Loading Density In-Transit Care
4.3.6. Loading Density
Cattle should be loaded loosely enough that an animal can regain its feet if it falls down Fig. 4.16, Fig. 4.17. The appropriate density to achieve this is dependent on size, weight and horn status of the cattle involved. Horned, pregnant, or cattle in poor condition but strong enough to travel need to be given more space. Special care must be taken with cattle in late pregnancy. Pregnant cows must not be transported at all. Where cattle are loaded Figure 4.16. Loading densities for cattle on trucks. Source: LiveCorp and Meat Livestock Australia - Manual for South-East Asian Cattle Feedlots. 97 Cold Winter Climates Figure 4.17. Suitable loading density of trucks - they may appear loose but the density is ideal. Source: LiveCorp and Meat Livestock Australia. too densely and an animal falls down and it cannot stand up, it can be trampled, leading to stress, injury and production losses. Where cattle are loaded too loosely, they may be injured by being thrown against the sides or onto the loor during transport. Partitioning of large vehicles into smaller pens is essential to minimise risk of injury during travel. Table 4.3 provides a practical guide on the space requirements per head for cattle of diferent weights, and the number of cattle that can be safely accommodated on semi-trailers with a 12.5m long deck and a width of 2.4m. Table 4.3. Recommended area of loor space required per animal for cattle of diferent live weights. Source: Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines, Land Transport of Livestock, 2012. Mean Live weight kg Floor area m 2 head Number of Head per 12.25 m x 2.4 m deck m 2 head 100 0.31 94 150 0.42 70 200 0.53 55 250 0.77 38 300 0.86 34 350 0.98 30 400 1.05 28 450 1.13 26 500 1.23 24 550 1.34 22 600 1.47 20 650 1.63 18 98 Beef Breeder MANUAL4.3.7. In-Transit Care
Cattle should be inspected within the irst 30 minutes of their journey to ensure their wellbeing, and about every three hours thereafter, or more often if the opportunity presents. When inspecting the cattle during transit, key things to be observant for include; • All of the cattle are standing - any that are down should be assisted to regain their footing, or if necessary oloaded and treated for any injuries that have been incurred • No animals are exhibiting signs of heat or cold stress • Animals are breathing normally, and are not exhibiting abnormal behaviour in the pens. Cattle should be unloaded, inspected, and rested during extended journeys according to their age and class Table 4.4. During the rest and recovery period, they should be provided with water and hay up until recommencement of the journey. Cattle that are in poor condition, pregnant, or have calves at foot may need to be rested sooner. Throughout the journey, the truck driver needs to be able to maintain contact with persons receiving the cattle, particularly if a change in arrival time is expected.4.3.8. Unloading
Parts
» LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Importance of Planning LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Timing Trained Staff Planning for Arrival
» Quarantine Facilities Water on Arrival
» Management of Health on Arrival Feeding on Arrival
» Winter Feeding Planning for Arrival
» Monitoring In Quarantine General Health and Husbandry
» Arrival Checklist Planning for Arrival
» Paddocks and Fencing Developing the Property
» Cattle Yards Developing the Property
» Raceways Loading and Unloading Ramps
» Laneways Gates Developing the Property
» Yard Posts Electronic Scales Crush and Head Bail
» Water Troughs Developing the Property
» Modernising Traditional Winter Facilities
» Winter Confinement Feeding Sites
» Confinement Yards Winter Facilities
» Planning Requirements On-Farm Fodder Storage
» Ruminant Digestive System LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Feed Intake The First Limiting Nutrient
» Digestibility Fibre Concepts of Nutrition and Feeding
» Vitamins Nutrient Balance Essential Nutrients
» Water LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Moulds and Mouldy Feeds Cold Weather Impacts on Feed
» Body Condition Scoring Observational Skills
» How to Recognise Sick Animals
» Healthy Animal Behaviour Reading Manure Early Diagnosis and Treatment
» Prevention Rather than Treatment Nutritional Stress
» Understanding the Animal Welfare Requirement Features of Sight
» Flight Zones Education and Training
» Moving Animals Safe, Low Stress Cattle Handling
» Euthanasia Safe, Low Stress Cattle Handling
» Understanding the Animal Welfare Requirement Preventing Injury
» Features of Suitable Cattle Transport
» Preparing Animals for Transport Loading
» Loading Density In-Transit Care
» Unloading Transporting in Extreme Weather
» External Parasites Common Cattle Diseases
» Internal Parasites Common Cattle Diseases
» Diseases Affecting Reproductive Performance
» Clostridial Diseases Common Cattle Diseases
» Other Important Diseases Common Cattle Diseases
» Bloat Common Cattle Diseases
» Australian Health Status Developing a Breeding Objective
» Selecting the Most Appropriate Breed
» Crossbreeding With Local Breeds - Beef and Dairy
» Physical Evaluation of Bulls
» Structural Soundness and Body Conformation
» Penis and Prepuce Scrotum and Testicles
» Semen Sample Ability to Mate Serving Capacity
» Bull Management and Preparation for Mating Bull to Cow Ratio
» Reproductive Organs Oestrus Cycle and Heat Detection
» Mating After Calving Using Artificial Insemination in the Reproductive Cycle Pregnancy Detection
» Preparations for Calving Calving Management
» Abnormal Calving Calving Management
» Failure to Conceive Culling Unproductive Cattle from
» Failure to Produce a Live Calf Failure to Raise a Calf to a Healthy Weaner
» Cast-for-Age Culling Unproductive Cattle from
» Selecting Replacement Breeders Heifers
» Targets for Heifer Development
» Selecting Appropriate Sires for Heifer Mating First Calving
» Relationship Between Feeding LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Animal Identification Calf Processing
» Castration Dehorning Calf Processing
» Early Weaning Feeding Weaner Cattle
» Adaptation of Australian Cattle
» Winter Management Essentials LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Bedding Managing the Welfare of Cattle in Winter
» Water Managing the Welfare of Cattle in Winter
» Feeding in Confinement Opportunities to Manage Cattle
» Winter Grazing Opportunities to Manage Cattle
» Managing Winter Grazing Opportunities to Manage Cattle
» Grazing Stockpiled Forage Swath Grazing
» Bale Grazing Opportunities to Manage Cattle
» Developing a Winter Feed Budget
» Traditional Indoor Winter Backgrounding
» Finishing LEP Cold Climate Beef Breeder Manual 2016 (English).
» Plant Adaptation Forage Species
» Legumes Forages in Farming Systems
» Grasses Forages in Farming Systems
» Selecting the Right Species Anti-nutritional Factors
» Preparation for Sowing Seed Quality
» Area Required Stocking Rate Grazing
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