Characteristics of Successful and Unsuccessful Learners

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2.5 .3 Fillmore’s Classification of Learning Strategies

The third classification of learning strategy was proposed by Fillmore. Fillmore 1979 classifies language learning strategies under two categories, the first category was called social strategy and the second was called cognitive strategy. In general, different studies have uncovered different findings. It can be argued that the different studies of language learning strategies have revealed what language learners do to acquire a foreign language Setiyadi, 2011:19.

2.5 .4 O’ Malley’s Classification of Learning Strategies

OMalley et al. 1985:582-584 divide language learning strategies into three main subcategories namely metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, and social strategies. Metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is possible to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self- management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self- evaluation. Besides metacognitive strategies, there is other strategy called cognitive strategies. Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, 25 auditory representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, inferencing are among the most important cognitive strategies. The last strategies proposed by O’Malley is socioaffective strategies. As to the socio-affective strategies, it can be stated that they are related with social- mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and question for clarification are the main socio-affective strategies Brown 1987:93-94

2.5.5 Oxford .’s Classification of Learning Strategies

Besides those experts in classifying language learning strategies, the next classification of learning strategies was discovered by Oxford. Firstly, Oxford 1990 divides the learning strategy into two categorizations, namely direct and indirect strategy. Then the categorizations are classified again in details, direct strategy is divided to memory strategies, cognitive strategy, and compensation strategy; while indirect strategy is divide to metacognitive strategy, social strategy, and affective strategy. Therefore, there are 6 broad learning strategy categories by Oxford, namely memory strategy, cognitive strategy, compensation strategy, metacognitive strategy, social strategy, and affective strategy.