Various verbal disagreeing strategies applied by male and female villains in Detective Conan movie series.

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Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Himmatul Maratis Suroiya Reg. Number A03213023

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

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VARIOUS VERBAL DISAGREEING STRATEGIES APPLIED BY MALE AND FEMALE VILLAINS IN DETECTIVE CONAN MOVIE SERIES

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Himmatul Maratis Suroiya Reg. Number A03213023

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

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ABSTRACT

Suroiya, H.M. 2017. Various Verbal Disagreeing Strategies Applied by Male and Female Villains in Detective Conan Movie Series. English Department, Faculty of Arts And Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah M.pd

Key words: Disagreeing strategies, villains, Detective Conan movie series

Since disagreements have been getting much attention from various researchers in numerous subjects, this thesis investigates them in villains’ utterances. None of previous researchers have analyzed disagreements in villains’ utterances. In addition, the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreeing strategies are also investigated to enrich the previous studies about disagreement in gender field.

The types of disagreeing strategies which help the researcher to anayze the disagreeing strategies in villains are based on Muntigl and Turnbull taxonomy (1998). Besides, some previous studies from Kozcogh (2011), Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and Heidari et al. (2015), inspire the researcher a lot in analyzing the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying the disagreements, since their study also analyzed the differences in men and women. Qualitative content analysis and descriptive research designs are chosen to investigate male and female villains’ utterances which consist of disagreeing strategies. The researcher herself becomes the only instrument – human instrument. Reading and selecting the entire scripts of Detective Conan movie series become the steps of data collection. Then, the procedures of data analysis contain identifying, classifying, and elaborating the data. Drawing the conclusion is also the last step required.

56 utterances of disagreements from male villains and 48 utterances of disagreements from female villains are found. From those utterances, it is found new types beside the types from the taxonomy of Muntigl and Turnbull (1998). There are 6 new types found in male villains’ utterances and 4 new types found in female villains’ utterances. Further, there is a similarity and the differences exist between male and female villains in applying the disagreements. The result shows that male villains tend to use direct disagreements than female villains.

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INTISARI

Suroiya, H.M. 2017. Various Verbal Disagreeing Strategies Applied by Male and Female Villains in Detective Conan Movie Series. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.pd.

Kata kunci: Strateg-strategi ketidaksetujuan/pertentangan, penjahat, film seri Detective Conan

Karena ketidaksetujuan telah mendapat banyak perhatian dari berbagai peneliti di berbagai bidang, tesis ini menginvestigasinya di dalam ucapan para penjahat. Tidak ada peneliti sebelumnya yang telah menganalisis ketidaksetujuan dalam ucapan para penjahat. Selain itu, persamaan dan perbedaan antara penjahat laki-laki dan perempuan dalam menerapkan strategi ketidaksetujuan juga diselidiki untuk memperkaya studi sebelumnya tentang ketidaksetujuan di bidang gender.

Jenis strategi ketidaksetujuan yang membantu peneliti untuk menganalisa strategi ketidaksetujuan pada penjahat didasarkan pada taksonomi Muntigl dan Turnbull (1998). Selain itu, beberapa penelitian sebelumnya seperti dari Kozcogh (2011), Faharani dan Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad dkk. (2015), Aisyah (2015), dan Heidari dkk. (2015), sangat mengilhami peneliti dalam menganalisis kesamaan dan perbedaan antara penjahat pria dan wanita dalam menerapkan strategi ketidaksetujuan, karena studi mereka juga menganalisis perbedaan pria dan wanita. Analisis isi kualitatif dan desain penelitian deskriptif dipilih untuk menyelidiki ucapan para penjahat pria dan wanita dalam ucapan ketidaksetujuan. Peneliti sendiri menjadi satu-satunya instrumen - instrumen manusia. Membaca dan memilih seluruh naskah seri film Detective Conan menjadi langkah pendataan. Kemudian, prosedur analisis data berisi identifikasi, klasifikasi, dan perincian data. Menggambar kesimpulan juga merupakan langkah terakhir yang dibutuhkan.

56 ucapan ketidaksetujuan dari penjahat laki-laki dan 48 ucapan ketidaksetujuan dari penjahat wanita ditemukan. Dari ujaran tersebut, ditemukan jenis baru disamping jenis dari taksonomi Muntigl dan Turnbull (1998). Ada 6 tipe baru yang ditemukan dalam ucapan penjahat laki-laki dan 4 jenis baru ditemukan dalam ucapan para penjahat perempuan. Selanjutnya, ada kesamaan dan perbedaan yang ada didalam penjahat pria dan wanita dalam menerapkan ketidaksetujuan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa penjahat laki-laki cenderung menggunakan ketidaksetujuan yang langsung daripada villain wanita.

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Inside Cover Page……..………. i

Inside Title Page………..……… ii

Declaration Page………..……….... iii

Motto... iv

Dedication Page………..………. v

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page……….……… vi

Examiner Sheet……… vii

Acknowledgement………... viii

Table of Contents…………..………... x

Abstract………..………..………… xiii

Intisari………...……… xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study.……….. 1

1.2Research Problems………. 6

1.3Research Objectives………... 7

1.4Significance of the Study………... 7

1.5Scope and Limitations………... 8

1.6Definition of Key Terms……… 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Disagreement……… 10

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2.2 Men and Women speech……… 13

2.3 Disagreements in Men and Women based on the results of the previous studies………... 14

2.4 Synopsis of Detective Conan……… 17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design……… 19

3.2 Data Collection………... 20

3.2.1 Data and Data source……… 20

3.2.2 Instrument………. 20

3.2.3 Techniques of Data Collection……….. 21

3.2 Techniques of Data Analysis………. 22

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings……… 31

4.1.1 Types of Disagreeing Strategies by Male and Female Villains…… 31

4.1.1.1 Irrelevancy Claim………... 33

4.1.1.2Challenge……… 36

4.1.1.3Contradiction……….. 41

4.1.1.4Counterclaim……….. 44

4.1.1.5Contradiction followed by Counterclaim………... 49

4.1.1.6Counterclaim followed by Contradiction……….. 52

4.1.1.7Irrelevancy Claim followed by Counterclaim……… 54

4.1.1.8Contradiction followed by Challenge……….... 56

4.1.1.9Counterclaim followed by Challenge………... 59

4.1.1.10 Challenge followed by Counterclaim………... 61

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4.1.2 The Similarities and The Differences between Male and Female

Villains in Applying the Disagreeing Strategies………... 66

4.1.2.1 The Similarity between Male and Female Villains in Applying the Disagreeing Strategies ………... 67

4.1.2.2 The Differences between Male and Female Villains in Applying the Disagreeing Strategies………... 70

4.1.2.2.1 Male Villains Favor Direct/Explicit Disagreements and Female Villains Favor Indirect/Implied Disagreement………... 72

4.1.2.2.2 Male Villains Favor Contradictory Statement or Negative Evaluation and Female Villains Favor Negative particle in Applying Contradiction…... 82

4.2 Discussion……….. 86

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion……… 92

5.2 Suggestion……… 94

REFERENCES………... 96

APPENDICES………... 100

Appendix 1……….. 100

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the important fundamentals for conducting research of male and female villains’ disagreeing strategies in Detective Conan movie series are presented. Those are background of the study, research problems, research objectives, significance of the study, scope as well as limitation, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Disagreement is unavoidable in human interaction. It is so hard to deny that people have same thought towards issues in some social interactions (Sofwan & Suwignyo, 2011:42). They can disagree over a particular subject matter including objects or personal traits, attitudes, and behaviors (Hei et al., 2012). Numerous researchers have been interested in doing study about disagreements in different settings, such as academic setting and outside of academic setting. In academic setting, all of the researchers used learners or students as their subject. For the studies in outside of academic setting, the subjects were various, but none of the researchers used villain as the subject. Therefore, this present study is interested in doing a study that analyzes disagreeing strategies uttered by villains in denying someone’s accusation towards them.

Related to the previous studies, most of them have been done in academic setting. As stated by Choyimah and Latief (2014:113) that disagreement is one of speech acts that commonly occur in academic settings. The findings of the studies by

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Rohmah (2012) and Pattrawut (2014) confirm the existence of disagreement in academic setting. Rohmah (2012) analyzed the politeness strategies of expressing disagreement and the responses toward it which applied by doctorate English program students from different parts of Indonesia in discussion. The finding is the students in showing their politeness strategies are still influenced by the cultural values existing in the collectivist society. The study by Pattrawut (2014) has been done in classroom context. The finding confirms the differences of Thailand native speaker and English native speaker in showing their politeness strategies of disagreements to their lecturer.

Other previous studies in academic setting have been done in some focuses as well, and have a similarity that is most of them used DCT (Discourse completion text) to get the data. The studies by Sofwan and Suwignyo (2011), Behnam and Niroomand (2011), and Nourozi (2015) focused on the English ability or skill of the learners in choosing disagreement strategies. Meanwhile, the studies by Koczogh (2011), Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and Heidari et al. (2015) focused on gender and power. This present study is also interested in taking gender case that is analyzing the differences between male and female villains in uttering disagreement strategies.

Research on gender differences in conversational style has yielded results that women are more likely soften their disagreements, while men tend to be direct in expressing their disagreements (Koczogh, 2012:236). But apparently, there are opposite results shown by the previous studies mentioned above. Kozcogh (2012), in

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his result, shows that women participating in his study tended to disagree much more frequently and often in a more expressive and straightforward way than men did. The result in the study by Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013) seems confirming the result of Kozcogh (2012). They stated that gender is not a determining factor for being polite, since their study showed no highly statistical differences between using politeness strategies in disagreement and gender (Faharani & Molkizadeh, 2013:632).

Yet, the results from the recent studies that are by Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and Heidari et al. (2015) show that women tended to be indirect, polite and cautious in expressing disagreements. They strengthen Holmes statement in Rohman (2011) that females’ speeches could be considered as being indirect, conciliatory, facilitative, elaborative, getting some difficulties in taking turns, person-oriented, and affectively oriented. Therefore, the results of those previous studies are unintentionally separated into two sides. The first side is men are affirmed to be direct and the second side is women are the ones who are more direct or there is no high statistical difference between men or women. Hence, from those different results, it is necessary to investigate the differences between male and female villains in uttering their disagreement strategies, since they are in same danger situation that will make them go to jail over their crimes, but they can use different strategy because of different gender. Whether it can be the male villains who tend to be direct or the female villains do. This study is also expected to enrich those previous studies in gender.

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This present study is in “outside of academic context” field. Disagreement studies which have been done in outside of academic context did not take any gender case. A study by Tuval-Mashiach and Shulman in Rohmah (2012) that focused on the differences of development between adolescent and adult romantic couples in expressing different disagreement negotiations and resolution skills. A study by Petryshen (1990) analyzed persistent disagreement between patients in psychiatric hospitals and therapeutic recreation specialists. The findings confirm the existence of persistent disagreement and its impact on the treatment process.

Recently, the areas of study about disagreeing strategies in movie or film which is in the “outside of academic context” field have received many attentions by various researchers in different movies and focus. Carolina (2001) focused on the types of disagreement strategies applied by all characters, Panic-Kavgic (2013) focused on the differences of disagreement strategies in US and Serbian movies, Tifani (2015) focused on the disagreement strategies of the main character only, and Arofah (2015) focused on the status and power. Most of those researchers studied American movie, and none of them analyzed Asian movie yet. Therefore, Arofah (2015) gives suggestion for future study to do a research toward Asians, who are well-known for their indirectness.

Detective Conan is one of Asian animation movie series that comes from Japan which is directed by Kenji Kodama, Yasuichiro Yamamoto, Masato Sato, and Koujin Ochi. It is one of famous animation movies. It has been being shown since 1996 until now in many countries. It has more than seven hundred episodes, and the

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new episodes are still ongoing. It tells about many interesting cases, such as murder, burglary, arson, and kidnapping cases which are solved by a genius detective named Conan Edogawa. Sometimes those cases are also solved by other detectives and other smart characters. Those cases are solved sometimes in one episode until 4 episodes. In every solving episode, there will be always debates between the villain and the detective or other character who accuse them. There are many types of disagreements uttered by the villains over detective’s explanation in order to keep their self in save. They really try hard to make strategies for disagreeing the detective’s and other character’s accusation.

In fact, Detective Conan has been analyzed by some researchers before, which is especially, in form of comic. Those researchers are Anugratamur (2013), and Rahman (2015). Anugratamur (2013) focuses on the types of speech functions which were uttered by Conan Edogawa and the other characters, and also the relationship roles between them. Rahman (2015) focuses on the type of illocutionary act which were uttered by the characters, and the perlocutionary act’s effect. Therefore, unlike this present study, none of those researches use any theory of disagreements.

Thus, this study is the first study which analyzes disagreeing strategies in villains when they argue with their interlocutors who are detectives or other smart characters in cases of Detective Conan. The researcher only focuses on the disagreeing strategies itself when villains do debate over the accusation, not on a refusal. Since, refusal has its own and different area from disagreement. Chen in Bella (2011:1719) stated that a refusal is a speech act that occurs when a speaker try

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to deny involving in an action proposed by the interlocutor. The refusal can occur in villains’ utterance when they refuse to be asked to go to jail, not when they do debate with the detective over the accusation or detective’s deduction. Since, in the debate they only try to disagree with the truth of their crime explained or proposed by the detective. They try to make the detective’s deduction looked as an untrue fact, as Rees-Miller’s (2000) argued that disagreement occurs when the speaker considers the proposition uttered by the prior speaker is untrue.

The theory which inspires the researcher a lot to analyze the types of disagreeing strategies is that from Muntigl and Turnbull’s taxonomy (1998). By this study, the researcher also aims to explore not only the differences but also the similarities found in this study between male and female villains by describing the differences and the similarities. Hence, it is an interesting and worth analysis, because there are various disagreeing strategies applied by the villains. The finding from this study is expected to be able to give pictures of how a villain defends him/herself by uttering disagreements when someone gives an accusation and try to reveal his/her crime.

1.2 Research Problem

The research is conducted to answer the problem which is formulated into two following questions:

1. What are types of verbal disagreeing strategies applied by male and female villains in Detective Conan series?

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2. What are the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreeing strategies?

1.3 Research Objective

Based on the research problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed: 1. To identify the types of verbal disagreeing strategies uttered by villains in

Detective Conan series.

2. To describe the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreeing strategies.

1.4 Significance of the research

The researcher hopes that this study is able to help the readers in understanding about disagreement topic especially in villains’ utterances, and give an input about the similarity and the differences between male and female villains in expressing their disagreement. The readers are also able to know how a villain shows his/her disagreement when he/she is in danger situation such as when the detective knows his/her crime. This study is also expected to be useful in providing appropriate strategies when people want to express disagreement. It can be worth to help minimize conflict, improve relationship and avoid misunderstanding. Thus, a good and successful communication can be established between speaker and his/her interlocutor. Furthermore, the researcher hopes this study can be useful for the readers as a reference for conducting further study.

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1.5 Scope and Limitation

By doing this research, the researcher analyzes the utterances of male and female villains which include disagreement. The researcher only focuses on verbal disagreement produced by male and female villains in Detective Conan movie series. For analyzing the entire data of disagreeing strategies and classifying the types of those disagreeing strategies, the researcher is inspired by the theory of disagreeing strategies from Muntigl and Turnbull’s taxonomy (1998). There are many villains in this movie because there are many cases told as well, and each case has its own villain who did the crime. The researcher takes 30 villains, 15 male villains and 15 female villains who express disagreement when a detective or other person points out him/her as a culprit of the case. For the interlocutors, there are 6 characters chosen, 4 male interlocutors, they are Shinichi Kudo (Conan Edogawa), Kogoro Mouri, Heiji Hattori, and Professor Agasa. There are 2 female interlocutors; they are Sonoko Suzuki and Eri Kisaki. The writer ignores the other interlocutor of the villain when he/she expresses disagreement utterances. Then, the writer identifies the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying their disagreement.

1.6Definition of the key terms

In order to avoid misinterpretation about the used terms, it is important for the researcher to give suitable meanings of the key terms. Some key terms are defined as follows:

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a. Disagreement: A speech activity that is used to express different opinion from his/her interlocutor.

b. Villain: Someone who has done a crime such as a murderer, kidnapping, etc. c. Detective Conan film series: The famous Japanese detective animation series

which is directed by Kenji Kodama, Yasuichiro Yamamoto, Masato Sato, and Koujin Ochi.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The important theories which are relevant to this study presented in this

chapter. Since the researcher investigated male and female villains’ disagreeing

strategies, the discussed theories are about disagreement. Men and women speech, results from the previous studies about disagreement in gender, and synopsis of Detective Conan movie series are obviously noted as well.

2.1 Disagreement

There are many ways which can be used in expressing feelings. One way to express the feeling of discontent with others is by expressing disagreement. Disagreement is a speech activity that is used to express different opinion from his/her interlocutor. So, it can be said that the speaker makes an expression of disagreement when she/he has different opinions from his/her interlocutor. The speaker tends to express it in order to achieve his/her purpose. It usually can be identified from its verbal structure which shows a different view from the preceding talk (Sofwan and Suwignyo, 2011:42).

Disagreement can be source of conflict between speaker and his/her interlocutor in social interaction. As Cahn states in Muntigl nd Turnbull (1998:185) that conflict is interaction of people in expression their opposing interests, views, or opinion. According to WordNet dictionary, conflict is a disagreement or argument about something important or is a state of opposition between persons or ideas or

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interests. It can be concluded that the existence of disagreement in conversation can create and cause conflict between the participants who take part in that communication. Therefore, the speaker is supposed to use an appropriate strategy in expressing disagreement to minimize the conflicts so that the speaker can maintain good social relationship with the interlocutor.

2.1.1Types of Disagreeing Strategies

There are five types of disagreement are used to identify the utterances of disagreement (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998). This taxonomy inspires and helps the researcher a lot in analyzing the types of disagreeing strategies in male and female villains. Muntigl and Turnbull (1998) proposed 5 types; they are irrelevancy claim, challenge, contradiction, counterclaim, and contradiction followed by counterclaim. 2.1.1.1 Irrelevancy Claim

Irrelevancy claim is types of disagreeing strategies that the speaker seem to be

questioning or undermining their interlocutors’ previous claim by stating the previous claim is not relevant to the discussion of the topic at hand (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:229). The speaker asserts the previous claim is not relevant to the discussion because the hearer is not in a specific view of what is being argued about and what constitutes an allowable contribution to that argument. When speaker uses this type, it tends to be produced in overlap, without pause and mitigation (Turnbull, 1998:185). Example: What are you talking about?

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2.1.1.2 Challenge

Challenge, as the second type, typically has syntactic from of interrogative with question particles such as when, what, who, why, where, and how; they implicate that the addressee cannot provide evidence for speaker’s claim (Muntigl and Turnbull. 1998:230). In expressing by using challenge, the speaker questions an

addressee’s prior claim and demands that addressee provide evidence for his/her claim, while suggesting that the addressee cannot do so. Example: What is the evidence that make me as the culprit?

2.1.1.3 Contradiction

In contradiction strategy, a speaker contradicts by uttering the negated proposition expressed by the previous claim: that is, if A utters P, then B utters ~P (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:231). As Behnam (2015:208) stated that Contradictions often occur with a negative particle such as no or not, as in No, I don’t. It indicates

that the prior claim is not true. These acts make the hearer appear to be “wrong or

misguided or unreasonable about some issue, such wrongness being associated with

disapproval.” Example: I didn’t kill him. However, Chen in Aini (2015) stated that contradictions are not always preceded by a negation, but it also occasionally start

with contradictory statement, such as “I thought it was so boring.”

Sometimes instead of having negative contradiction markers, contradictions will have positive contradiction markers, like yes or yeah which contrast to the negated claim, state positive statements.

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2.1.1.4 Counterclaim

In expressing disagreement by using counterclaim, the speaker’s emphasis is

not on pure opposition such as irrelevancy claim, challenge, or contradiction strategy. The speaker provides an alternative claim and/or reason for why she/he disagrees, which invites negotiation of the previous claim by opening up the topic of discussion rather than closing it down (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:244). Sadrameli & Haghverdi (2016) stated that Counterclaims tend to be preceded by pauses, prefaces,

and mitigating devices like “Maybe you are right, but…”. The strategies of avoiding

explicit disagreement such as using positive markers, partial agreement or hedges can indicate indirectness and being polite in the speech act of disagreement. Example: Yes, I got it. But we should go to the scene first.

2.1.1.5 Contradiction followed by Counterclaim

In this type, the speaker begins the disagreement by contradiction then she/he continuous with a counterclaim that provides a reason for why she/he disagrees to the interlocutor (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:236). Example: I don’t think so, because everyone who is here can do it.

2.2 Men and Women speech

According to Trudgill (2000), men and women do not speak different language, but they speak different varieties of the same language. In other words, women and men do not use completely different forms of language. They use different quantities or frequencies of the same form. This fact is more or less affected

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by social role they have in society. In spite of that, according to Holmes (1992), there are other ways in which the linguistics behavior of women and men differs. She claims that women are more linguistically polite than men, for instance, and those women and men emphasize different speech functions. Besides, men and women sometimes have different perceptions which are reflected in their language. This different perception may due to their communicative competence. Brown (1987) also says that women mostly involve their feeling of sensitivity and solidarity when they

talk while men’s speech is more matter of fact.

Holmes (1992) also says that women use more standard speech forms than men for some reasons. First, women are more aware of the fact that the way they speak signals their social class background or social status in community. Second, the

society tends to expect „better’ behavior from women than from men. Third, women

as subordinate group must avoid offending men, so they must speak carefully and politely. Last reason is that men prefer vernacular forms because they carry macho connotations of masculinity and toughness so that women do not want to use such forms.

2.3 Disagreements in Men and Women based on the results of the previous studies

1. Kozcogh (2012)

In this study, both male and females students employed a very similar proportion of aggravated, mitigated and unmodified disagreements, with the slight differences having no statistical significance. The result found that men adopted the

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strategies of contradiction (27.08%), explanation (10.3%), and disbelief (8.1%) the most frequently in simple disagreements, while women favored contradiction (30.1), disbelief (8.6), and partial agreement/token agreement (8%). Women in this study tended to adopt more direct strategies (e.g. contradiction, evaluation). Generally, women were more likely to utilize direct strategies when the overall distribution of strategies was considered, although the pattern was not found to be of statistical significance.

2. Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013)

The results showed that male and female participants of this study used all kinds of strategies nearly the same. Male and female participants applied contradiction with frequency of 27% and 31%, counterclaims with frequency of 54% and 57%, challenges with frequency of 1.7% and 2.5%, irrelevancy claims with frequency of 2.5% and 1.3%, and finally contradictions followed by counterclaims with frequency of 10% and 13% respectively. From those results, it can be drawn a conclusion that female participants chose direct strategies in disagreeing than male participants did. This study confirms the result of the study by Kozcogh (2011). 3. Bavarsad et al. (2015)

Bavarsad et al. (2015) did not only find types of disagreeing strategies in their study, but also new patterns to mitigate the disagreements. In most of the types of disagreements, male and female learners had percentages of the types nearly same. Yet, in the patterns of mitigating the disagreements, female learners frequently had higher percentages than male learners. In apology, female learners’ percentage was

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2%, and male learners’ percentage was only 0.44%. In providing reason, while female learners’ percentage was 27.7%, male learners’ percentage was 22%. It

represented that female learners tended to mitigate their disagreements. The result of this study showed that women are more indirect than men in expressing disagreements.

4. Aisyah (2015)

The finding of this study showed that male and female students were different when they made the Discourse Completion Task (DCT). In this case, the male students deliver their responded clearly and conventionally different with female students. Female students were more polite when they delivered their respond. They tended to use counterclaim more frequently than male did. Male students used contradiction strategy more often than female. Because the male students said directly clear without good manners.

5. Heidari et al. (2015)

This study indicated that female respondents tend to be more indirect than male respondents. It can be seen in the results that are female respondents used more counterclaims with the highest frequency that is 34%. Counterclaim is one of the types of disagreement strategy which is considered as an indirect type. Male respondents tended to be more direct than the female respondents, with the frequency of 28% for contradiction (female: 22%), 16% for challenge (female: 10%), and for silence 6% (female: 14%).

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2.4 Detective Conan

Detective Conan “Meitantei Konan” (Great Detective Conan) is a Japanese detective manga series written and illustrated by Gosho Aoyama. It has been serialized in the Japanese manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Sunday since 1994 and will be collected in eighty-seven Tankōbon volumes by August 18th, 2015. The manga has been adapted into an anime series by the animation studio Tokyo Movie Shinsha, directed by Kenji Kodama (episode 1 to 252), Yasuichiro Yamamoto (episode 110 to 332, 667 to 677, 681 to the last episode to date), Masato Sato (episode 318 to 504), Koujin Ochi (505 to 666, and 678 to 680), and is broadcast in Japan on Nippon Television, Yomiuri TV and Animax. The series debuted on January 8th, 1996 and will have broadcast 784 episodes by July 1th, 2015. The series has seen high levels of popularity in both manga and anime formats in Japan since its reception, and has also been adapted into nineteen Golden Week movies, with the first released on April 17th, 1997 and since then followed with a movie released each year, always in the month of April. Ten of the movies held a top 10 box office position in the year they were screened. In addition, five Magic Files related to the movies and twelve Original Video Animations have been released.

The story follows the adventures of Shinichi Kudou (also known as Jimmy Kudo in Case Closed, North America name), a young detective prodigy who was inadvertently shrunk into a child's body due to a poison he was force-fed by members of a villain syndicate. Neighbor and family friend Professor Agasa strongly suggested Shinichi hide his identity to prevent them from killing him and the people he cares

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about, so Shinichi takes the name Conan Edogawa. He goes to live with his childhood friend Ran Mouri and her father, Kogoro, and tries to use Kogoro's detective agency as a way to find the people who shrank him—without letting Ran figure out who he really is, then many cases follow him, and most of them are solved by him. He also has a best friend who a young detective as well named Heiji hattori. Heiji helped Shinichi a lot, when he get a problem. He also sometimes solves the problem along with Shinichi.

Shinichi who shrank into a child Conan often use Kogoro when solving the case, since it is impossible for a child to point out who the culprit is when he has solved the case. He makes Kogoro to sleep then uses his voice with a great tool made by Professor Agasa which be able to make the voice turns into someone else voice. But sometimes, Kogoro also can solve the case on his own. His smart wife Eri Kisaki (an attorney), also ever take a lead in the solving of the case. Shinichi also ever uses Professor Agasa and a female character named Suzuki Sonoko (Ran and Shinichi’s friend) to solve a problem when Kogoro is not around him.

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19 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The necessary procedures of doing great research are presented in this chapter. Those are research design, instruments, data and data sources, the techniques of data collection, and the techniques of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Based on the purpose of the study, this study aims to analyze what types of disagreeing strategies applied by villains in Detective Conan movie series, and how the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying their disagreements. The research design which is appropriate to this study is qualitative content analysis, since the source of the data in this analysis is in from of the transcripts of movie series from Detective Conan movie. As Cole (1998) stated that content analysis is a method of analyzing written, verbal or visual communication messages. Content analysis allows the researcher to test theoretical issues to enhance understanding of the data. Through content analysis, it is possible to distil words into fewer content-related categories. It is assumed that when classified into the same categories, words, phrases and the like share the same meaning (Cavanagh 1997).

Moreover, the researcher also adopted descriptive research design in analyzing the data. According to Knupfer and Mclellan (2011), descriptive studies,

primarily concerned with finding out “what is”, might be applied to investigate the

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researcher described the data found in this study. As Ary stated in Liqaissa’adah

(2015) that descriptive studies deals with explanation and information given by the researcher to describe the utterances expressed by the chosen characters.

3.2 Data Collection

3.2.1 Data and Data source

Detective Conan movie series that the researcher chose is in Japanese dubbing, but with English subtitle. The source data of this study was in the form of English transcripts of the subtitle from the episode which 30 villains in Detective Conan series involve in. As Subroto (1992) stated that the source data of qualitative research appears in the form of discourse, sentences, clauses, phrases or words. The data of this study were the utterances of the villains which contain disagreements strategies when they do debate with the chosen interlocutors.

3.2.2 Instrument

The key instrument of the present study was the researcher herself. Therefore, she spent a great deal of her time to read and understand the related theories and concepts before collecting and analyzing the data. Thus, she acted as an instrument and a data collector at the same time. The researcher was the main instrument, since it was impossible to investigate directly without any interpretation from the researcher herself.

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3.2.3 Techniques of Data Collection

The data were collected from the utterances of 30 villains when they have debate with the detective and other character who point out them as the villains of a case. There were some steps that the researcher did in collecting the data:

1. Watched all episodes in Detective Conan series. The researcher already has 845 episodes of Detective Conan series in her laptop. The episodes were downloaded from www.gogoanime.com.

2. Selected some episodes which contain good debates between the villains and the chosen interlocutors.

3. Chose 30 villains, 15 male villains and 15 female villains from the selected episodes which contain good debates.

4. Re-watched the episodes which those 30 villains involve in to get better understanding for those episodes.

5. Searched and downloaded the transcript of the episodes which those villains involve in.

6. Read and got understanding in the content of the transcripts.

7. Selected the data from the transcripts by underlining the utterances of the villains that contain disagreement when they do debate with the chosen interlocutors over their accusation. The underlining was done as an example below:

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Picture 3.1 The example of underlining the data containing disagreeing strategies

In picture 3.1, the underlined utterances are the examples of disagreeing strategies. In those utterances, disagreeing strategies appeared in different types, such as contradiction or counterclaim. In this part, the researcher only noticed and underlined the utterances containing disagreeing strategies in order to collect the data. Then, the researcher filtered all the utterances containing disagreeing strategies, rechecked all the utterances and revised some parts or utterances which did not include in disagreeing strategies.

3.3 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data in some steps. 1. Identifying the selected data that indicate the types of disagreeing

strategies.

The identifying process was helped by coding the data. The types of disagreeing strategies which were used to help the researcher analyzed the disagreement are based on Muntigl and Turnbull taxonomy (1998) of disagreeing strategies. There are five kinds of the types of disagreeing

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strategies proposed by Muntigl and Turnbul (1998). But the data of this study found other types of disagreeing strategies besides those 5 types. Totally, there were 11 types found in villains’ utterances in this study. Since there were 11 types of disagreeing strategies, there were 11 colors represented the types. Each type had its own color in order to make the process of coding became easier. The color had a function to differentiate from one type to other types. Male and female villains had the same colors in types of disagreeing strategies, because in the transcripts, the episodes of male and female villains were already separated. These are the colors that were used in coding the data:

Table 3.2 The colors for each type of disagreeing strategies

No. Colors Types of disagreeing strategies

1. Irrelevancy Claim

2. Challenge

3. Contradiction

4. Counterclaim

5. Contradiction followed by Counterclaim

6. Counterclaim followed by Contradiction

7. Irrelevancy Claim followed by Counterclaim

8. Contradiction followed by Challenge

9. Counterclaim followed by Challenge

10. Challenge followed by Counterclaim

11. Contradiction + Counterclaim followed by

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After deciding the colors for each type of disagreeing strategies, the researcher analyzed the types of disagreeing strategies by coding the data. For the coding of the data was as the examples below.

Picture 3.3 The example of identifying utterances containing each type of disagreeing strategies by coding the data

Picture 3.4 The example of identifying utterances containing each type of disagreeing strategies by coding the data

2. Classifying the identified data by putting them into tables.

There were two tables presented to identify the data. The first table was for male villains, and the second one was for female villains. Both of the tables consists the same numbers of column and row. In the column, there are numbers, the episode where the villains and the interlocutor do debates, names of the villains, the name of the interlocutors and the 11 types of disagreeing strategies. For indicating the types of disagreeing

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strategies which appeared, the total amount of the utterances was presented. It would show how many time a villain applied the type. The names of the types of disagreeing strategies were abbreviated in order to make a shorter and simple table. They are IC = Irrelevancy Claim, Ch = Challenge, CN = Contradiction, CM = Counterclaim, CN+CM = Contradiction followed by Counterclaim, CM+CN = Counterclaim followed by Contradiction, IC+CM = Irrelevancy Claim followed by Counterclaim, CN+Ch = Contradiction followed by Challenge, CM+Ch = Counterclaim followed by Challenge, Ch+CM = Challenge followed by Counterclaim, and CN,CM+Ch = Contradiction + Counterclaim followed by Challenge. The table and the classifying data were as the examples below:

Table 3.5 The example of male villains’ table for classifying each type of disagreeing strategies

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Table 3.5 The example of male villains’ table for classifying each type of disagreeing strategies

From the total of each type above, percentages of each type were made for male villains and female villains. They were then charted to comprehend the percentage between male and female villains. There were

2 charts made, 1 chart for male villains’ utterances and 1 chart for female utterances. Male and female villains’ utterances were counted separately

from the beginning. The complete findings in the tables can be seen in appendices.

3. Analyzing the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreements.

In order to get the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreeing strategies, a comparison

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between them need to be made. The comparison was made from the percentages of each type which was got from the charts. It also used a chart in order to be able to show and draw the similarity and the difference from the percentages clearly. The chart presented as the example below:

Figure 3.7 The example of the chart to compare the percentages of each type between male and female villains

All types were compared between the percentages from male and female villains as the chart illustrated above. The blue color represents

male villains’ utterances and the red color represents female villains’

utterances. From the chart above, it could be seen the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying the disagreements. It could show what the types which were often used by male and female villains, or what type which was never used by male or

3.6 5.3 1.8 12.5 4.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Irrelevancy Claim

Challenge ……… Challenge

followed by Counterclaim

………

Male Villains Female Villains

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female villains. For the similarity, it could show which types that was used nearly same and had similar percentages.

To get more the differences between male and female villains, the researcher made other classification among the types of disagreeing strategies. From the 11 types of disagreeing strategies, it could be defined into two classifications. They are direct and indirect disagreements. As proposed by previous studies from Kozcogh (2012), Faharani&Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and Heidri et al. (015), there were differences between men and women in expressing disagreeing. The researchers of the previous studies, Kozcogh (2012), Choyima (2014), and Bavarsad et al. (2015), tended to distinguish men and women from the direct or indirect disagreement they used or chose. The researcher of this study was inspired a lot from them in making the classification. Thus, the classification of all types of disagreeing strategies in this study was considered to be necessary. Since, there were various disagreeing strategies. It also could be drawn obviously the differences between male and female villains. The classification was done in a table as the example below.

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Table 4.4 Direct and Indirect disagreements

No Types of Disagreeing strategies Male Female Higher one Dir ec t Disagr e em en t

1. Contradiction followed by Challenge 10.7% 6.2% Male

2. Contradiction 21.4% 10.4% Male

3. Challenge

4. Irrelevancy Claim

5. Contradiction + Counterclaim followed by Challenge

6. Contradiction followed by Counterclaim 7. Irrelevancy Claim followed by

Counterclaim

8. Challenge followed by Counterclaim

ire

ct 9. Counterclaim followed by Contradiction

10. Counterclaim followed by Challenge 11. Counterclaim

The 11 types of disagreeing strategies were divided into two kinds. Those are direct disagreements and indirect disagreements. The direct disagreements are the types of disagreeing strategies which have irrelevancy claim, challenge, and contradiction as the first disagreements in the disagreeing strategies such as challenge or challenge followed by counterclaim. The indirect disagreements are the types of disagreeing strategies which have counterclaim only or have counterclaim as the first disagreement in the disagreeing strategies. Counterclaim could be

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considered as indirect disagreement since it typically has a preface to mitigate the disagreement. Unlike the other 4 types of disagreeing strategies, counterclaim presented implied disagreements. As Behnam and Niroomand (2011) stated that through counterclaim, speakers propose an

alternative claim that does not directly contradict or challenge others’

claim. They tend to be preceded by pauses, prefaces, and mitigating device (Behnam&Niroomand, 2011).

The percentages from male and female villains were presented as well in order to show the ones who favor more direct or indirect disagreement.

„The higher one’ in the 6th

row is for indicating the higher percentage

between male and female villains. If „male’ written, it indicates that male villains favor more one of the types of disagreeing strategies in the same row, since the male have a higher percentage than the female villains. Thus, from the table, it can be drawn results for the differences between male and female villains in favoring direct or indirect disagreements.

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31 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings and discussion of this research. The finding section explains about the types of disagreeing strategies used by male and female villains as well as the similarity and the difference of male and female villains in expressing the disagreeing strategies.

4.1 Findings

This present study reports the results of the data analysis. The first finding is about types of disagreeing strategies as many as 11 types presented by male villains and 9 types presented by female villains. For the second finding that is about the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying disagreements, it is found one point of similarity, and 2 points of differences.

4.1.1 Types of Disagreeing Strategies by Male and Female Villains

This part presents the findings of the study by answering the research question number 1 that is related to types of verbal disagreeing strategies applied by male and female villains in Detective Conan film series. Based on the analysis, it is found 11 types of disagreeing strategies used by male villains with the total of 56 times of occurrence. Meanwhile there are 9 types of disagreeing strategies used by female villains with the total of 48 times of occurrence. The complete findings are shown in figure 4.1 and 4.2 as follows.

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Figure 4.1 Male Villains’ Disagreeing Strategies

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Figure 4.1 shows that there are 11 types of disagreeing strategies applied by male villains. They are „irrelevancy claim’, „challenge’, „contradiction’,

„counterclaim’, „contradiction followed by counterclaim’, „counterclaim followed by contradiction’, „irrelevancy claim followed by counterclaim’, „contradiction followed by challenge’, „counterclaim followed by challenge’, „challenge followed by counterclaim’, and „contradiction + counterclaim followed by challenge’. Male villains use disagreeing strategies in 56 utterances. Meanwhile, female villains use them in 48 utterances. They apply 9 types of disagreeing strategies as potrayed in figure 4.2. The types applied are „challenge’, „contradiction’, „counterclaim’,

„contradiction followed by counterclaim’, „counterclaim followed by contradiction’,

„irrelevancy claim followed by counterclaim’, „contradiction followed by challenge’,

„counterclaim followed by challenge’, and „challenge followed by counterclaim’. As the title suggests, the villains do use various disagreement strategies. For the complete explanations of each type with the percentages are presented below.

4.1.1.1 Irrelevancy Claim

Irrelevancy claim as the first type is only found in male villains’ utterances. Female villains do not choose this type of disagreeing strategies. As illustrated in figure 4.2, there is no „irrelevancy claim’. Even though, actually, female villains use it but in the combination of the other two types, they do not use „irrelevancy claim’ only as male villains. They use „irrelevany claim’ combined with „counterclaim’ that

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is the 6th type of disagreeing strategies in figure 4.2. The male villains use

„irrelevancy claim’ in two utterances or 3.6%.

Irrelevancy claim is the type that will be chosen when the hearer is not in specific view of what is being argued in the discussion. He/she is questioning or undermining the previous utterance of the interlocutor. It seems that the interlocutor is straying off the topic. It can be seen in one of the data below.

Excerpt 1

Mouri Kogoro : Then, Kurumatani-san’s accident was caused by this collison course phenomenon?

Officer : Yes. I think that’s why the accident happened.

Kurumatani Seiji : I don’t know there’s such phenomenon. If I had paid more attention, this would not happened.

Mouri Kogoro : There aren’t any brake marks coming from the red car at all.

Officer : The other driver in there car didn’t notice the incoming traffic either. In that case, the collison course phenomenon explanation becomes all the more plausible. Mouri Kogoro : But, in a wide field such as this, both drivers couldn’t

notice each other?

Kurumatani Seiji : Yes. I didn’t notice there is that car coming. I’m injured as well because of this and could die, Mouri-san.

Mouri Kogoro : But i can’t accept it easily. I want to look for more evidences.

. . .

Officer : We’ve prepared the footage from the surveilance camera. . . .

Officer : I don’t see anything out of ordinary. Mouri Kogoro : Well, it looks that way. But-

Kurumaftani Seiji : I’m also the victim here.

Officer : There is no doubt that this was merely an accident. Kurumatani-san, I’m going to take your statement regarding the accident.

Mouri Kogoro : Hold on. This is no ordinary accident, I think it’s a premeditated murder case done by Kurumatani-san. Kurumatani Seiji : What are you saying all of a sudden?!

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Mouri Kogoro : Kurumatani-san said he coincidentally met Hayami-san at the convenience store. That was a lie.[Eps.556/P.7]

Kurumatani Seiji, a male villain, uses „irrelevancy claim’ to disagree with

Mouri’s utterance which states that the case is a premeditated murder case. Seiji seems shocked and he then questions Mouri’s utterance, “What are you saying all of a sudden?!” Since, actually, the discussion about the case has almost drawn a conclusion that the case is an accident, and Seiji is also a victim. His statement is strengthened by the officer’s statement. Mouri even states “it looks that way” indicating that he agrees with the officer and Kurumatani’s statement. He also knows that the victim’s car does not hit the brake indicating that the vicim does not notice the incoming car which makes the collison course phenomena as the reason of the accident. But Mouri suddenly states that it is not. Seiji does not agree directly and states the utterance containing „irrelevancy claim’ because he thinks that Mouri is straying off the topic all of a sudden by accusing him and stating that the case is a premeditated murder case. Especially, there is an evidence from the surveilance camera that there is no anything out of ordinary. It shows that the case is pure accident. The discussion is about the evidence of whether the accident is merely accident or not. When the proofs already show that the case is accident, even Mouri seems agree with it beforehand and the officer concludes that it is an accident, “There is no doubt that this was merely an accident. Kurumatani-san, I’m going to take your statement regarding the accident”. Yet, he suddenly states that it is a murder case where there is no possibility that it is.

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Thus, excerpt 1 above represents the other data that „irrelevancy claim’ is used

as the first disagreement by the villain in the situation where the interlocutor suddenly states the truth of the case or points out someone as the true culprit of the case which the conclusion of the dicussion actually has almost been made. The villain seems questioning and undermining of what the interlcutor means, since the interlocutor states an unpredictable opinion about the case. The interlocutor is seen to be straying

off the topic, since there is no relation between the discussion and the interlocutor’s

opinion. Moreover, the villain already has a strong alibi and the interlocutor knows it

well from the beginning. “What are you saying...” can indicate that the irrelevant

statement stated by the interlcutor makes the hearers question and undermine it.

4.1.1.2 Challenge

As the name of the type shows, „challenge’ presents disagreeing strategies in thought-provoking way. It represents the villain’s desire to unable the interlocutor to provide an evidence of his/her utterance or accusation towards the villain. It shows that the villains want to prove that they are innocent, since they are brave enough to give challenge to the interlocutor by throwing a question. Therefore, it typically has syntactic form of interrogative with question particles such as when, what, who, why, where, and how.

This second type of disagreeing strategies is found in both of male and female

villains’ utterances. In fact, female villains use it more than male villains do. Female

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the existence of counterclaim. They are „counterclaim followed by contradiction’,

„counterclaim followed by challenge’, and „counterclaim’. They are all favored by

female villains.

Those direct and indirect disagreements indicate the ones who are more polite

between male and female villains. It presents the other new result in this study. It

strengthens the result of some previous studies from Bavarsad

et al. (2015), Heidari

et al. (2015), and Aisyah (2015) which state that women are more polite and indirect

than men in expressing disagreements. Male villains in this study are more direct than

female villains in choosing disagreements. Hence, the results of this present study

adds a new result in the field of gender in the side that men is more direct and female

is more indirect. Furthermore, the other result of this present study can enrich the

types of disagreement by finding and presenting the 6 new types of disagreeing

strategies.

5.2 SUGGESTION

This study focuses on the kinds of types of disagreeing strategies and the

similarity as well as the difference between male and female villains in expressing the

disagreements. Regarding to the new result of the study about the types of

disagreeing strategies and gender, it is suggested for further research to focus more on

the field of gender. This study has shown a new result that male villains tend to be

direct and female villains tend to be indirect. It strengthens the result of some

previous studies about men and women. Even though, it has shown the result, but it

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will be more interesting if the further research can explore more on the differences

between male and female villains in expressing disagreement. It can be combined

with social distance or power relations between the villains and the interlocutors as

the studies by Behnam (2011) and Kozcogh (2011). Morover, Behnam (2011) and

Kozcogh’s study (2011) did not use villains as the subject as in this study. The study

about disagreements in villains’

utterances is worth to be further analyzed. It may be

drawn the reason from the villains for choosing a certain type to disagree with the

interlocutor’s utterances. Furthermore, there are male and female interlocutors as the

villains. The same gender between the villains and the interlocutors may be the effect

of the reason for choosing the certain type. Social distance or power relations can be

used to explore and undermine the differences appeared in male and female villains’

disagreements. Hence, it will show a stronger research about gender in disagreements

of villains.

This study analyzes disagreements in villains’ utterances when they do debate

with the detective. The setting place is not in the court. It is in the scene where the

case happens. Hence, the next study can do analysis in disagreements of the villains

in other setting or situation such as in the court. A villain has rights to defend

themselves in the court when the prosecutor explains the case and what the villain has

done. The villain can state their disagreements through it. Therefore, various

disagreements can occur and need to be analyzed to enrich the study about

disagreements in villains.

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(5)

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Various verbal disagreeing strategies applied by male and female villains in Detective Conan movie series.

By:

By:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

94

the existence of counterclaim. They are „counterclaim followed by contradiction’,

„counterclaim followed by challenge’, and „counterclaim’. They are all favored by

female villains.

Those direct and indirect disagreements indicate the ones who are more polite

between male and female villains. It presents the other new result in this study. It

strengthens the result of some previous studies from Bavarsad

et al. (2015), Heidari

et al. (2015), and Aisyah (2015) which state that women are more polite and indirect

than men in expressing disagreements. Male villains in this study are more direct than

female villains in choosing disagreements. Hence, the results of this present study

adds a new result in the field of gender in the side that men is more direct and female

is more indirect. Furthermore, the other result of this present study can enrich the

types of disagreement by finding and presenting the 6 new types of disagreeing

strategies.

5.2 SUGGESTION

This study focuses on the kinds of types of disagreeing strategies and the

similarity as well as the difference between male and female villains in expressing the

disagreements. Regarding to the new result of the study about the types of

disagreeing strategies and gender, it is suggested for further research to focus more on

the field of gender. This study has shown a new result that male villains tend to be

direct and female villains tend to be indirect. It strengthens the result of some

previous studies about men and women. Even though, it has shown the result, but it

will be more interesting if the further research can explore more on the differences

between male and female villains in expressing disagreement. It can be combined

with social distance or power relations between the villains and the interlocutors as

the studies by Behnam (2011) and Kozcogh (2011). Morover, Behnam (2011) and

Kozcogh’s study (2011) did not use villains as the subject as in this study. The study

about disagreements in villains’

utterances is worth to be further analyzed. It may be

drawn the reason from the villains for choosing a certain type to disagree with the

interlocutor’s utterances. Furthermore, there are male and female interlocutors as the

villains. The same gender between the villains and the interlocutors may be the effect

of the reason for choosing the certain type. Social distance or power relations can be

used to explore and undermine the differences appeared in male and female villains’

disagreements. Hence, it will show a stronger research about gender in disagreements

of villains.

This study analyzes disagreements in villains’ utterances when they do debate

with the detective. The setting place is not in the court. It is in the scene where the

case happens. Hence, the next study can do analysis in disagreements of the villains

in other setting or situation such as in the court. A villain has rights to defend

themselves in the court when the prosecutor explains the case and what the villain has

done. The villain can state their disagreements through it. Therefore, various

disagreements can occur and need to be analyzed to enrich the study about

disagreements in villains.

96

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