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CHAPTER III METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
The discussion of this chapter covers data collection, subjects of the study population and sample, and instruments of the study, experimental research
procedure of the experimentation, variables and the criterion of the assessment.
3.1 Data Collection
According to Elliot 1991: 77-83 the techniques and methods which can be used to gather evidence in experiment are as follows: diaries, profiles,
document analysis, tape or video recording and transcript, interviewing, running commentary, shadow study, check list, questionnaires, inventories, triangulation,
and analytic memos. In addition, Mcniff 1997: 76 states that there are some comprehensive
survey data collection methods. They are field notes, audio tape recording, pupil diaries, interviews and discussions, video tape recording, questionnaires test,
sociometry, documentary evidence, slidetape photography, and case study. The several techniques above have some advantages and disadvantages.
They have different ways and different characteristics. So, the choosing of these techniques for the teaching-learning process is very important. Therefore, to make
it clear McNiff 1997: 77 presents the taxonomy of these techniques:
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24 Techniques
Advantage s Disadvantage s
Use s Field Notes
Simple; on going; personal; aide
memory Subjective; needs
practice 1.
Specific Issues 2.
Case Study 3.
General Impression
Audio Tape Recording
Versatile; accurate; provide sample
data Transcription
difficult; time consuming; often
inhabiting 1.
Detailed evidence
2. Diagnostic
Pupil diaries Versatile;
pupils perspective
Subjective 1.
Diagnostic 2.
Triangulation Interviews and
Discussions Can be teacher-
pupil, observer- pupil, or pupil-
pupil. Time consuming
Specific in depth information
Video tape recorder
Visual and comprehensive
Awkward and expensive; can be
distracting 1.
Visual material 2.
Diagnostic Questionnaires
test Highly specific;
easy to administer, comparative
Time consuming to analyze;
problem of right answer.
Specific information and
feedback.
Sociometry Easy to administer;
to provides guide to action
Can threaten isolated pupils.
Analyze social relationships.
Documentary evidence
Illuminative Difficult to obtain,
time consuming. Provides context
and information. Slidetape
photograph Illuminative;
promote discussion Difficult to obtain;
superficial. Illustrates critical
incidents. Case study
Accurate; representative; uses
range of techniques Time consuming
1. Comprehensive
overview of an issue.
2. Publishable
format.
In this research, the writer used one of them appropriate to the students’ environment. The writer used the most appropriate techniques for the Elementary
School students. It is questionnaire test.
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a. Subject of the Study Population and Sample
Kategori