Teachers’ Questions REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the method that is used in this research. This chapter consists of six parts. Those parts are research method, research setting, research participants, research instruments and data gathering techniques, data analysis technique and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This research is a qualitative research. Qualitative research is an approach that allows readers to examine people’s experiences in detail by using specific approach of research method such as in-depth interview, focus group discussion, observation, content analysis, visual method and life histories or biographies Hennink Bailey, 2011. The data were collected from a real situation in the class. The needs of detail information such as in what time the respondent pronounced some certain words showed that qualitative research is the most appropriate method. Qualitative data consists of detailed description of situations, events, people, interactions, and observed behaviors; direct quotations from people about their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts; and excerpts or entire passages from documents, correspondence, records and case histories Patton, 1980. Wood and Kroger 2000, p. 3 explain that discourse analysis is a person’s point of view that contains of methodological and conceptual elements. They also state that discourse data includes spoken and written texts. Stark and Trinidad 2007 add that discourse analysis concerns on the language use. The researcher conducted a discourse analysis to study the feature of woman language features and types of teachers’ questions using the utterances that were collected from the videos. Both of these two problems identify language use in classroom setting.

B. Research Setting

The setting of this research was in English Language Education Study Program Department of Sanata Dharma University. This research was conducted in Micro Teaching class A batch 2012. The participants were 12 female teacher trainers. Each of them practiced one section of teaching practice. The time allocation for each participant was 25 minutes.

C. Research Participants

In this research, the participants were 12 female students of Micro Teaching class A in the sixth semester of English Education Study Program batch 2012. The participants were all the female students but the researcher did not know each student personally.

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques

1. Human Instrument Human instrument is the main instrument of this research. Lincoln Guba 1985 define human instrument as uniquely qualify the human being as the instrument of choice for naturalistic inquiry p. 193. The researcher is considered as the main instrument of this research since the data were collected by her. The researcher had two roles which were to collect and analyze the data. 2. Video of Micro teaching students in 2012 Since this study used discourse analysis, the documents, which were obtained during the observation were also called research instrument. The data, which were not collected by the needs of the researcher, were in forms of videos. The video are regularly recorded by Sanata Dharma laboratory’s staff. The videos are the participants’ simulation of teaching practices. The researcher collected the utterances from the teaching simulation practices. These collected utterances are the data which were used to be analyzed by the researcher. Therefore, the instrument for this research was the video observation. The researcher used table, as the tool, to work in gathering the data for the first research question as seen in table 3.1. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Table 3.1 Hedges Hedges No Participant Number of Case Time Situation 1 T1 In order to answer the second problem, the researcher gathered the data using table 3.2 Table 3.2 No Participant Number of Case Form of Questions Time Situation

E. Data Analysis Techniques

Miles and Huberman 1984, p. 15 explain that there are three steps in analyzing qualitative data. They are data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing or verification. Data reduction is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying the raw data. This is a part of analysis p. 21. In this step, the researcher chose teaching practice videos of 12 participants in Micro Teaching class. The researcher listed utterances which were needed from the videos based on each category. First, the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI researcher collected utterances of first research problem. Then, the researcher collected utterances for the second research problem. So, in this step, the researcher analyzed the data using tables as the tool. Table 3.3 Women Language Features in Micro Teaching Class No Woman Language Features Number of Utterances 1 Hedges Fillers

2 Intensifiers

3 Raising Intonation

4 Precise Terms 5 Empty Adjective 6 Direct Quotations 7 Super Polite Forms 8 Tag Questions 9 Hypercorrect Grammar 10 Humor To analyze the second research problem, the researcher used table 3.4: Table 3.4 No Types of Question Number of Questions

1 Procedural Questions

2 Convergent Questions

3 Divergent Questions