Discussion FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Kozcogh 2012 stated that female participants in his study favored more direct disagreeing strategies such as contradiction, in this present study, the ones who favor more direct strategies such as contradiction are the male villains with the percentage 21.4. Meanwhile female villains’ percentage only reach a half of male villains’ that is 10.4. Female villains favor for using counterclaim. It indicates that female villains is more polite in choosing disagreeing strategies, since by counterclaim, disagreeing strategies can be mitigated by using partial agreement or positive markers. The results of this present study strengthen the results from some recent studies which are conducted by Bavarsad et al. 2015, Aisyah 2015, and Heidari et al. 2015. They show that women tended to be indirect, polite and cautious in expressing disagreements. Female participants in their study favored more counterclaim than male participants did. In the result of Bavarsad et al. 2015, the percentage of counterclaim from their female participants is 14.22, and male participants’ is 12.22. Female participants have the higher percentage. Aisyah’s 2015 study shows the same result. Female students in her study tended to use counterclaim more frequently than male did. Male students used contradiction strategy more often than female. Heidari et al. 2015 presents some situations using DCT in his study, and in most of the situations, female students used more counterclaim as well. In one of the situations that is disagreement to the professor, female students’ counterclaim reaches 46. Meanwhile, female students’ counterclaim reaches only 18. This present study has the same result as these 3 digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id previous studies. Male villains have the higher percentage in contradiction as in the study of Aisyah 2016 indicating that they favor contradiction more than female villains do. Female villains favor counterclaim as well as women in the previous studies by Bavarsad et al. 2015 and Heidari et al. 2015. Thus, this present study adds new results in the taxonomy of disagreeing strategies and in the field of gender. It is in the same side with the previous studies which have a result that women are more polite in choosing disagreement, since they favor counterclaim than men. It is as Holmes 1992 stated that women are more linguistically polite than men, and as cited in Rohmah 2011 that women speech could be considered as being indirect. Counterclaim is the type which indicates indirectness in disagreement. This study strengthens the result of previous studies which stated that women are more indirect in expressing disagreement. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 92

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter is the last chapter of all. It presents the conclusion as the result of the analysis to answer each problem presented in the first chapter. Furthermore, it also contains suggestion for further research to develop knowledge related to disagreeing strategies, especially in the field of gender.

5.1 CONCLUSION

The aims of this study are examining what types of disagreeing strategies applied by male and female villains and the similarity as well as the differences of them in choosing disagreeing strategies. There are 11 types of disagreeing strategies applied by male villains in 56 utterances. The types are 1 irrelevancy claim, 2 challenge, 3 contradiction, 4 counterclaim, 5 contradiction followed by counterclaim, 6 counterclaim followed by contradiction, 7 irrelevancy claim followed by counterclaim, 8 contradiction followed by challenge, 9 counterclaim followed by challenge, 10 challenge followed by counterclaim, and 11 contradiction + counterclaim followed by challenge. All of them are also applied by female villains except irrelevancy claim and contradiction + coun terclaim followed by challenge. The types’ number 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 are new types found in this study. The other 5 types already digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id exist in the taxonomy of Muntigl and Turnbull 1998. Therefore, the new 6 types can be considered as one of the new results found in this study. There is one point of the similarity between male and female villains in applying disagreeing strategies that is the highest percentage of type reached by „counterclaim’ in both male and female villains’ percentages. It is because counterclaim is a type which can represent their implied disagreements to state their alibi, their statement, their reason, and their clarification that can support them for being innocent. One of the differences between male and female villains found in this study is in favoring negative article and negative evaluation in stating disagreements. Male villains use more negative evaluation in their contradiction to contradict such as “That’s stupid” or “That’s nonsense” with 53.2. Female villains use more negative article that are “no” or “not’, to state the negated proposition of the previous claim 55.6. The next difference is in favoring direct or indirect. Male villains favor direct disagreements by using 6 direct disagreements that ar e „contradiction followed by challenge’, „contradiction’, „irrelevancy claim’, contradiction + counterclaim followed by challenge’, „contradiction followed by counterclaim’, and „irrelevancy claim followed by counterclaim’. The 2 other types are favored by female villains that are „challenge’ and „challenge followed by counterclaim’. They are considered as direct disagreements because the explicit disagreement which each type has such as contradiction, and challenge. The indirect disagreements are disagreements which has digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id the existence of counterclaim. They are „counterclaim followed by contradiction’, „counterclaim followed by challenge’, and „counterclaim’. They are all favored by female villains. Those direct and indirect disagreements indicate the ones who are more polite between male and female villains. It presents the other new result in this study. It strengthens the result of some previous studies from Bavarsad et al. 2015, Heidari et al. 2015, and Aisyah 2015 which state that women are more polite and indirect than men in expressing disagreements. Male villains in this study are more direct than female villains in choosing disagreements. Hence, the results of this present study adds a new result in the field of gender in the side that men is more direct and female is more indirect. Furthermore, the other result of this present study can enrich the types of disagreement by finding and presenting the 6 new types of disagreeing strategies.

5.2 SUGGESTION

This study focuses on the kinds of types of disagreeing strategies and the similarity as well as the difference between male and female villains in expressing the disagreements. Regarding to the new result of the study about the types of disagreeing strategies and gender, it is suggested for further research to focus more on the field of gender. This study has shown a new result that male villains tend to be direct and female villains tend to be indirect. It strengthens the result of some previous studies about men and women. Even though, it has shown the result, but it digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id will be more interesting if the further research can explore more on the differences between male and female villains in expressing disagreement. It can be combined with social distance or power relations between the villains and the interlocutors as the studies by Behnam 2011 and Kozcogh 2011. Morover, Behnam 2011 and Kozcogh’s study 2011 did not use villains as the subject as in this study. The study about disagreements in villains’ utterances is worth to be further analyzed. It may be drawn the reason from the villains for choosing a certain type to disagree with the interlocutor’s utterances. Furthermore, there are male and female interlocutors as the villains. The same gender between the villains and the interlocutors may be the effect of the reason for choosing the certain type. Social distance or power relations can be used to explore and undermine the differences appeared in male and female villains’ disagreements. Hence, it will show a stronger research about gender in disagreements of villains. This study analyzes disagreements in villains’ utterances when they do debate with the detective. The setting place is not in the court. It is in the scene where the case happens. Hence, the next study can do analysis in disagreements of the villains in other setting or situation such as in the court. A villain has rights to defend themselves in the court when the prosecutor explains the case and what the villain has done. The villain can state their disagreements through it. Therefore, various disagreements can occur and need to be analyzed to enrich the study about disagreements in villains. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id REFERENCES Aini, W. 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Mitigation and politeness in Greek invitation refusals: Effects of length of residence in the target community and intensity of interaction on non- native speakers’ performance. Journal of Pragmatics, Vol.43 pp 1718- 1740. Brown, P. Levinson, S. C. 1978. Politeness: Some Universals in Languange usage. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Carolina. 2011. The Study of Disagreement Between Characters in The Film Ten Things I Hate about You. Thesis. Petra University. Cavanagh S. 1997. Content analysis: concepts, methods and applications.Nurse Researcher 4, 5 –16. Cole F.L. 1988. Content analysis: process and application. Clinical Nurse Specialist 21, 53 –57.