Makalah TPB Usaha Pemerintah Indonesia
PAPER
Government Effort In Climate Change By Paris Agreement
Submitted to Fulfill The Final Task of Pancasila and English Courses
Composed by :
Heryanto Kawilarang
270110170101
Faculty of Geological Engineering
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
SUMEDANG
2017
1
ABSTRACT
The writing of this paper aims to fulfill the final TPB task and explain the effort
from government of Indonesia about Climate change problem by Paris Agreement.
Climate change is one of the most important global environmental challenges of the
present century. Climate change can be explained in several theories, namely geological
theory (Continental drift thoery and Vulcanism theory), astronomical theory (Changes in
Earth's orbit and the angle of the Earth's axis and Sunspot), and carbon dioxide theory.
There are several factors that cause climate change such as Greenhouse gases, Land-use
change, and Aerosols
The problem of climate change is a global problem and therefore the Indonesian
government participates in international cooperation initiated by the United Nations namely
the Paris Agreement which is one of the manifestations of Pancasila sila-2, this effort to
protect the entire nation of Indonesia from the impact of climate change in harmony with
one of the goals of the State of Indonesia.
Keyword : Climate change, factor causes climate change, Paris Agreement
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Government Effort In Climate Change By Paris Agreement...................................................1
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem Formulations....................................................................................................4
1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION...................................................................................................5
2.1 CLIMATE CHANGE THEORY....................................................................................5
2.2FACTOR CAUSING CLIMATE CHANGE...................................................................6
2.3Paris Agreement as effort by Government on Climate Change in Pancasila’s
Perspective......................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................................................9
3.1CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................9
3.2SUGGESTIONS.............................................................................................................9
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................10
3
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Climate change is one of the important environmental issues of the world in this
century, which means that the problems faced by countries in many parts of the world are
no exception to developing countries. Climate change is basically the impact of global
warming, the phenomenon of increasing global temperature from year to year due to the
occurrence of greenhouse effect. There are several gases that are included as greenhouse
gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and Cloroflourocarbon (CFC).
Because the climate change is a global problem government must be particapating and
do cooperation with other countries in United Nations program. The United Nation
program is named Paris Agreement. Government of Indonesia participating in this program
because the program is suit with the purpose of this country and as manifestations in
Pancasila Sila-2.
1.2 Problem Formulations
1. What are some theories that can explain climate change?
2. What factors can cause climate change?
3. How does the Indonesian government look at this climate change issue?
1.3 Objectives
4. Explain the various theories about climate change
5. Knowing about the factors of climate change
6. Know the Indonesian government's view on climate change issues.
4
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 CLIMATE CHANGE THEORY
The weather in the morning usually has a cool, sunny air during hot daytime and
cloudy skies. Changes in weather like this is called fluctuations, which changes tend to
recur. But climate change can only be known after a long period of time, some experts
have called climatic climatology trends
There are several theories that can explain about climate change such as can be described as
follows
2.1.1
Geological theory
The continental drift theory
This theory suggests that the earth's crust consists of shifting plates. Because of the
shift, the earth became a separate slab as the Pacific plate, American plate, the Nazca Plate,
and the Antarctic plate and a plate cocs. Due to changes in the area of continents and
oceans, there is a change of ocean currents which in turn occurs changes in energy and
humidity that cause climate change.
Vulcanism theory
Volcanic eruptions of dust particles entering into the upper atmosphere mainly to the
upper troposphere and stratosphere that scatter incoming solar radiation. In the stratosphere
is very small dust particles floating around that inhibit the entry of solar radiation to the
Earth's surface that cause the Earth's temperature down.
2.1.2
Astronomical theory
Changes in Earth's orbit and the angle of the Earth's axis
Changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun from a circular shape to an elliptical shape
takes about 105,000 years. At the time of the Earth circular orbit, solar radiation 20-30%
greater than that received by the earth when the earth farthest position from the elliptical
orbit (uphelion).
5
Initially, the earth around the sun at an angle of Earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic and
22,1˚ now be 23,5˚. This causes the earth that faces the sun to change. Both changes Earth's
orbit and axis earth position causes solar radiation received by the earth's surface so that the
climate is also changing.
Sunspot
The sun is a flaming gas stain. The fire caused an explosion on the surface of the sun
that was related to the temperature of the sun. On the surface of the sun, the lighter part has
a higher temperature than the darker parts. The highest temperature is about 6,000 K and
the lowest one is 4,000 K. The dark and low-temperature part is called the sun stain. The
number of solar stains changes periodically, there are 11 annual, 22 annual (halaur hale),
and 80 yearly (Gleisberg cycle). Changes in sun stains or changes in sun temperature cause
changes in the earth's magnetic field and changes in atmospheric circulatory system.
2.1.3
Carbondioxide Theoritical
Some experts investigate the relationship of climate change to the variety of carbon dioxide
(Co2) in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. CO2 absorbs long
wave radiation (earth radiation) at wavelengths of 4 to 5 microns and above 14 microns
especially on spectrums located between 12 and 18 microns. Because of the increase in
carbon dioxide concentration will increase the atmospheric temperature of the earth's
surface and reduce the amount of radiation the Earth lost to space.
(Tjasyono, 2004)
2.2
FACTOR CAUSING CLIMATE CHANGE
2.2.1
Greenhouse Gases
Green House Gases are atmospheric gases that have functions such as glass panels in a
greenhouse that are in charge of capturing the sun's heat energy so as not to be completely
released into the atmosphere again. Without these gases, heat will disappear into space and
the Earth's average temperature can be 60ºF (33ºC) cooler. GRK can be found in the
atmosphere from the surface of the earth to a height of 15 km. The greenhouse gas layer itself
is formed at an altitude of 6.2 - 15 km.
Green house gases with the greatest impact: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitro Oxide (NOx)
Sulfur Oxide (Sox), Methane (CH4), Chloroflurocarbon (CFC), and Hydrofluorocarbon
(HFC).
6
When sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, it must pass through layers of greenhouse
gases. After reaching the entire surface of the earth, soil, water, and other ecosystems absorb
energy from these rays. Once absorbed, this energy will be emitted back into the atmosphere.
Some energy is returned to space, but most are captured by greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere and returned to Earth, causing the Earth to become warmer. (Anonymous)
2.2.2
Deforestation and Land use conversion
Deforestation and land use conversion are issues that have been around for a long time
in Indonesia. The visible impacts are not only the declining quality of the environment and
the livelihoods of forest communities, but also the decrease in income from forestry
activities. Currently, with growing concerns over climate change, the history of deforestation
and land use conversion in Indonesia is under the spotlight. This is due to loss of forest cover,
forest fires and drainage of peatlands in Indonesia that contribute greenhouse gases in large
amounts to the atmosphere. While there is still uncertainty about emissions, estimates show
that current emissions from the forestry sector and land use change are larger than petroleum
burning. The magnitude of emissions from deforestation and land use change puts Indonesia
among developing countries with high levels of carbon emissions and makes countries that
need to mitigate efforts to prevent acceleration of climate change. The world's attention to
climate change creates additional pressure on Indonesia to address issues related to
deforestation and land use conversion. However, at the same time, it also creates new
opportunities to explore solutions, as well as opportunities for international cooperation. A
new funding scheme is available that can be used as an incentive, in order to institutionalize
changes in the forestry sector and land use in Indonesia. (World Bank)
2.2.3
Aerosols
Aerosols released into the atmosphere through the process of volcanic eruptions can spread
to distant sites and potentially provide direct and indirect impact on the climate. In addition
to causing global cooling, aerosols also modify properties of cloud optical thereby
increasing the cloud albedo and potentially reduce the amount of rainfall. In the
troposphere, aerosols especially sulfate aerosols deposited to the surface through a wet
deposition process have the potential to cause acid rain which can disrupt the balance of
nutrients in the soil and even threaten the life of plants. In relation to the depletion of the
ozone layer, especially in the northern hemisphere, aerosol disrupt the ozone layer through
7
denitrification reactions that decompose ozone molecules into oxygen. This reaction occurs
in the summer that provides a lot of solar energy to start the reaction. (Hamdi, 2013)
2.3
Paris Agreement as effort by Government on Climate Change in Pancasila’s
Perspective
The vital environmental issue today is climate change. Climate change gives adverse
impacts on human life and the environment for it has become an obligation for the State to
protect all its citizens. In line with the objective of the Unitary State of the Republic of
Indonesia to protect the entire Indonesian nation and the whole of Indonesia's blood sphere
and to promote the general welfare as stated in the preamble of the 1945 Constitution of
the State of the Republic of Indonesia, the government is deemed necessary to participate
in the effort of control and protection of impact climate change.
In order to make efforts to control and protect the impact of climate change that has become
a global problem is needed a form of international framework to address climate change
issues. The framework is one of them is a paris agreement initiated by the United Nations
on climate change that became the latest commitment of countries in the world. In harmony
with the second principle of Pancasila that is, a just and civilized humanity that the
Indonesian people feel that is part of all humanity and nation of Indonesia develops attitude
of respect and cooperate with other nation, hence Indonesian nation need to take part in
global agenda of climate change in this case participate in the approval of the paris.
Indonesia has previously ratified the Climate Change Convention through Act No. 6 of
1994 on the ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
and Kyoto protocol conventions through Law No. 17 of 2004 on the adoption of the Kyoto
Protocol. In order to provide a legal basis for the government's commitment and legal
recognition of participation in international treaties in this case the Paris Agreement, it is in
accordance with the provisions of applicable legislation that the adoption of the Paris
Agreement shall be established in a single Act. This is related to the substance in the Paris
agreement which regulates environmental norms. (Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional)
8
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 CONCLUSION
From the above description can be concluded that the occurrence of climate change
can be explained in several theories such as the theory of geology, the theory of astronomy
and the theory of carbon dioxide. The occurrence of climate change is also caused by
several factors such as greenhouse gases consisting of NO2, SO2, CO2, CFC, and H2O,
Land-use change, Sulfate aerosols and Black carbon.
The problem of climate change is a global problem and therefore the Indonesian
government participates in international cooperation initiated by the United Nations
namely the Paris Accords which is one of the embodiments second principle of Pancasila ,
this effort to protect the whole Indonesian nation from the impact of climate change in
harmony with one of the goals of the State of Indonesia.
3.2 SUGGESTIONS
This paper is far from perfect. Therefore the sources used in making the paper should be
more and the discussion of the problem must be more focused and detailed. Guidance from
experts or practitioners in related fields is also required in the manufacture of this paper.
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. (n.d.). WWF Indonesia. Retrieved 12 26, 2017, from
https://www.wwf.or.id/tentang_wwf/upaya_kami/iklim_dan_energi/solusikami/kampa
nye/powerswitch/spt_iklim/
Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 25, 2017, from Ratifikasi
Persetujuan Paris:
www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/na_ruu_ratifikasi_paris_agreement.pdf
Hamdi, S. (2013). Retrieved 12 26, 2017, from
http://jurnal.lapan.go.id/index.php/berita_dirgantara/article/viewFile/2060/1871
Tjasyono, B. (2004). Klimatologi. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/2800161235115695188/5847179-1258084722370/Peruntukan.lahan.dan.Perubahan.Iklim.pdf
10
11
12
Government Effort In Climate Change By Paris Agreement
Submitted to Fulfill The Final Task of Pancasila and English Courses
Composed by :
Heryanto Kawilarang
270110170101
Faculty of Geological Engineering
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
SUMEDANG
2017
1
ABSTRACT
The writing of this paper aims to fulfill the final TPB task and explain the effort
from government of Indonesia about Climate change problem by Paris Agreement.
Climate change is one of the most important global environmental challenges of the
present century. Climate change can be explained in several theories, namely geological
theory (Continental drift thoery and Vulcanism theory), astronomical theory (Changes in
Earth's orbit and the angle of the Earth's axis and Sunspot), and carbon dioxide theory.
There are several factors that cause climate change such as Greenhouse gases, Land-use
change, and Aerosols
The problem of climate change is a global problem and therefore the Indonesian
government participates in international cooperation initiated by the United Nations namely
the Paris Agreement which is one of the manifestations of Pancasila sila-2, this effort to
protect the entire nation of Indonesia from the impact of climate change in harmony with
one of the goals of the State of Indonesia.
Keyword : Climate change, factor causes climate change, Paris Agreement
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Government Effort In Climate Change By Paris Agreement...................................................1
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem Formulations....................................................................................................4
1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION...................................................................................................5
2.1 CLIMATE CHANGE THEORY....................................................................................5
2.2FACTOR CAUSING CLIMATE CHANGE...................................................................6
2.3Paris Agreement as effort by Government on Climate Change in Pancasila’s
Perspective......................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................................................9
3.1CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................9
3.2SUGGESTIONS.............................................................................................................9
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................10
3
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Climate change is one of the important environmental issues of the world in this
century, which means that the problems faced by countries in many parts of the world are
no exception to developing countries. Climate change is basically the impact of global
warming, the phenomenon of increasing global temperature from year to year due to the
occurrence of greenhouse effect. There are several gases that are included as greenhouse
gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and Cloroflourocarbon (CFC).
Because the climate change is a global problem government must be particapating and
do cooperation with other countries in United Nations program. The United Nation
program is named Paris Agreement. Government of Indonesia participating in this program
because the program is suit with the purpose of this country and as manifestations in
Pancasila Sila-2.
1.2 Problem Formulations
1. What are some theories that can explain climate change?
2. What factors can cause climate change?
3. How does the Indonesian government look at this climate change issue?
1.3 Objectives
4. Explain the various theories about climate change
5. Knowing about the factors of climate change
6. Know the Indonesian government's view on climate change issues.
4
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 CLIMATE CHANGE THEORY
The weather in the morning usually has a cool, sunny air during hot daytime and
cloudy skies. Changes in weather like this is called fluctuations, which changes tend to
recur. But climate change can only be known after a long period of time, some experts
have called climatic climatology trends
There are several theories that can explain about climate change such as can be described as
follows
2.1.1
Geological theory
The continental drift theory
This theory suggests that the earth's crust consists of shifting plates. Because of the
shift, the earth became a separate slab as the Pacific plate, American plate, the Nazca Plate,
and the Antarctic plate and a plate cocs. Due to changes in the area of continents and
oceans, there is a change of ocean currents which in turn occurs changes in energy and
humidity that cause climate change.
Vulcanism theory
Volcanic eruptions of dust particles entering into the upper atmosphere mainly to the
upper troposphere and stratosphere that scatter incoming solar radiation. In the stratosphere
is very small dust particles floating around that inhibit the entry of solar radiation to the
Earth's surface that cause the Earth's temperature down.
2.1.2
Astronomical theory
Changes in Earth's orbit and the angle of the Earth's axis
Changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun from a circular shape to an elliptical shape
takes about 105,000 years. At the time of the Earth circular orbit, solar radiation 20-30%
greater than that received by the earth when the earth farthest position from the elliptical
orbit (uphelion).
5
Initially, the earth around the sun at an angle of Earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic and
22,1˚ now be 23,5˚. This causes the earth that faces the sun to change. Both changes Earth's
orbit and axis earth position causes solar radiation received by the earth's surface so that the
climate is also changing.
Sunspot
The sun is a flaming gas stain. The fire caused an explosion on the surface of the sun
that was related to the temperature of the sun. On the surface of the sun, the lighter part has
a higher temperature than the darker parts. The highest temperature is about 6,000 K and
the lowest one is 4,000 K. The dark and low-temperature part is called the sun stain. The
number of solar stains changes periodically, there are 11 annual, 22 annual (halaur hale),
and 80 yearly (Gleisberg cycle). Changes in sun stains or changes in sun temperature cause
changes in the earth's magnetic field and changes in atmospheric circulatory system.
2.1.3
Carbondioxide Theoritical
Some experts investigate the relationship of climate change to the variety of carbon dioxide
(Co2) in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. CO2 absorbs long
wave radiation (earth radiation) at wavelengths of 4 to 5 microns and above 14 microns
especially on spectrums located between 12 and 18 microns. Because of the increase in
carbon dioxide concentration will increase the atmospheric temperature of the earth's
surface and reduce the amount of radiation the Earth lost to space.
(Tjasyono, 2004)
2.2
FACTOR CAUSING CLIMATE CHANGE
2.2.1
Greenhouse Gases
Green House Gases are atmospheric gases that have functions such as glass panels in a
greenhouse that are in charge of capturing the sun's heat energy so as not to be completely
released into the atmosphere again. Without these gases, heat will disappear into space and
the Earth's average temperature can be 60ºF (33ºC) cooler. GRK can be found in the
atmosphere from the surface of the earth to a height of 15 km. The greenhouse gas layer itself
is formed at an altitude of 6.2 - 15 km.
Green house gases with the greatest impact: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitro Oxide (NOx)
Sulfur Oxide (Sox), Methane (CH4), Chloroflurocarbon (CFC), and Hydrofluorocarbon
(HFC).
6
When sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, it must pass through layers of greenhouse
gases. After reaching the entire surface of the earth, soil, water, and other ecosystems absorb
energy from these rays. Once absorbed, this energy will be emitted back into the atmosphere.
Some energy is returned to space, but most are captured by greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere and returned to Earth, causing the Earth to become warmer. (Anonymous)
2.2.2
Deforestation and Land use conversion
Deforestation and land use conversion are issues that have been around for a long time
in Indonesia. The visible impacts are not only the declining quality of the environment and
the livelihoods of forest communities, but also the decrease in income from forestry
activities. Currently, with growing concerns over climate change, the history of deforestation
and land use conversion in Indonesia is under the spotlight. This is due to loss of forest cover,
forest fires and drainage of peatlands in Indonesia that contribute greenhouse gases in large
amounts to the atmosphere. While there is still uncertainty about emissions, estimates show
that current emissions from the forestry sector and land use change are larger than petroleum
burning. The magnitude of emissions from deforestation and land use change puts Indonesia
among developing countries with high levels of carbon emissions and makes countries that
need to mitigate efforts to prevent acceleration of climate change. The world's attention to
climate change creates additional pressure on Indonesia to address issues related to
deforestation and land use conversion. However, at the same time, it also creates new
opportunities to explore solutions, as well as opportunities for international cooperation. A
new funding scheme is available that can be used as an incentive, in order to institutionalize
changes in the forestry sector and land use in Indonesia. (World Bank)
2.2.3
Aerosols
Aerosols released into the atmosphere through the process of volcanic eruptions can spread
to distant sites and potentially provide direct and indirect impact on the climate. In addition
to causing global cooling, aerosols also modify properties of cloud optical thereby
increasing the cloud albedo and potentially reduce the amount of rainfall. In the
troposphere, aerosols especially sulfate aerosols deposited to the surface through a wet
deposition process have the potential to cause acid rain which can disrupt the balance of
nutrients in the soil and even threaten the life of plants. In relation to the depletion of the
ozone layer, especially in the northern hemisphere, aerosol disrupt the ozone layer through
7
denitrification reactions that decompose ozone molecules into oxygen. This reaction occurs
in the summer that provides a lot of solar energy to start the reaction. (Hamdi, 2013)
2.3
Paris Agreement as effort by Government on Climate Change in Pancasila’s
Perspective
The vital environmental issue today is climate change. Climate change gives adverse
impacts on human life and the environment for it has become an obligation for the State to
protect all its citizens. In line with the objective of the Unitary State of the Republic of
Indonesia to protect the entire Indonesian nation and the whole of Indonesia's blood sphere
and to promote the general welfare as stated in the preamble of the 1945 Constitution of
the State of the Republic of Indonesia, the government is deemed necessary to participate
in the effort of control and protection of impact climate change.
In order to make efforts to control and protect the impact of climate change that has become
a global problem is needed a form of international framework to address climate change
issues. The framework is one of them is a paris agreement initiated by the United Nations
on climate change that became the latest commitment of countries in the world. In harmony
with the second principle of Pancasila that is, a just and civilized humanity that the
Indonesian people feel that is part of all humanity and nation of Indonesia develops attitude
of respect and cooperate with other nation, hence Indonesian nation need to take part in
global agenda of climate change in this case participate in the approval of the paris.
Indonesia has previously ratified the Climate Change Convention through Act No. 6 of
1994 on the ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
and Kyoto protocol conventions through Law No. 17 of 2004 on the adoption of the Kyoto
Protocol. In order to provide a legal basis for the government's commitment and legal
recognition of participation in international treaties in this case the Paris Agreement, it is in
accordance with the provisions of applicable legislation that the adoption of the Paris
Agreement shall be established in a single Act. This is related to the substance in the Paris
agreement which regulates environmental norms. (Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional)
8
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 CONCLUSION
From the above description can be concluded that the occurrence of climate change
can be explained in several theories such as the theory of geology, the theory of astronomy
and the theory of carbon dioxide. The occurrence of climate change is also caused by
several factors such as greenhouse gases consisting of NO2, SO2, CO2, CFC, and H2O,
Land-use change, Sulfate aerosols and Black carbon.
The problem of climate change is a global problem and therefore the Indonesian
government participates in international cooperation initiated by the United Nations
namely the Paris Accords which is one of the embodiments second principle of Pancasila ,
this effort to protect the whole Indonesian nation from the impact of climate change in
harmony with one of the goals of the State of Indonesia.
3.2 SUGGESTIONS
This paper is far from perfect. Therefore the sources used in making the paper should be
more and the discussion of the problem must be more focused and detailed. Guidance from
experts or practitioners in related fields is also required in the manufacture of this paper.
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. (n.d.). WWF Indonesia. Retrieved 12 26, 2017, from
https://www.wwf.or.id/tentang_wwf/upaya_kami/iklim_dan_energi/solusikami/kampa
nye/powerswitch/spt_iklim/
Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 25, 2017, from Ratifikasi
Persetujuan Paris:
www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/na_ruu_ratifikasi_paris_agreement.pdf
Hamdi, S. (2013). Retrieved 12 26, 2017, from
http://jurnal.lapan.go.id/index.php/berita_dirgantara/article/viewFile/2060/1871
Tjasyono, B. (2004). Klimatologi. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/2800161235115695188/5847179-1258084722370/Peruntukan.lahan.dan.Perubahan.Iklim.pdf
10
11
12