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D. Technique of Collecting the Data
The way to get the data in a research is usually known as a method of collecting data. In this research, the writer uses a test and a questionnaire to
get the data. The questionnaire is used to get the data of the students’ self-
esteem and the test is used to get the data of the students’ reading skill.
1. Questionnaire The questionnaire is used to get the data of the students’ self-esteem.
Johnson and Christensen 2000: 127 state that a questionnaire is a self-report data-collection instrument that each research participant fills out as part of a
research study. The type of questions of questionnaire can be divided into two: open and
close ended questions. Open ended questions enable respondents to give their own answer, while close ended questions require respondents to choose from a limited
number of predetermined responses or to select one of the alternative answers given Christensen, 2007: 56. The writer uses close ended questions. The form of
the items is objective. It is used to make the students easier to answer. The questionnaire is used to classify students into two groups: the students who have
high self-esteem and those who have low self-esteem. The questionnaire is in multiple-choice form of four alternatives based
on the Likert Scale type. Likert Scale is a scale with a number of points or spaces, usually at least three but not more than seven Wiersma, 2000: 305. There is no
right or wrong answer because the students’ responses are based on their real conditions.
2. Test A test can be defined as a systematic procedure for observing one’s
behavior and describing it with the aid of numerical devices or category system Cronbach in Syakur, 1999: 5. T
he test is used to get the data of the students’ reading skill. The reading test is in the form of objective test with four options.
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3. Try-Out of the Instruments An instrument is said to be good if it is valid and reliable. Before the
instruments are used, they must be tried out. It is intended to find the level of validity and reliability of the instruments. The try -out is conducted at the seventh
grade students of SM P Batik Surakarta in the academic year of 20092010 who do not belong to the two groups.
a. The Validity of the Instrument An instrument is valid if it is able to measure what the
researcher is going to measure Suharsimi, 2002: 160. Further, Suharsimi explains that there are two kinds of validity according to
the way it is measured, namely internal and external validity. In this study, the writer uses internal validity since the writer analyses the
items of instruments whether or not they are appropriate to use. After conducting the try -out test, the results are computed to
find out their validity. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, the writer uses the following formula:
2 2
t i
t i
it
x x
x x
r If r
o
is higher than r
t
, the item is valid.
The formula that is used to know the validity of the reading test is as follows:
n x
s
t
2
1 1
q p
s X
X r
t t
i o
If r
o
is higher than r
t
, the item is valid.
The result of the try -out indicates that forty -eight out of sixty items of self-esteem questionnaire are valid. The valid items are
number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25,
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26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60. Forty -five items are used to
get the data. The computation of the validity of self-esteem can be seen in Appendix 4 page 247.
The result of the try -out also indicates that forty -six out of sixty items of reading test are valid. The valid items are number1, 2,
3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54,
56, 57, 58, 60. Forty -five items are used to get the data. The computation of the validity of reading test can be seen in Appendix 8
page 277.
b. The Reliability of the Instrument Reliability refers to the consistency of the scores obtained
– how consistent they are for each individual from one administration of
an instrument to another and from one set of items to another Fraenkel and Wallen, 2000: 176. To know the reliability of the
questionnaire, the writer uses the following formula: r
kk
=
2 2
1 1
t i
s s
k k
, where
n x
st n
x s
t i
i
2 2
2
,
If r
o
is higher than r
t
, the item is reliable.
The coefficient of reliability of self-esteem questionnaire is 0.920. It is higher than r-table for N = 40 at 5 level of significance
0.312. It means that the questionnaire is reliable. The computation of reliability of self-esteem questionnaire can be seen in Appendix 5
page 259. To know the reliability of the test, the writer uses the
following formula:
49
r
kk
=
2
1 1
t
s pq
k k
The item is reliable if r
o
is higher than r
t
.
The coefficient of reliability of reading test is 0.921. It is higher than r-table for N = 40 at 5 level of significance 0.312. It
means that the reading test is reliable. The computation of reliability of reading test can be seen in Appendix 9 page 288.
The valid and reliable items are used to get the data of the experimental and control class. Then, the instruments are administered
to 27 of upper group high self-esteem group and 27 of lower group low self-esteem group from both classes, so there are twenty -
two students from the experimental class and twenty -two students from the control one 27 x 40 = 11 for upper group, 27 x 40 = 11
for lower group Anas, 2007: 398-400.
E. Technique of Analyzing the Data
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