumann P, ed. (2012). Bacillus: Cellular and
Molecular Biology (2nd ed.). Caister Academic Press.
ISBN 9781904455974. [1] (http://www.horizonpre
ss.com/bacillus).
6. Joan L. Slonczewski & John W. Foster (2011),
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (2nd Edition),
Norton
7. Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical
Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 08385
85299.
8. Bacillus entry (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/b/bacillus.h
tml) in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial
Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder
available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 (2):
590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713472590. ISSN 0020
7713. PMID 9103655.]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
9. Xu, D.; Cote, J. C. (2003). "Phylogenetic
relationships between Bacillus species and related
genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA
and 5' end 16S23S ITS nucleotide sequences".
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary
Microbiology. 53 (3): 695–704.
doi:10.1099/Ijs.0.023460. PMID 12807189.
10. Yarza, P.; Richter, M.; Peplies, J. R.; Euzeby, J.;
Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Ludwig, W.; Glöckner,
F. O.; RossellóMóra, R. (2008). "The AllSpecies
Living Tree project: A 16S rRNAbased phylogenetic
tree of all sequenced type strains". Systematic and
Applied Microbiology. 31 (4): 241–250.
doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001. PMID 18692976.
11. Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.;
Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; RossellóMóra, R.
(2010). "Update of the AllSpecies Living Tree
Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence
analyses". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 33
(6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001.
PMID 20817437.
12. Alcaraz, L.; MorenoHagelsieb, G.; Eguiarte, L. E.;
Souza, V.; HerreraEstrella, L.; Olmedo, G. (2010).
"Understanding the evolutionary relationships and
major traits of Bacillus through comparative
genomics". BMC Genomics. 11: 332.
doi:10.1186/1471216411332. PMC 2890564 .
PMID 20504335. 1471216411332.
13. Ole Andreas Økstad and AnneBrit Kolstø Chapter 2:
"Genomics of Bacillus Species" (http://link.springer.c
om/chapter/10.1007%2F9781441976864_2#page
1) in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of
Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 29 Food
Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 DOI
10.1007/9781441976864_2
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Bacillus Wikipedia
14. Brenner (D.J.): Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn
1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958,
73; Ewing, Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial
Commission 1981, 104. In: N.R. Krieg and J.G. Holt
(eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,
first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co,
Baltimore, 1984, pp. 408420
15. Ash, Carol; Priest, Fergus G.; Collins, M. David
(1994). "Molecular identification of rRNA group 3
bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a
PCR probe test". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64 (34):
253–260. doi:10.1007/BF00873085.
16. Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; De Vos, P.;
Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1 January 1998).
"Virgibacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus
pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended
description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus".
International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48
(1): 99–106. doi:10.1099/0020771348199.
External links
Bacillus (http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=ta
xon&cId=1386) genomes and related information at PATRIC (htt
p://patricbrc.org/), a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by
NIAID (https://www.niaid.nih.gov/)
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Bacillus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&oldid=770962733"
Categories: Bacteria genera Bacillus Firmicutes Grampositive bacteria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
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Bacillus Wikipedia
Bacillus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bacillus is a genus of grampositive, rodshaped bacteria and a member
of the phylum Firmicutes. Bacillus species can be obligate aerobes
(oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes (having the ability to be
aerobic or anaerobic). They will test positive for the enzyme catalase
when there has been oxygen used or present.[3] Ubiquitous in nature,
Bacillus includes both freeliving (nonparasitic) and parasitic
pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the
bacteria can produce oval endospores that are not true 'spores', but to
which the bacteria can reduce themselves and remain in a dormant state
for very long periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus,
but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved
to other genera of the Firmicutes.[4]
Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes
which are made use of in different industries. Some species can form
intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain adverse
environmental conditions, as in a lack of elements such as phosphorus,
nitrogen, or oxygen combined with an excessive supply of carbon
sources.
B. subtilis has proved a valuable model for research. Other species of
Bacillus are important pathogens, causing anthrax and food poisoning.
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Industrial significance
Use as model organism
Ecological significance
Clinical significance
Cell wall
Phylogeny
See also
References
External links
Industrial significance
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein
barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the
protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction
enzyme used in DNA research.
A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into
corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are therefore resistant to
some insect pests.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis, Gram stained
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Division:
Firmicutes
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Bacillaceae
Genus:
Bacillus
Cohn, 1872[1]
Species
B. acidiceler
B. acidicola
B. acidiproducens
B. acidocaldarius
B. acidoterrestris
B. aeolius
B. aerius
B. aerophilus
B. agaradhaerens
B. agri
B. aidingensis
B. akibai
B. alcalophilus
B. algicola
B. alginolyticus
B. alkalidiazotrophicus
B. alkalinitrilicus
B. alkalisediminis
B. alkalitelluris
B. altitudinis
B. alveayuensis
B. alvei
B. amyloliquefaciens
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Use as model organism
Bacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of
molecular and cellular biology. Its superb genetic amenability and
relatively large size have provided the powerful tools required to
investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements
in fluorescent microscopy techniques have provided novel insight into
the dynamic structure of a single cell organism. Research on B. subtilis
has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology,
and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene/protein regulation,
and cell cycle events in bacteria.[5]
Ecological significance
Bacillus species are almost ubiquitous in nature, e.g. in soil, but also
occur in extreme environments such as high pH (B. alcalophilus), high
temperature (B. thermophilus), or high salt (B. halodurans). B.
thuringiensis produces a toxin that can kill insects and thus has been
used as insecticide.[6]
Clinical significance
Two Bacillus species are considered medically significant: B. anthracis,
which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning
similar to that caused by Staphylococcus.[7] A third species, B.
thuringiensis, is an important insect pathogen, and is sometimes used to
control insect pests. The type species is B. subtilis, an important model
organism. It is also a notable food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread and
related food. Some environmental and commercial strains of B.
coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato
based products.
An easy way to isolate Bacillus species is by placing nonsterile soil in a
test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salt agar, and
incubating at room temperature for at least a day. Colonies are usually
large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the
Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells
usually contain oval endospores at one end, making it bulge.
Cell wall
The cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that
forms the second barrier between the bacterium and the environment,
and at the same time maintains the rod shape and withstands the
pressure generated by the cell's turgor. The cell wall is composed of
teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first bacterium for which
the role of an actinlike cytoskeleton in cell shape determination and
peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the entire set of
peptidoglycansynthesizing enzymes was localised. The role of the
cytoskeleton in shape generation and maintenance is important
Phylogeny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
B. a. subsp.
amyloliquefaciens
B. a. subsp. plantarum
B. aminovorans[2]
B. amylolyticus
B. andreesenii
B. aneurinilyticus
B. anthracis
B. aquimaris
B. arenosi
B. arseniciselenatis
B. arsenicus
B. aurantiacus
B. arvi
B. aryabhattai
B. asahii
B. atrophaeus
B. axarquiensis
B. azotofixans
B. azotoformans
B. badius
B. barbaricus
B. bataviensis
B. beijingensis
B. benzoevorans
B. beringensis
B. berkeleyi
B. beveridgei
B. bogoriensis
B. boroniphilus
B. borstelensis
B. brevis Migula
B. butanolivorans
B. canaveralius
B. carboniphilus
B. cecembensis
B. cellulosilyticus
B. centrosporus
B. cereus
B. chagannorensis
B. chitinolyticus
B. chondroitinus
B. choshinensis
B. chungangensis
B. cibi
B. circulans
B. clarkii
B. clausii
B. coagulans
B. coahuilensis
B. cohnii
B. composti
B. curdlanolyticus
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The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried
Ehrenberg, to contain rodshaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years
earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by
Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as sporeforming, Gram
positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria.[1] Like other genera
associated with the early history of microbiology, such as Pseudomonas
and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous.[8] The genus has
a very large ribosomal 16S diversity and is environmentally diverse.
Several studies have tried to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus.
The Bacillusspecific study with the most diversity covered is by Xu
and Cote using 16S and the ITS regions, where they divide the genus
into 10 groups, which includes the nested genera Paenibacillus,
Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Marinibacillus and Virgibacillus.[9]
However, the tree [2] (http://www.arbsilva.de/fileadmin/silva_database
s/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf) constructed by
the living tree project, a collaboration between ARBSilva and LPSN
where a 16S (and 23S if available) tree of all validated species was
constructed,[10][11] the genus Bacillus contains a very large number of
nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is paraphyletic to the
Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria,
etc.), due to Bacillus coahuilensis and others. A gene concatenation
study found similar results to Xu and Cote, but with a much more
limited number of species in terms of groups,[12] but used Listeria as an
outgroup, so in light of the ARB tree, it may be "insideout".
One clade, formed by B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B.
pseudomycoides, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis under
current classification standards, should be a single species (within 97%
16S identity), but due to medical reasons, they are considered separate
species,[13]:34–35 an issue also present for four species of Shigella and
Escherichia coli.[14]
B. cycloheptanicus
B. cytotoxicus
B. daliensis
B. decisifrondis
B. decolorationis
B. deserti
B. dipsosauri
B. drentensis
B. edaphicus
B. ehimensis
B. eiseniae
B. enclensis
B. endophyticus
B. endoradicis
B. farraginis
B. fastidiosus
B. fengqiuensis
B. firmus
B. flexus
B. foraminis
B. fordii
B. formosus
B. fortis
B. fumarioli
B. funiculus
B. fusiformis
B. galactophilus
B. galactosidilyticus
B. galliciensis
B. gelatini
B. gibsonii
B. ginsengi
B. ginsengihumi
B. ginsengisoli
B. globisporus
B. g. subsp. globisporus
B. g. subsp. marinus
B. glucanolyticus
B. gordonae
B. gottheilii
B. graminis
B. halmapalus
B. haloalkaliphilus
B. halochares
B. halodenitrificans
B. halodurans
B. halophilus
B. halosaccharovorans
B. hemicellulosilyticus
B. hemicentroti
B. herbersteinensis
B. horikoshii
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B. horneckiae
B. horti
B. huizhouensis
B. humi
B. hwajinpoensis
B. idriensis
B. indicus
B. infantis
B. infernus
B. insolitus
B. invictae
B. iranensis
B. isabeliae
B. isronensis
B. jeotgali
B. kaustophilus
B. kobensis
B. kochii
B. kokeshiiformis
B. koreensis
B. korlensis
B. kribbensis
B. krulwichiae
B. laevolacticus
B. larvae
B. laterosporus
B. lautus
B. lehensis
B. lentimorbus
B. lentus
B. licheniformis
B. ligniniphilus
B. litoralis
B. locisalis
B. luciferensis
B. luteolus
B. luteus
B. macauensis
B. macerans
B. macquariensis
B. macyae
B. malacitensis
B. mannanilyticus
B. marisflavi
B. marismortui
B. marmarensis
B. massiliensis
B. megaterium
B. mesonae
B. methanolicus
B. methylotrophicus
B. migulanus
B. mojavensis
B. mucilaginosus
B. muralis
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Bacillus Wikipedia
B. muralis
B. murimartini
B. mycoides
B. naganoensis
B. nanhaiensis
B. nanhaiisediminis
B. nealsonii
B. neidei
B. neizhouensis
B. niabensis
B. niacini
B. novalis
B. oceanisediminis
B. odysseyi
B. okhensis
B. okuhidensis
B. oleronius
B. oryzaecorticis
B. oshimensis
B. pabuli
B. pakistanensis
B. pallidus
B. pallidus
B. panacisoli
B. panaciterrae
B. pantothenticus
B. parabrevis
B. paraflexus
B. pasteurii
B. patagoniensis
B. peoriae
B. persepolensis
B. persicus
B. pervagus
B. plakortidis
B. pocheonensis
B. polygoni
B. polymyxa
B. popilliae
B. pseudalcalophilus
B. pseudofirmus
B. pseudomycoides
B. psychrodurans
B. psychrophilus
B. psychrosaccharolyticus
B. psychrotolerans
B. pulvifaciens
B. pumilus
B. purgationiresistens
B. pycnus
B. qingdaonensis
B. qingshengii
B. reuszeri
B. rhizosphaerae
B. rigui
B. ruris
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B. ruris
B. safensis
B. salarius
B. salexigens
B. saliphilus
B. schlegelii
B. sediminis
B. selenatarsenatis
B. selenitireducens
B. seohaeanensis
B. shacheensis
B. shackletonii
B. siamensis
B. silvestris
B. simplex
B. siralis
B. smithii
B. soli
B. solimangrovi
B. solisalsi
B. songklensis
B. sonorensis
B. sphaericus
B. sporothermodurans
B. stearothermophilus
B. stratosphericus
B. subterraneus
B. subtilis
B. s. subsp. inaquosorum
B. s. subsp. spizizenii
B. s. subsp. subtilis
B. taeanensis
B. tequilensis
B. thermantarcticus
B. thermoaerophilus
B. thermoamylovorans
B. thermocatenulatus
B. thermocloacae
B. thermocopriae
B. thermodenitrificans
B. thermoglucosidasius
B. thermolactis
B. thermoleovorans
B. thermophilus
B. thermoruber
B. thermosphaericus
B. thiaminolyticus
B. thioparans
B. thuringiensis
B. tianshenii
B. trypoxylicola
B. tusciae
B. validus
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B. vallismortis
B. vedderi
B. velezensis
B. vietnamensis
B. vireti
B. vulcani
B. wakoensis
B. weihenstephanensis
B. xiamenensis
B. xiaoxiensis
B. zhanjiangensis
Gram stain of a Bacillus species
Colonies of the model species
Bacillus subtilis on an agar plate.
Bacillus phylogenetics
Root
"pathogenic"
Bacillus weihenstephanensis
Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis/anthracis
"soil"
Bacillus pumilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus licheniformis
"benthic"
Geobacillus kaustophilus
"aquatic"
Bacillus coahuilensis
Bacillus sp. m313
Bacillus sp. NRRLB
14911
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"benthic" Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
"halophiles"
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
clausii
Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to [12]
See also
Paenibacillus and Virgibacillus, genera of bacteria formerly included in Bacillus.[15][16]
References
1. (German) Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien.
Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Heft 2, 1872, 1,
127224.
2. Loshon, Charles A.; Beary, Katherine E.; Gouveia,
Kristine; Grey, Elizabeth Z.; SantiagoLara, Leticia
M.; Setlow, Peter (March 1998). "Nucleotide
sequence of the sspE genes coding for γtype small,
acidsoluble spore proteins from the roundspore
forming bacteria Bacillus aminovorans, Sporosarcina
halophila and S. ureae". Biochimica et Biophysica
Acta (BBA) Gene Structure and Expression. 1396
(2): 148–152. doi:10.1016/S01674781(97)002042.
3. Turnbull PCB (1996). Baron S; et al., eds. Bacillus.
In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of
Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 9780963117212.
4. Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology
of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0
131443291.
5. Graumann P, ed. (2012). Bacillus: Cellular and
Molecular Biology (2nd ed.). Caister Academic Press.
ISBN 9781904455974. [1] (http://www.horizonpre
ss.com/bacillus).
6. Joan L. Slonczewski & John W. Foster (2011),
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (2nd Edition),
Norton
7. Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical
Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 08385
85299.
8. Bacillus entry (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/b/bacillus.h
tml) in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial
Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder
available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 (2):
590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713472590. ISSN 0020
7713. PMID 9103655.]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
9. Xu, D.; Cote, J. C. (2003). "Phylogenetic
relationships between Bacillus species and related
genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA
and 5' end 16S23S ITS nucleotide sequences".
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary
Microbiology. 53 (3): 695–704.
doi:10.1099/Ijs.0.023460. PMID 12807189.
10. Yarza, P.; Richter, M.; Peplies, J. R.; Euzeby, J.;
Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Ludwig, W.; Glöckner,
F. O.; RossellóMóra, R. (2008). "The AllSpecies
Living Tree project: A 16S rRNAbased phylogenetic
tree of all sequenced type strains". Systematic and
Applied Microbiology. 31 (4): 241–250.
doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001. PMID 18692976.
11. Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.;
Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; RossellóMóra, R.
(2010). "Update of the AllSpecies Living Tree
Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence
analyses". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 33
(6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001.
PMID 20817437.
12. Alcaraz, L.; MorenoHagelsieb, G.; Eguiarte, L. E.;
Souza, V.; HerreraEstrella, L.; Olmedo, G. (2010).
"Understanding the evolutionary relationships and
major traits of Bacillus through comparative
genomics". BMC Genomics. 11: 332.
doi:10.1186/1471216411332. PMC 2890564 .
PMID 20504335. 1471216411332.
13. Ole Andreas Økstad and AnneBrit Kolstø Chapter 2:
"Genomics of Bacillus Species" (http://link.springer.c
om/chapter/10.1007%2F9781441976864_2#page
1) in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of
Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 29 Food
Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 DOI
10.1007/9781441976864_2
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14. Brenner (D.J.): Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn
1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958,
73; Ewing, Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial
Commission 1981, 104. In: N.R. Krieg and J.G. Holt
(eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,
first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co,
Baltimore, 1984, pp. 408420
15. Ash, Carol; Priest, Fergus G.; Collins, M. David
(1994). "Molecular identification of rRNA group 3
bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a
PCR probe test". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64 (34):
253–260. doi:10.1007/BF00873085.
16. Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; De Vos, P.;
Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1 January 1998).
"Virgibacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus
pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended
description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus".
International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48
(1): 99–106. doi:10.1099/0020771348199.
External links
Bacillus (http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=ta
xon&cId=1386) genomes and related information at PATRIC (htt
p://patricbrc.org/), a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by
NIAID (https://www.niaid.nih.gov/)
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Bacillus.
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