ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF FOUR O’CLOCK FLOWER LEAF (Mirabilis jalapa L.) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans Potensi Antimikroba Daun Bunga Pukul Empat (Mirabilis jalapa L.) Terhadap Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia col

  

ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF FOUR O’CLOCK FLOWER LEAF

(Mirabilis jalapa L.) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and

Candida albicans

Potensi Antimikroba Daun Bunga Pukul Empat (Mirabilis jalapa L.) Terhadap

  

Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans

Mira Andam Dewi, Wiwiek Indrayani, Ennie Riben Sihite

  

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jatinangor

e-mail: miraandamdewi.91@gmail.com

  

ABSTRAK

Bunga pukul empat (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang secara empiris digunakan seba-

gai obat tradisional untuk pengobatan bisul, debit, luka, eksim, dan gatal-gatal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah

untuk menentukan aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak air, ekstrak etanol, fraksi n-heksana, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi

air daun bunga pukul empat terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans. Ekstraksi daun

dilakukan dengan maserasi dan dekok. Ekstrak etanol tebal diikuti oleh ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut

n-heksana dan etil asetat. Tes aktivitas mikrobia dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi perforasi. Hasil

penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak air memiliki potensi antimikroba lebih besar dari ekstrak etanol dan fraksi

lainnya dalam menghambat Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi Mini-

mum Inhibitory (MIC) untuk setiap mikroba 5% b/ v, 40% b / v dan 60% b/ v dengan diameter zona bening yang

15,70 mm, 14,53 mm, dan 14.10 mm. Tetrasiklin, amoksisilin, nistatin yang digunakan sebagai pembanding meng-

hambat mikroba dengan konsentrasi yang lebih kecil dari ekstrak dan fraksi daun. Flavonoid, polifenol, saponin,

tanin, kuinon, monoterpenoid-seskuiterpenoid dan steroid senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antimikroba.

  Kata kunci: bunga pukul empat (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.), aktivitas antimikrobia, konsentrasi daya hambat minimum

  

ABSTRACT

Four o’clock flower (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.) is one of the plants that are empirically used as a traditional medicine

for the treatment of ulcers embankment, discharge, sores, eczema, and itching. The aim of the research was to

determine the antimicrobial activity of water extract, ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction

and water fraction of leaves of Four o’clock flower against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida

albicans. The extraction of leaves was done by maceration and decoction. Ethanol extract thick followed by liq-

uid-liquid extraction using the solvent n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Microbial activity assays performed by using

diffusion perforation method. The results showed that the water extract has a potential antimicrobial greater

than the ethanol extract and other fractions in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida

albicans with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for each microbial 5%w/v, 40%w/v and 60%w/v with a

diameter of clear zone are 15.70 mm, 14.53 mm, and 14.10 mm. Tetracycline, amoxicillin, nystatin were used as

comparison inhibit microbes with smaller concentrations of extracts and fractions of leaves. Flavonoids, polyphe-

nols, saponins, tannins, quinones, monoterpenoid-seskuiterpenoid and steroids compounds that have activity as

an antimicrobial.

  Keywords : four o’clock flower leaf (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.), antimicrobial activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) the Sumedang, West Java. Staphylococcus au- reus B.90, B.86 bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans R.66 of the Depart- ment of Chemical Engineering FTI - ITB Labo- ratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess Tech- nology.

  Method Preparation of extract

  Dried leaves of M. jalapa was extracted by two methods i.e. maceration for 24 hours using 96% ethanol and boiling water extract (decoction). Each extract was evaporated in a rotary evaporator (vacuum rotary evapora- tor) to obtain concentrated extracts, and then evaporated on a water bath until it forms a thick extract and weighed.

  The condensed ethanol extracts was separately and dissolved in methanol: water (2:8) and after it was put in a separating funnel with the addition of n-hexane (1:1), shake gen- tly until well blended, then allowed until just split into 2 fractions comprising fraction of n- hexane and water fractions. N-hexane fraction was separated the water fraction was extract- ed further using ethyl acetate (1:1). Each frac- tion was evaporated on a water bath, until the viscous fractions were obtained.

  Preparation of suspensions of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on Nutrient Agar media were incubated at

  35-37 °C for 18-24 hours. The medium used for the rejuvenation of the yeast Candida albicans is the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar incubated at 25-30 °C for 72 hours. The cultures were then suspended with 3-4 mL of 0.95% NaCl, and put into tube. The calculation of the concentration of bacteria performed using ultraviolet spec- trophotometer, in order to obtain 25% trans- mittance at a wavelength of 580 nm.

  Antimicrobial Test

  A total of approximately 1.0 mL micro- bial test put in sterile petri dish, then added 15 mL of agar medium and sterilized. Each cup had 6 holes prepared by using a perforator to be filled with 6 different concentrations of test solutions.

  INTRODUCTION

  The development of antimicrobial drugs is one of the most important advances in medicine, as an effective treatment against serious infections. It has improved the qual- ity of life and enable progress in many areas of medicine as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Indonesia is a country rich in tropical plants that are widely used as raw material for the drug, which is used for the maintenance of health, prevention or treatment of a dis- ease. This is one of the efforts to improve the health of the community with a more afford- able cost, because of the nature of materials can be easily obtained in the neighborhood. In addition, traditional medicines derived from plants proved relatively safe as long as how to use it correctly with the proper dose and with appropriate indications as well. Natural medi- cine also causeless side effects compared to chemical drugs. The human body is relatively easier to accept drugs from natural materials compared with chemical drugs. One of the me- dicinal plants used in traditional medicine is four o’clock flower (Mirabilis jalapa L.). Fire- works at four believed to cure several diseases including inflammation of the tonsils (tonsilli- tis), inflammation of the prostate gland, acute arthritis, urinary tract infections, vaginal dis- charge (leucorrhea), erosion of the cervix, dia- betes mellitus, worming, itching, acne medica- tion, and eczema or scabs. The leaves of four o’clock flowers can be used as embankment boil (maturatif), vaginal discharge, sores, ec- zema, diuretics, itching and diabetes mellitus.

  This plant has not been widely studied, where- as the usability and usefulness are important. Antimicrobial activity of leaf as antimicrobi- als were tested against Gram-positive bacteria

  Staphylacocus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albi- cans.

  MATERIALS AND METHOD Materials

  Four o’clock flower leaves (Mirabilis jalapa L.) Nyctaginaceae were obtained from

  Mira Andam Dewi, Wiwiek Indrayani, Ennie Riben Sihite

  Each hole was filled as much as 50.0 mL test solution. All the filled cup test was incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 35-37°C for

  Staphylococcus aureus

  Determination of plant

  Leaves flowers at four o’clock was de- termined Bandungense Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB). The results of de- termination showed that plants studied were

  Mirabilis jalapa L., family Nyctaginaceae. The antibacterial activity

  The results of microbiological testing showed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value (MIC)

  Material test Microbial _{Staphlococcus aureus Escherichia coli Candida albicans} Water Extract Ethanol Extract Fraction of water Fraction of Etil Asetat Fraction Of n-heksan

  Figure 1. Antimicrobial activity of M. jalapa extract and fraction Weak inhibition against Candida albicans were- compared to Staphylococcus aureus and Escheri- chia coli. Candida albicans cells were generally larger than bacterial cells, the hyphae and the abil- ity to grow very fast compared to microbes.

  In phytochemical screening, water extracts as the most effective extract in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Can- dida albicans

  , showed that it contained flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, quinones and ste- roids. Then followed the fraction of ethyl acetate and water fractions that provided good resistance showed that it contained flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, quinones and steroids. Ethanol extract provided barriers against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but the concentration Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) was smaller than the water extract,

  ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF FOUR O’CLOCK FLOWER LEAF(Mirabilis jalapa L.) _{AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans} Potensi Antimikroba Daun Bunga Pukul Empat (Mirabilis jalapa L.)

  Terhadap Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  Mira Andam Dewi, Wiwiek Indrayani, Ennie Riben Sihite CONCLUSIONS

  water fraction and ethyl acetate fraction, be- cause the only ethanol extract contains fla-

  The test results of antibacterial activity

  vonoids, polyphenols, quinones and monot-

  of water extract, ethanol extract and fractions of

  erpenoid-seskuiterpenoid. n-Hexane fraction

  Mirabilis jalapa L. showed that water extract was

  did not provide barriers against microbial

  the most potent one in inhibiting the growth of

  test. This can be due to the content of the

  Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candi- da albicans compared with ethanol extract, water

  compounds in the n-hexane fraction only fla- vonoids. It showed that the antimicrobial ac-

  fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane frac- tion with Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

  tivity is affected by the metabolites contained

  for each microbial 5% w/v, 40% w/v and 60% w/v

  in extracts and fractions, so the Minimum In-

  with consecutive inhibition diameter 15.70 ± 0.62

  hibitory Concentration different extracts and

  mm; 14.53 ± 0.10mm, and 14.10 ± 0.51 mm. Sec-

  fractions against certain microbes. Polyphe-

  ondary metabolites were thought to have antimi-

  nolic compounds, saponins, tannins, quinones

  crobial activity against microbes were flavonoids,

  and steroids. Ethanol extract provided barriers

  polyphenols, saponins, tannins, quinones, monot-

  against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia erpenoid - seskuiterpenoid and steroids.

  coli, but the concentration Minimum Inhibitory

  (MIC) was smaller than the water extract, wa-

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Table 1. Screening phytochemicals of simplisia, extracts and fractions of M. jalapa leaves

Secondary Powder Water Ethanol Fraction Fraction Fraction Metabolites Simplisia Extract Extract of waterof Etil Asetat of n-heksan

• Flavonoids - + +
• Alkaloids - - - - - Monoterpenes + - +
• and sesquiterpene Tannins + + - + - +
• Polyphenols +
• Steroid dan Triterpenoid +
• Quinone
• Saponin

ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF FOUR O’CLOCK FLOWER LEAF(Mirabilis jalapa L.) _{AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans} Potensi Antimikroba Daun Bunga Pukul Empat (Mirabilis jalapa L.)

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