Sekar Arum NK 22010111130124 LAP.KTI BAB 8

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1.

UNESCO. Intangible Cultural Heritage: UNESCO, 2009.

2.

Indonesia KP. Kinerja Industri Indonesia Tahun 2010, 2010.

3.

Hidayat K, Widjanarko P. Reinventing Indonesia: menemukan kembali
masa depan bangsa: Tidar Heritage Foundation, 2008:795.

4.

Santoso. Gangguan Faal Paru pada Pekerja Batik Tradisional di Kotamadya
Surakarta dan Pekalongan (Hubungannya dengan asap malam batik dan gasgas alat pemanas). Program Pascasarjana Ilmu kesehatan Masyarakat.
Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Indonesia, 1993:355.


5.

Hafidzah F. Pengaruh Paparan Polutan Udara Terhadap VO2max pada
Pekerja Batik di Lingkungan Pabrik Batik. Jurnal Kedokteran Indonesia
2009;1.

6.

Zenz C, Dickerson OB, Horvath EP. Occupational Medicine: Mosby, 1994.

7.

Klaassen C. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons,
Eighth Edition: McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.

8.

Lionte C, Bologa C, Sorodoc L. Toxic and Drug-Induced Changes o the
Electrocardiogram, Advances in Electrocardiograms - Clinical Application.
Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012:328.


9.

Fotbolcu H, Incedere O, Bakal RB, Tanalp AC, Astarcioglu MA, Dindar I.
Reversible myocardial stunning due to carbon monoxide exposure.
Cardiovasc J Afr 2011;22:93-5.

10.

Woerman AL, Mendelowitz D. Postnatal sulfur dioxide exposure reversibly
alters parasympathetic regulation of heart rate. Hypertension 2013;62:274280.

11.

Tunnicliffe WS, Hilton MF, Harrison RM, Ayres JG. The effect of sulphur
dioxide exposure on indices of heart rate variability in normal and asthmatic
adults. Eur Respir J 2001;17:604-8.

12.


Zhang Q, Tian J, Bai Y, Yang Z, Zhang H, Meng Z. Effects of Sulfur
Dioxide and Its Derivatives on the Functions of Rat Hearts and their
Mechanisms. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2013;18:43-50.
43

44

13.

Min J-Y, Min K-B, Cho S-I, Paek D. Combined effect of cigarette smoking
and sulfur dioxide on heart rate variability. International Journal of
Cardiology 2009;133:119-121.

14.

Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, DiezRoux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease:
An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation 2010;121:2331-78.

15.


de Hartog JJ, Hoek G, Peters A, Timonen KL, Ibald-Mulli A, Brunekreef
B, et al. Effects of fine and ultrafine particles on cardiorespiratory symptoms
in elderly subjects with coronary heart disease: the ULTRA study. Am J
Epidemiol 2003;157:613-23.

16.

Cheng T-J, Hwang J-S, Wang P-Y, Tsai C-F, Chen C-Y, Lin S-H, et al.
Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure
in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Environmental Health Perspectives
2003;111:147-150.

17.

Riediker M. Cardiovascular Effects of Fine Particulate Matter Components
in Highway Patrol Officers. Inhalation Toxicology 2007;19:99-105.

18.


Anggraeni NIS. Pengaruh Lama Paparan Asap Knalpot Dengan Kadar CO
1800 Ppm Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Jantung Pada Tikus Wistar:
Medical Faculty, 2009.

19.

Sørhaug S, Steinshamn S, Nilsen OG, Waldum HL. Chronic inhalation of
carbon monoxide: Effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular system at
doses corresponding to tobacco smoking. Toxicology 2006;228:280-290.

20.

Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson
GL, et al. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of
Cardiovascular Events in Women. New England Journal of Medicine
2007;356:447-458.

21.

Susilaning L, Suheryanto D. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Natrium Silika Pada

Proses Pelorodan Kain Batik Sutera. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik
Kimia “Kejuangan”. Yogyakarta, 2011:368-372.

45

22.

Anindyajati EA. Pengaruh asap pelelehan lilin batik (malam) terhadap
struktur histologis trakea dan alveoli pulmo, jumlah eritrosit serta kadar
hemoglobin mencit (mus musculus l.). Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam. Surakarta: Univesritas Sebelas Maret, 2007.

23.

Nurdalia I. Kajian dan Analisis Peluang Penerapan Produksi Bersih pada
Usaha Kecil Batik Cap (Studi kasus pada tiga usaha industri kecil batik cap
di Pekalongan). Program Magister Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pasca
Sarjana. Semarang: Diponegoro University, 2006:143.

24.


Sun Q, Hong X, Wold LE. Cardiovascular effects of ambient particulate air
pollution exposure. Circulation 2010;121:2755-65.

25.

Dockery DW. Epidemiologic evidence of cardiovascular effects of
particulate air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives 2001;109:483486.

26.

Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, et al. Air
pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare
professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science
of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2004;109:2655-71.

27.

Gold DR, Mittleman MA. New insights into pollution and the
cardiovascular system: 2010 to 2012. Circulation 2013;127:1903-13.


28.

Repace JL, Jiang R-T, Acevedo-Bolton V, Cheng K-C, Klepeis NE, Ott
WR, et al. Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and
risks inside 66 US casinos. Environmental Research 2011;111:473-484.

29.

Thapa B, Chaurasia N. Indoor Air Pollution due to Inadequate Ventilation
and its Impact on Health among Children of Less Than Five Years in
Eastern Nepal. 2014 2014;3.

30.

Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S. Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, 5 ed. Jakarta: Interna Publishing, 2009:930.

31.


Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology: Elsevier Health
Sciences, 2010.

46

32.

Venkatesh G. Electrocardiogram (ECG) as a diagnostic tool for the
assessment of Cardiovascular status in alcoholics. Biomedical Research
2011;22:333-337.

33.

Heger JW, Niemann JT, Criley JM. Cardiology: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2004.

34.

Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica,
2004:243.


35.

Sumekar TA. Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi II. Semarang: Departemen
Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP, 2012:41.

36.

Dhar P, Sharma VK, Hota KB, Das SK, Hota SK, Srivastava RB, et al.
Autonomic Cardiovascular Responses in Acclimatized Lowlanders on
Prolonged Stay at High Altitude: A Longitudinal Follow Up Study. PLoS
ONE 2014;9.

37.

Devi MR, Arvind T, Kumar PS. ECG Changes in Smokers and Non
Smokers-A Comparative Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:824-6.

38.


Siddiqui SS, Hasan SN, Aggarwal T, Singh D. A Comparison of 12 Lead
ECG Status of Tobacco Smokers, Tobacco Chewers and Non Tobacco
Users. National Journal of Medical Research 2013;3:203-205.

39.

Srivastava A, Poonia A, Shekhar S, Tewari R. A Comparative Study of
Electrocardiographic Changes between Non smokers and Smokers. IJCSET
2012;2:1231-1233.

40.

Gepner AD, Piper ME, Leal MA, Asthana A, Fiore MC, Baker TB, et al.
Electrocardiographic changes associated with smoking and smoking
cessation: outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One
2013;8:e62311.

41.

Borini P, Terrazas JH, Ferreira Junior A, Guimaraes RC, Borini SB. Female
alcoholics: electrocardiographic changes and associated metabolic and
electrolytic disorders. Arq Bras Cardiol 2003;81:506-17.

42.

Molander U, Kumar Dey D, Sundh V, Steen B. ECG abnormalities in the
elderly: Prevalence, time and generation trends and association with
mortality. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2003;15:488-493.

47

43.

Reardon M, Malik M. QT interval change with age in an overtly healthy
older population. Clinical Cardiology 1996;19:949-952.

44.

Yarnoz MJ, Curtis AB. More Reasons Why Men and Women Are Not the
Same (Gender Differences in Electrophysiology and Arrhythmias). The
American Journal of Cardiology 2008;101:1291-1296.

45.

Cetin M, Ornek E, Murat SN, Cetin ZG, Oksuz F, Gokcen E. A case of
carbon monoxide poisoning presenting with supraventricular tachycardia.
Intern Med 2011;50:2607-9.

46.

Blumenthal I. Carbon monoxide poisoning. J R Soc Med 2001;94:270-2.

47.

Yelken B, Tanriverdi B, Cetinbas F, Memis D, Sut N. The assessment of
QT intervals in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg
2009;9:397-400.

48.

Hanci V, Ayoglu H, Yurtlu S, Yildirim N, Okyay D, Erdogan G, et al.
Effects of acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the P-wave and QT interval
dispersions. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011;11:48-52.

49.

Ismail MM, El-Ghamry H, Shaker OG, Fawzi MM, Ibrahim SF. Some
Biomarkers in Carbon Monoxide-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Journal of
Environmental & Analytical Toxicology 2013;3.

50.

Cevik Y, Tanriverdi F, Delice O, Kavalci C, Sezigen S. Reversible increases
in QT dispersion and P wave dispersion during carbon monoxide
intoxication. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 2010;17:441.

51.

Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Bracha Y, Henry TD.
Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide
poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1513-6.

52.

(ATSDR) AfTSaDR. Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2 , and others) CAS 1010243-9; UN 1660 (NO) CAS 10102-44-0; UN 1067 (NO2); UN 1975
(Mixture). Medical Management Guideines for Nitrogen Oxides. In: CDC,
editor: CDC, 2008.

53.

Sari I, Zengin S, Ozer O, Davutoglu V, Yildirim C, Aksoy M. Chronic
Carbon Monoxide Exposure Increases Electrocardiographic P-wave and QT
Dispersion. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20:879-884.

48

54.

Aro AL, Anttonen O, Kerola T, Junttila MJ, Tikkanen JT, Rissanen HA, et
al. Prognostic significance of prolonged PR interval in the general
population. European heart journal 2014;35:123-129.

55.

Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Spies A, Kindermann I, Linz D, Cremers B, et al.
Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on heart rate and atrioventricular
conduction in patients with resistant hypertension. International Journal of
Cardiology 2013;167:2846-2851.

56.

Magnani JW, Wang N, Nelson KP, Connelly S, Deo R, Rodondi N, et al.
The electrocardiographic pr interval and adverse outcomes in older adults:
The health, aging and body composition study. Circulation: Arrhythmia and
Electrophysiology 2012:CIRCEP. 112.975342.

57.

Reboul C, Thireau J, Meyer G, André L, Obert P, Cazorla O, et al. Carbon
monoxide exposure in the urban environment: An insidious foe for the
heart? Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 2012;184:204-212.

58.

Onvlee-Dekker IM, De Vries AC, Ten Harkel ADJ. Carbon monoxide
poisoning mimicking long-QT induced syncope. Archives of disease in
childhood 2007;92:244-245.

59.

Rückerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A. Health effects of
particulate air pollution: a review of epidemiological evidence. Inhalation
toxicology 2011;23:555-592.

60.

Baja ES, Schwartz JD, Wellenius GA, Coull BA, Zanobetti A, Vokonas PS,
et al. Traffic-related air pollution and QT interval: modification by diabetes,
obesity, and oxidative stress gene polymorphisms in the normative aging
study. 2010.

61.

Lodovici M, Bigagli E. Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure. Journal
of toxicology 2011;2011.

62.

Henneberger A, Zareba W, Ibald-Mulli A, Rückerl R, Cyrys J, Couderc JP, et al. Repolarization changes induced by air pollution in ischemic heart
disease patients. Environmental health perspectives 2005:440-446.

49

63.

Lippi G, Rastelli G, Meschi T, Borghi L, Cervellin G. Pathophysiology,
clinics, diagnosis and treatment of heart involvement in carbon monoxide
poisoning. Clinical biochemistry 2012;45:1278-1285.

64.

Zareba W, Nomura A, Couderc JP. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution:
what to measure in ECG? Environmental health perspectives 2001;109:533.

65.

Van Hee VC, Szpiro AA, Prineas R, Neyer J, Watson K, Siscovick D, et al.
Association of long-term air pollution with ventricular conduction and
repolarization

abnormalities.

Epidemiology

(Cambridge,

Mass)

2011;22:773.
66.

Nautiyal J, Garg M, Kumar M, Khan A, Thakur J, Kumar R. Air Pollution
and Cardiovascular Health in Mandi-Gobindgarh, Punjab, India - A Pilot
Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2007;4:268-282.

67.

Yamamoto S, Phalkey R, Malik A. A systematic review of air pollution as
a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: Limited evidence
from India and Pakistan. International journal of hygiene and environmental
health 2014;217:133-144.

68.

Zanobetti A, Baccarelli A, Schwartz J. Gene–Air Pollution Interaction and
Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Progress in cardiovascular diseases
2011;53:344-352.

69.

Ren C, Park SK, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Wilker E, Baccarelli A, et al. Air
pollution and homocysteine: more evidence that oxidative stress-related
genes modify effects of particulate air pollution. Epidemiology (Cambridge,
Mass) 2010;21:198.

70.

Dockery DW, Luttmann-Gibson H, Rich DQ, Link MS, Mittleman MA,
Gold DR, et al. Association of air pollution with increased incidence of
ventricular

tachyarrhythmias

recorded

by

implanted

cardioverter

defibrillators. Environmental health perspectives 2005:670-674.
71.

Koskela RS, Mutanen P, Sorsa JA, Klockars M. Factors predictive of
ischemic heart disease mortality in foundry workers exposed to carbon
monoxide. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:628-32.

50

72.

Mills NL, Törnqvist H, Gonzalez MC, Vink E, Robinson SD, Söderberg S,
et al. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in
men with coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine
2007;357:1075-1082.

73.

Krzyzanowski M, Kuna-Dibbert B, Schneider J. Health effects of transportrelated air pollution: World Health Organization Copenhagen, Denmark,
2005.

LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance

51

52

Lampiran 2. Persetujuan Setelah Penjelasan/Informed Consent.

JUDUL PENELITIAN :
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PAPARAN ASAP PEMBAKARAN LILIN BATIK
DENGAN GAMBARAN EKG PENGRAJIN BATIK TULIS
PELAKSANA : SEKAR ARUM N. K. (MAHASISWA FK UNDIP)
INFORMED CONSENT

Yth. Ibu/Saudari : ……………………
Nama saya Sekar Arum N. K. , saya mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Pendidikan
Dokter Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP. Saya melakukan penelitian berjudul
Hubungan antara Paparan Asap Pembakaran Lilin Batik dengan Gambaran EKG
Pengrajin Batik Tulis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan
antara paparan asap pembakaran lilin batik dengan gambaran EKG pengrajin batik
tulis yang dilihat dari perbedaan gambaran EKG antara kelompok pengrajin batik
tulis dengan kelompok kontrol serta hubungan antara lama paparan dengan
perubahan gambaran EKG. Apabila Ibu/Saudari setuju menjadi peserta penelitian
maka ada beberapa hal yang akan peneliti lakukan, yaitu:
-

Pengambilan data mengenai pekerjaan, riwayat dan gejala penyakit jantung
dan pembuluh darah, kebiasaan merokok, mengonsumsi alkohol dan obatobatan dengan menggunakan kuesioner

-

Pemeriksaan tekanan darah, denyut nadi, dan EKG

-

Pengambilan data akan dilakukan dalam satu kali tatap muka

Keuntungan bagi Ibu/Saudari ikut dalam penelitian ini adalah dapat
mengevaluasi fungsi jantung dan mendapat edukasi mengenai pencegahan penyakit
akibat kerja. Saya menjamin bahwa penelitian ini tidak akan menimbulkan efek
yang merugikan pada Ibu/Saudari. Dalam penelitian ini tidak ada intervensi dalam
bentuk apapun terhadap Ibu/Saudari. Setiap data pemeriksaan dan penelitian
dijamin kerahasiaannya dengan tidak mencantumkan identitas subjek pada laporan
hasil penelitan. Sebagai peserta penelitian keikutsertaan ini bersifat sukarela dan
tidak dikenakan biaya penelitian. Apabila ada informasi yang belum jelas atau
pertanyaan mengenai penelitian ini Ibu/Saudari bisa menghubungi saya Sekar,

53

mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Pendidikan Dokter FK UNDIP (HP 082137284614).
Terima kasih atas kerjasama Ibu/Saudari.

Setelah mendengar dan memahami penjelasan tentang penelitian, dengan ini
saya menyatakan:
Nama

: ..........................................................................................................

Usia

: ..........................................................................................................

Jenis kelamin : Laki-laki / Perempuan*
Pekerjaan

: ..........................................................................................................

Alamat

: ..........................................................................................................

Menyatakan

: SETUJU / TIDAK SETUJU*
Semarang, ……………….2015

Yang memberikan penjelasan

(

Yang membuat pernyataan persetujuan

)

(

*coret salah satu
Contact Person: Sekar Arum Nuring Kurnia (Sekar) 082137284614

)

54

Lampiran 3. Kuesioner Penelitian
Kuesioner Penelitian
Tanggal

:

Nama Pewawancara :
PENELITIAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA PAPARAN ASAP PEMBAKARAN
LILIN BATIK DENGAN GAMBARAN EKG PENGRAJIN BATIK TULIS
(Isi atau lingkari nomor jawaban)
1.
2.
3.

No responden
Nama
Jenis kelamin

4.
5.

Usia
Alamat

6.

Pengrajin batik tulis

7.
8.

Lama menjadi
pengrajin batik tulis
Durasi kerja

9.

Tempat membatik

10.

Apakah memiliki
pekerjaan lain yang
menyebabkan
terpapar asap secara
kronik?
Adakah riwayat
penyakit
kardiovaskuler?
Adakah gejala
penyakit
kardiovaskuler?
Adakah kebiasaan
merokok atau
menghisap
tembakau?

11.

12.

13.

:
:
: 1. Laki-laki
2. Perempuan
: ..........tahun
: ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
: 1. Ya
2. Tidak
: ..........tahun
: ..........jam per hari
..........hari per minggu
: 1. Ruangan terbuka (tidak berdinding)
2. Ruangan tertutup (berdinding)
: 1. Ya, sebutkan:
2. Tidak

: 1. Ya, sebutkan:
2. Tidak
: 1. Ya, sebutkan:
2. Tidak
: 1. Ya
2. Tidak

55

14.

15.

Adakah kebiasaan
mengonsumsi
alkohol?
Apakah
mengonsumsi obat
berikut (bisa lebih
dari satu jawaban)

: 1. Ya
2. Tidak
: 1. Ciprofloxacin
2. Chloroquine
3. Diphenhidramin
4. Digoxin
5. Teofilin
6. Propanolol
7. Procainamide
8. Ephedrine
9. Pseudoephedrine
10. Lainnya.........................................................

Hasil Pengukuran
BB

:

kg

TB

:

cm

TD

:

Denyut nadi

:

/

mmHg
kali/menit

Gambaran EKG
a. Gelombang P
a1. Durasi

:

detik

a2. Amplitudo

:

mm

b. Kompleks QRS

:

detik

c. Interval PR

:

detik

d. Interval QT

:

detik

e. Segmen ST

: normal/tidak normal

f. Gelombang T

: normal/tidak normal

g. Denyut jantung

:

kali/menit

(normal/takikardi/bradikardi)
h. Aksis QRS

:

°

(normal/deviasi ke kiri/deviasi ke
kanan/indeterminate)

56

Lampiran 4. Data EKG

57

Lampiran 5. Hasil analisis

Means
Report
Usia
Pekerjaan

Mean

Std. Deviation

Median

Min

Max

Pengrajin batik

44,40

7,356

42,00

32

58

Bukan pengrajin

43,00

6,425

43,00

31

52

43,70

6,824

42,50

31

58

batik
Total

Report
IMT
Pekerjaan

Mean

Std. Deviation

Median

Range

Min

Max

Pengrajin batik

24,565

4,6183

23,111

15,6

17,2

32,7

Bukan pengrajin

27,671

5,8236

25,970

23,8

20,8

44,6

26,118

5,4004

25,813

27,4

17,2

44,6

batik
Total

Descriptives
Statistic
Mean

43,70
Lower Bound

41,15

Upper Bound

46,25

Std. Error
1,246

95% Confidence Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean

43,61

Median

42,50

Variance
Usia

46,562

Std. Deviation

6,824

Minimum

31

Maximum

58

Range

27

Interquartile Range

8

Skewness
Kurtosis
Mean
IMT

,052

,427

-,078

,833

26,118

,9860

Lower Bound

24,101

Upper Bound

28,134

95% Confidence Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean

25,696

58

Median

25,813

Variance

29,164

Std. Deviation

5,4004

Minimum

17,2

Maximum

44,6

Range

27,4

Interquartile Range

5,9

Skewness

1,445

,427

Kurtosis

3,701

,833

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic

df

Shapiro-Wilk

Sig.

Statistic

Usia

,127

30

,200*

IMT

,146

30

,100

df

Sig.

,965

30

,418

,903

30

,010

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

T-Test
Group Statistics
Pekerjaan

N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Pengrajin batik

15

44,40

7,356

1,899

Bukan pengrajin batik

15

43,00

6,425

1,659

Usia

Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of

t-test for Equality of

Variances

Means

F

Equal variances assumed
Usia
Equal variances not assumed

Sig.

,393

t

,536

df

,555

28

,555

27,5
03

59

Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error
Difference

Equal variances assumed

,583

1,400

2,522

Equal variances not assumed

,583

1,400

2,522

Usia

Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower

Upper

Equal variances assumed

-3,766

6,566

Equal variances not assumed

-3,770

6,570

Usia

NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Pekerjaan

IMT

N

Mean Rank

Sum of Ranks

Bukan pengrajin batik

15

17,80

267,00

Pengrajin batik

15

13,20

198,00

Total

30

Test Statisticsa
IMT
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
a. Grouping Variable: Pekerjaan
b. Not corrected for ties.

78,000
198,000
-1,432
,152
,161b

60

PR and QT interval
Descriptives
Statistic
Mean

Std. Error

155,00
Lower Bound

149,06

Upper Bound

160,94

2,903

95% Confidence Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean

154,76

Median

152,50

Variance
PR

252,897

Std. Deviation

15,903

Minimum

127

Maximum

186

Range

59

Interquartile Range

26

Skewness

,323

,427

-,693

,833

385,43

4,090

Kurtosis
Mean
Lower Bound

377,07

Upper Bound

393,80

95% Confidence Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean

384,70

Median

387,00

Variance
QT

501,771

Std. Deviation

22,400

Minimum

351

Maximum

438

Range

87

Interquartile Range

37

Skewness
Kurtosis

,390

,427

-,393

,833

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic
PR
QT

,108
,107

df

Shapiro-Wilk

Sig.

Statistic

df

Sig.

30

,200*

,963

30

,372

30

,200*

,968

30

,487

61

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

T-Test
Group Statistics
Pekerjaan

N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Pengrajin batik

15

153,13

13,783

3,559

Bukan pengrajin batik

15

156,87

18,067

4,665

Pengrajin batik

15

393,87

22,427

5,791

Bukan pengrajin batik

15

377,00

19,596

5,060

PR

QT
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality

t-test for Equality of Means

of Variances
F

Equal variances assumed

Sig.

1,762

t

,195

df

-,636

28

-,636

26,173

2,193

28

2,193

27,505

PR
Equal variances not assumed
Equal variances assumed

,232

,634

QT
Equal variances not assumed
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error
Difference

Equal variances assumed

,530

-3,733

5,867

Equal variances not assumed

,530

-3,733

5,867

Equal variances assumed

,037

16,867

7,690

Equal variances not assumed

,037

16,867

7,690

PR

QT
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower

Upper

Equal variances assumed

-15,752

8,285

Equal variances not assumed

-15,790

8,323

Equal variances assumed

1,115

32,618

Equal variances not assumed

1,102

32,631

PR

QT

62

PR

QT

63

Crosstabs
Pekerjaan * Interpretasi Crosstabulation
Interpretasi
Tidak normal
Count
Pengrajin batik

% within

Pek

Total

Normal

8

7

15

53,3%

46,7%

100,0%

1

14

15

6,7%

93,3%

100,0%

9

21

30

30,0%

70,0%

100,0%

Pekerjaan

erja
Count

an
Bukan pengrajin batik

% within
Pekerjaan
Count

Total

% within
Pekerjaan

Chi-Square Tests
Value

df

Asymp. Sig.

Exact

Exact Sig. (1-

(2-sided)

Sig. (2-

sided)

sided)
Pearson Chi-

7,778a

1

,005

5,714

1

,017

8,576

1

,003

Square
Continuity
Correctionb
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-Linear

,014
7,519

1

,007

,006

Association
N of Valid Cases

30

a. 2 cells (50,0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4,50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Risk Estimate
Value

95% Confidence
Interval
Lower

Odds Ratio for Pekerjaan (Pengrajin batik / Bukan

16,000

1,656 154,59

pengrajin batik)
For cohort Interpretasi = Tidak normal
For cohort Interpretasi = Normal
N of Valid Cases

Upper

5
8,000
,500
30

1,136 56,330
,286

,873

64

65

Lampiran 6. Dokumentasi penelitian

66

Lampiran 7. Biodata mahasiswa

Identitas
Nama

: Sekar Arum Nuring Kurnia

NIM

: 22010111130124

Tempat, tanggal lahir

: Semarang, 17 April 1994

Jenis kelamin

: Perempuan

Alamat

: Jl. Tembalang Selatan III, Villa Mutiara E3

Nomor HP

: 082137284614

Email

: sekararumkurnia@gmail.com

Riwayat Pendidikan
SD

: SDN 03 Purwodadi

Lulus tahun 2005

SMP

: SMPN 1 Purwodadi

Lulus tahun 2008

SMA : SMA Semesta Semarang

Lulus tahun 2011

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro

Masuk tahun 2011