CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
The research problems emphasize the need to investigate the professional functions and the required communicative competences of English in the health
officials’ international relation and communication. Chapter I has outlain this research, and Chapter II has provided the theoretical foundation of the research.
This chapter discusses the research design and the methodology of the research employed to address the research problems. The technological by-product of
this research is a syllabus design incorporating the professional functions and the required communicative competences of the language. Data were collected
by means of interview and questionnaire. Besides elaborating the research method, this chapter will also outlay the nature of the research data, the data
setting and sources, the data gathering instrument, the data collection and analysis as well as the data triangulation.
A. Methods
The research was descriptive-qualitative because considering the research questions and objectives, the research aimed at obtaining qualitative data. Based
on the need analysis conducted, the researcher described the professional functions the health officials performed in their international relation and
communication as well as the communicative competence which needed to be improved in order to perform them well. The identified professional functions
and communicative competence were then analyzed and used to develop a syllabus design of English program for the health officials. The data analysis
done in this research was not statistical analysis but inductive interpretation based on related theories and the results of interview and questionnaire. The
quantitative data in this research were limited to the data from the questionnaire analysis.
This research concerned about the professional functions the health officials performed in their international relation and communication as well as
the communicative competence which needed to be improved in order to perform them well. The identified professional functions and communicative
competence would serve as the basis in designing the syllabus. In designing the syllabus, the researcher chose the competence-based
syllabus and employed some important considerations in the design of an ESP syllabus see Chapter II. For steps in developing the syllabus, the researcher
followed Richards Renandya 2002 with respect to the steps’ simplicity and practicability see Chapter II.
B. Nature of Data
The nature of the research data of the research question 1 2 was qualitative data. The data were descriptive because the obtained data described
the professional functions performed in English by these health officials in their international relationship and communication, as well as the required
competences of the language to perform the professional functions successfully.
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The data were investigated and generated from the participants’ answers on the questionnaires and interviews.
The nature of the research data of the research question 3 was also descriptive. So were the data because then after the data of research question 1
2 were obtained, the data were interpreted and integrated to compile a syllabus design which integrates the professional functions and the required
communicative competence.
C. Data Setting and Sources
The research was carried out at Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Provincial Health Office PHO in March – September 2006. In accordance to the result of
the preliminary interview with the PHO leader during the research preparation, the office was selected because there had been some needs necessities of the
officials to improve their communicative competences. Besides, the researcher has been working at the office for quite some time so she knew well the officials’
competences in performing the language. The sources of the data the research participants were structural
officials occupying the position of division leaders and their core staff. The number of the research participants was 30 officials.
D. Data Gathering Instrument
The research employed two instruments in gathering the data, namely: interview and questionnaire. Some necessary information obtained from the
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interview was intended to improve the questionnaire, therefore the interview was carried out prior to the distribution of questionnaire.
1. Interview
Cohen 2000 states that interviews enable participants either the interviewers or interviewees to discuss interpretations of their ideas, and to
express how they regard situations from their own points of view. In this respect, they were adopted because they might reveal unpredicted needs as they
functioned to sample the respondents’ opinions in learning English Cohen, 2000.
Some necessary preparation had been completed before the interview was conducted. The preparation was related to the seven stages of an interview
investigation set out by Kvale 1996 which covers thematizing and designing the interview. The next stages were related to data collection and analysis, i.e.
interviewing and transcribing. The result of these first four stages is elaborated as follows.
Thematizing The main purposes of the interview investigation were to investigate
professional functions performed by the health officials in their international relation and communication and the required communicative competences. Other
purposes of the interview investigation were to gather necessary information for the basis of the research background and other supporting data for the design of
the syllabus afterward. The following blueprint had been set out on the bases of the purposes.
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Table 3.1. Interview Blueprint
Theme Construct Question.
No.
Information for completing the research background
Eliciting information from the health officials for completing the research
background 1, 2, 3
Information concerning the health officials’ official
activities Eliciting information from the health
officials concerning their official activities
4, 5, 13 Information concerning the
background for learning the language
Eliciting information from the health officials concerning the background for
learning the language 9, 10, 14,
15 Information concerning the
health officials’ strength and weakness in the
communicative competences
Eliciting information from the health officials concerning their strength and
weakness in the language and communicative competences
6, 7, 8
Information concerning the preferred material
approach in learning the language
Eliciting information from the health officials concerning the preferred material
approach in learning the language 11, 12
Designing Designing the interview was carried out after the purposes were
established. The design of the interview was based on the above blueprint which had been set out on the bases of the purposes. The interview would be conducted
in English. The complete design of the interview is attached in Appendix 1.
2. Questionnaire
Another instrument was questionnaire. The questionnaire employed in this research was semi- structured. It was semi- structured because it contained
of choices and open questions. Some necessary preparation had been completed before the questionnaire
was distributed. The preparation was related to the stages of a questionnaire investigation set out by Cohen 2000 which covers first, setting the purposes of
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the questionnaire; second, identifying and itemizing topics related to the central purpose; third, formulating specific information related to the issues; and fourth,
formulating the questions. The result of these stages is elaborated as follows. 1. Setting the purposes of the questionnaire
The main purposes of the questionnaire distribution were to investigate official activities performed by the health officials in their international
relationship and communication and the required communicative competences. Other purposes of the questionnaire distribution were to gather necessary
information for the basis of the research background and other supporting data for the design of the syllabus afterward.
2. Identifying and itemizing topics related to the central purpose Some topics of the questionnaire were identified as follows. First topic
concerned with the health officials’ personal and official background. Second topic concerned with the learning English background of the health officials.
Third topic concerned with the English input knowledge and capability of the health officials. Fourth topic concerned with the health officials’ official
activities in which English is required along with the frequency of performing the activity. Fifth topic concerned with the required communicative competences
of the language in performing the official activity successfully. Sixth topic concerned with the health officials’ learning styles and strategies. And last topic
concerned with necessary information for compiling the most appropriate syllabus design.
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3. Formulating specific information related to the topics Specific information related to the topics was presented in the following
table.
Table 3.2. Topics and Related Specific Information No Topic Specific
Information 1.
Health official’s personal and official background
Name, age, educational degree, last position
2. Health official’s learning English
background English courses, English proficiency
test, motivation to learn English 3.
Health official’s input knowledge and capability of English
English areas 4.
Health official’s official activities in which English is required along with
the frequency of performing the activity
Official activities requiring English present and future
5. Health official’s learning styles and
strategies Learningteaching styles strategies
6. Necessary information for compiling
the most appropriate syllabus design Formalinformal English, learning
duration, placevenue
4. Formulating the questions The questions in the questionnaire were in Indonesian and the number of
the questions addressed was presented in the following table.
Table 3.3. List of Questionnaire Questions
Construct Question. No.
Eliciting information concerning the research participant’s personal and official background
1, 2, 3, 4 Eliciting information concerning the research
participant’s learning English background 5, 6, 7
Eliciting information concerning the research participant’s input knowledge and capability of English
8, 9 Eliciting information concerning the research
participant’s official activities in which English is required along with the frequency of performing the
activity 10, 11, 12
Eliciting necessary information for compiling the most appropriate syllabus design
13, 14, 15, 16
The complete formulation of the questionnaire is attached in Appendix 3.
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E. Data Collection
The data were collected in March – September 2006 at Yogyakarta Provincial Health Office PHO Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta.
The data collection employed interview and questionnaire. This was in accordance to Bassey 1999 who mentioned that there are three fundamental
types of data collection method: “asking questions and listening intently to the answers, observing events and noting carefully what happens and reading
documents. The researcher wanted to find out what the official activities performed by the health officials in their international relationship and
communication are, and what the required competences of the language are.
F. Data Analysis
Following Kvale 1996 who suggested interviewing and transcribing after designing the interview, after the interview was completed, the recorded
interview was transcribed in written. The data obtained from the interview were qualitative data based on the verbal answers provided by the health officials.
These qualitative data were then narrated to serve as the bases of research result later. Data obtained from the questionnaire were summarized in tables and would
also be used as the bases of the research result.
G. Data Triangulation
To triangulate the data obtained from the interview with the five division leaders and the questionnaire, the researcher conducted post-interviews with the
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leader of Provincial Health Office, one leader of a district health office, one outstanding lecturer in a health polytechnic, and one leader in a health
management service center. The type of the interview was informal and conversational with regard to the availability of the interviewees’ time.
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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULT
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