Isolasi Khamir dari Nira, Tuak dan Laru Asal Pulau Nias dan Uji Kemampuannya dalam Memproduksi Bioetanol dari Limbah
32
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adini, S., Kusdiyantini, E., Budiharjo, A. 2015. Produksi Bioetanol dari Rumput
Laut dan Limbah Agar Gracilaria sp. dengan Metode Sakarifikasi yang
Berbeda. BIOMA. 16(2): 65-75.
Arnata, I.W., Dwi, S., Richana, N. 2009. Bioprocess Technology to Produce
Bioethanol from Cassava by Co-Culture Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus
niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prossiding International Conference
on Biotechnology for Sustainable Future.
Arnata, I., Anggreni, A. 2013. Rekayasa Bioproses Produksi Bioetanol dari Ubi
Kayu dengan Teknologi Ko-Kultur Ragi Tape dan Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Agrointek. 7(1): 21-28.
Barh, D. and Mazumdar, B.C. 2008. Comparative Nutritive Values of Palm Saps
Before and After Their Partial Fermentation and Effective Use of Wild
Date (Phoenix Sylvestris Roxb.) Sap in Treatment of Anemia. J. Medicine
Medical Sci. 3(2): 173-176.
Barlina, R. dan Lay,A. 1994. Pengolahan Nira Kelapa untuk Produk Fermentasi
Nata De Coco, Alkohol dan Asam Cuka. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa. 7(2):
9-12.
Brock, T. and Brock, K. 1978. Basic Microbiology with Applications. Second
Edition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. pp. 76.
Buckle, K.A., Edwards,R.A., Fleet,G.H., Wootton,M. 1985. Ilmu Pangan. Jakarta:
UI Press.
Cassey, G. 1996. Ethanol Tolerance in Yeasts. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 13: 219-290.
Chandrasena, G., Keerthipala, A.P., Walker, G.M. 2006. Isolation and
Characterization of Sri Lanka Yeast Germplasm and Its Evaluation for
Alcohol Production. J. Institute Brewing. 112: 302-307.
Chaplin M.F. and Buckle, C. 1990. Enzyme Technology. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Chinedu, S.N., Yah, S.C., Nwinyi, O.C., Okochi, V.I., Okafor, U.A. and
Onyegeme-Okerenta, B.M. 2008. Plant Waste Hydrolysis by Extracellular
Enzymes of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum: Effect of
Ammonia Pretreatment. Nig. J. Biochem. Molecul. Biol. 23(1): 1-7, 2008.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
33
Cuzin, N., Farinet and Segretain. 1991. Anaerobic Fermentation of Solid Cassava
Wastes in Continuous Pilot Scale Fermenter. In: Grassi, G., Delmon, B.,
Molle J.F., Zibetta H. (Eds). Biomass for Energy and Industry. 4th Edition.
London: E.C. Conference Elsevier Applied Science.
Dyanti, 2002. Studi Komparatif Gula Merah Kelapa dan Gula Merah Aren.
Jurusan Teknologi Pangan Dan Gizi, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut
Pertanian Bogor. [SKRIPSI]
Erika, S.S. 2005. Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Kulit Batang Raru (Shorea faguetiana
Heim) Menggunakan Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Departemen
Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB. Bogor. [SKRIPSI].
Eshaq, F.S., Mir, N.A., Mahzharuddin, K.M. 2011. Production of Bioethanol
From Next Generation Feed-Stock Alga Spirogyra Species. Inter. J. Eng.
Sci. Technol.. 3(2): 1749-1755.
Fardiaz, S. 1988. Fisiologi Fermentasi. Bogor: Pau IPB.
Galeote, A., Blondin, B., Dequin, S., Sablayrolles, M. 2001. Stress Effects of
Ethanol on Fermentation Kinetics by Stationary-Phase Cells of
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett. 23: 677–681.
Gray, W.D. 1948. Further Studies on the Alcohol Tolerance of Yeast : Its
Relationship to Cell Storage Products. J. Bacteriol. 55(1): 53-59.
Hallsworth, J.E., Nomura, Y. and Iwahara, M. 1998. Ethanol Induced Water
Stress and Fungal Growth. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 86(1): 451–456.
Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk,P.M., Sutton, B.C., Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth &
Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Editions. Wallingford-UK: CAB
International.
Hermansyah, Novia, Sugiyama, M., Satoshi, H. 2015. Candida tropicalis Isolated
from Tuak, a North Sumatera-Indonesian Traditional Beverage, for
Bioethanol Production. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett. 43(3): 241-248.
Hu, X.H., Wang, M.H., Tan, T., Li, J.R., Yang, H., Leach, L., Zhang, R.M., Luo,
Z.W. 2007. Genetic Dissection of Ethanol Tolerance in the Budding Yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 175: 1479–1487.
Ikegami, S. 1997. Tuak dalam Masyarakat Batak Toba: Laporan Singkat Tentang
Aspek Sosial Budaya Penggunaan Nira. Japan: Southeast Asian Studies
Kyoto University.
Indrawati, E. 2009. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Inokulum Saccharomyces cerevisiae
dan Lama Waktu Fermentasi pada Produksi Etanol dari Limbah Kulit
Universitas Sumatera Utara
34
Nanas (Ananas comosus L. Merr). Jurusan Biologi FMIPA-ITS. Surabaya.
[SKRIPSI].
Ingram, L.O and Buttke T.M. 1984. Effects of Alcohol on Microorganism. Adv.
Physiol. 25: 253-300.
Irfan, M. 2013. Pengembangan Produksi Bioetanol dari Limbah Pertanian. J.
Kutubkhanah. 16(1): 1-6.
Juriah,S., Susilowati, A., Setyaningsih, R. 2004. Fermentasi Etanol dari Limbah
Padat Tapioka (Onggok) oleh Aspergillus niger dan Zymomonas mobilis.
Bioteknologi. 1(1):7-12.
Kawado, A., Suizu, T., Imayasu, S., Shigematsu, T. 1992. Highly Efficient
Sporulation Induced by Glutathione or Glutathionethiol Ester in Sake and
Wild Type Yeast. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 104: 257-268.
Khaing, T.W., Weine, N., Mya, M. 2008. Isolation, Characterization and
Screening of Thermo Tolerant, Ethanol Tolerant Indigenous Yeasts and
Study on The Effectiveness of Immobilized Cell For Ethanol Production.
J. Sci. Technol. 1:12-14.
Khairani, R. 2007. Jagung Sebagai Bahan Biofuel. Universitas Padjajaran.
Kim, G.S., Myung, K.S., Kim Y.J., Oh, K.K., Kim, J.S., Ryu, H.J., Kim, K.H.
2010. Methode of Producing Biofuel Using Sea Algae. Seoul: World
Intelectual Property Organization.
Kumalaningsih, S. dan Hidayat,N. 1995. Mikrobiologi Hasil Pertanian. Malang:
IKIP Press.
Kumar, R., Shankar, T., Anandapandian, K. 2011. Characterization of Alcohol
Resistant Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Toddy. Inter. Res.
J. Microbiol. 2(10): 399-405.
Kurtzman, C.P. and Fell J.W. 2006. Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny–
Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology.
Dalam: Rosa, C. and Peter G. (Eds). 2006. The Yeast Handbook:
Biodiversity and Ecophysiologi of Yeasts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1130.
Kurtzman, C.P., Fell J.W., Boekhout, T. and Robert, V. 2011. The Yeast, A
Taxonomic Study. Elsevier B.V. pp. 90.
Laoli, R., Jasudin, S., Idaman, Z., Yana, Z. 1995. Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan
Daerah Nias. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Sumatera
Utara.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
35
Lay, B. 1994. Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. PT. Grafindo Persada: Jakarta.
Hlm. 117.
Lee, W. and Huang, C. 2000. Modelling of Ethanol Fermentation Using
Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 10988 Grown on the Media Containing
Glucose and Fructose. Biochem. Eng J. 4 (3): 217-227.
Lempang, M. 2000. Rendemen Produksi Gula Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr.).
Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan Balai Penelitian Kehutanan. 6(1): 17-28.
Lin, Y. and Tanaka, S. 2006. Ethanol Fermentation from Biomass Resources:
Current State and Prospects. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69: 627–642.
Maris, A.J.A., Abbott, D.A., Pronk, J.T. 2006. Alcoholic Fermentation of Carbon
Sources in Biomass Hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Current
Status. Process Biochem. 80: 391-418.
Mc Lellan, P.J., Daugulis, A.J., Li, J. 1999. The Incidence of Oscillatory Behavior
in The Continous Fermentations of Z. mobilis. Biotechnology Progress. 15
(4): 667-680.
Meaden, P.G., Arneborg, N., Guldfeldt, L.U., Siegumfeldt, H., Jakobsen, M.
1999. Endocytosis and Vacuolar Morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
are Altered in Response to Ethanol Stress or Heat Shock. Yeast. 15: 1211–
1222.
Minier, M., Goma, G. 1982. Ethanol Production by Extractive Fermentation .
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, John Wiley & 5ons, Inc.
Mirdamadi, S., Sadeghi, H., Sharafi, N., Fallahpour, M., Mohseni, F., Bakhtiari,
M.R. 2002. Comparison of Lactic Acid Isomers Produced by Fungal and
Bacterial Strains. Iran Biomed J. 6 (2&3): 69-75.
Mishra, P. and Prasad, R. 1989. Relationship Between Ethanol Tolerance and
Fatty Acyl Composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 30: 294–298.
Naiola, E. 2008. Mikrobia Amilolitik pada Nira dan Laru dari Pulau Timor, Nusa
Tenggara Timur. Biodiversitas. 9(3): 165-168.
Narendranath, N.V. and Power, R. 2005. Relationship Between pH and Medium
Dissolved Solids in Terms of Growth and Metabolism of Lactobacilli and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae During Ethanol Production. Appl and Environ
Microbiol. 71(5): 2239–2243.
Pasaribu, G., Bonifasius, Gustan, P. 2007. Analisis Komponen Kimia Empat Jenis
Kayu Asal Sumatera Utara. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
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1-11.
Pham, T.K. and Wright, P.C. 2008. The Proteomic Response of Saccharomyces
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Prasetya, B., Nasikin, M. 2007. Pemanfaaan Sellulosa Bagas untuk
Produksi Ethanol Melalui Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Serentak dengan
Enzim Xylanase. Makara, Teknologi. 11(1): 17-24.
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Sarfat, M., Rahayuningsih, M., Suryani, A., Setyaningsih, D. 2013. Modifikasi
Fermentasi Hidrolisat Asam Eucheuma cottonii Menjadi Bioetanol
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Yoshikawa, K., Tanaka, T., Furusawa, C., Nagahisa, K., Hirasawa, T. and
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3018-3022.
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adini, S., Kusdiyantini, E., Budiharjo, A. 2015. Produksi Bioetanol dari Rumput
Laut dan Limbah Agar Gracilaria sp. dengan Metode Sakarifikasi yang
Berbeda. BIOMA. 16(2): 65-75.
Arnata, I.W., Dwi, S., Richana, N. 2009. Bioprocess Technology to Produce
Bioethanol from Cassava by Co-Culture Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus
niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prossiding International Conference
on Biotechnology for Sustainable Future.
Arnata, I., Anggreni, A. 2013. Rekayasa Bioproses Produksi Bioetanol dari Ubi
Kayu dengan Teknologi Ko-Kultur Ragi Tape dan Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Agrointek. 7(1): 21-28.
Barh, D. and Mazumdar, B.C. 2008. Comparative Nutritive Values of Palm Saps
Before and After Their Partial Fermentation and Effective Use of Wild
Date (Phoenix Sylvestris Roxb.) Sap in Treatment of Anemia. J. Medicine
Medical Sci. 3(2): 173-176.
Barlina, R. dan Lay,A. 1994. Pengolahan Nira Kelapa untuk Produk Fermentasi
Nata De Coco, Alkohol dan Asam Cuka. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa. 7(2):
9-12.
Brock, T. and Brock, K. 1978. Basic Microbiology with Applications. Second
Edition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. pp. 76.
Buckle, K.A., Edwards,R.A., Fleet,G.H., Wootton,M. 1985. Ilmu Pangan. Jakarta:
UI Press.
Cassey, G. 1996. Ethanol Tolerance in Yeasts. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 13: 219-290.
Chandrasena, G., Keerthipala, A.P., Walker, G.M. 2006. Isolation and
Characterization of Sri Lanka Yeast Germplasm and Its Evaluation for
Alcohol Production. J. Institute Brewing. 112: 302-307.
Chaplin M.F. and Buckle, C. 1990. Enzyme Technology. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Chinedu, S.N., Yah, S.C., Nwinyi, O.C., Okochi, V.I., Okafor, U.A. and
Onyegeme-Okerenta, B.M. 2008. Plant Waste Hydrolysis by Extracellular
Enzymes of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum: Effect of
Ammonia Pretreatment. Nig. J. Biochem. Molecul. Biol. 23(1): 1-7, 2008.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
33
Cuzin, N., Farinet and Segretain. 1991. Anaerobic Fermentation of Solid Cassava
Wastes in Continuous Pilot Scale Fermenter. In: Grassi, G., Delmon, B.,
Molle J.F., Zibetta H. (Eds). Biomass for Energy and Industry. 4th Edition.
London: E.C. Conference Elsevier Applied Science.
Dyanti, 2002. Studi Komparatif Gula Merah Kelapa dan Gula Merah Aren.
Jurusan Teknologi Pangan Dan Gizi, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut
Pertanian Bogor. [SKRIPSI]
Erika, S.S. 2005. Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Kulit Batang Raru (Shorea faguetiana
Heim) Menggunakan Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Departemen
Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB. Bogor. [SKRIPSI].
Eshaq, F.S., Mir, N.A., Mahzharuddin, K.M. 2011. Production of Bioethanol
From Next Generation Feed-Stock Alga Spirogyra Species. Inter. J. Eng.
Sci. Technol.. 3(2): 1749-1755.
Fardiaz, S. 1988. Fisiologi Fermentasi. Bogor: Pau IPB.
Galeote, A., Blondin, B., Dequin, S., Sablayrolles, M. 2001. Stress Effects of
Ethanol on Fermentation Kinetics by Stationary-Phase Cells of
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett. 23: 677–681.
Gray, W.D. 1948. Further Studies on the Alcohol Tolerance of Yeast : Its
Relationship to Cell Storage Products. J. Bacteriol. 55(1): 53-59.
Hallsworth, J.E., Nomura, Y. and Iwahara, M. 1998. Ethanol Induced Water
Stress and Fungal Growth. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 86(1): 451–456.
Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk,P.M., Sutton, B.C., Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth &
Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Editions. Wallingford-UK: CAB
International.
Hermansyah, Novia, Sugiyama, M., Satoshi, H. 2015. Candida tropicalis Isolated
from Tuak, a North Sumatera-Indonesian Traditional Beverage, for
Bioethanol Production. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett. 43(3): 241-248.
Hu, X.H., Wang, M.H., Tan, T., Li, J.R., Yang, H., Leach, L., Zhang, R.M., Luo,
Z.W. 2007. Genetic Dissection of Ethanol Tolerance in the Budding Yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 175: 1479–1487.
Ikegami, S. 1997. Tuak dalam Masyarakat Batak Toba: Laporan Singkat Tentang
Aspek Sosial Budaya Penggunaan Nira. Japan: Southeast Asian Studies
Kyoto University.
Indrawati, E. 2009. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Inokulum Saccharomyces cerevisiae
dan Lama Waktu Fermentasi pada Produksi Etanol dari Limbah Kulit
Universitas Sumatera Utara
34
Nanas (Ananas comosus L. Merr). Jurusan Biologi FMIPA-ITS. Surabaya.
[SKRIPSI].
Ingram, L.O and Buttke T.M. 1984. Effects of Alcohol on Microorganism. Adv.
Physiol. 25: 253-300.
Irfan, M. 2013. Pengembangan Produksi Bioetanol dari Limbah Pertanian. J.
Kutubkhanah. 16(1): 1-6.
Juriah,S., Susilowati, A., Setyaningsih, R. 2004. Fermentasi Etanol dari Limbah
Padat Tapioka (Onggok) oleh Aspergillus niger dan Zymomonas mobilis.
Bioteknologi. 1(1):7-12.
Kawado, A., Suizu, T., Imayasu, S., Shigematsu, T. 1992. Highly Efficient
Sporulation Induced by Glutathione or Glutathionethiol Ester in Sake and
Wild Type Yeast. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 104: 257-268.
Khaing, T.W., Weine, N., Mya, M. 2008. Isolation, Characterization and
Screening of Thermo Tolerant, Ethanol Tolerant Indigenous Yeasts and
Study on The Effectiveness of Immobilized Cell For Ethanol Production.
J. Sci. Technol. 1:12-14.
Khairani, R. 2007. Jagung Sebagai Bahan Biofuel. Universitas Padjajaran.
Kim, G.S., Myung, K.S., Kim Y.J., Oh, K.K., Kim, J.S., Ryu, H.J., Kim, K.H.
2010. Methode of Producing Biofuel Using Sea Algae. Seoul: World
Intelectual Property Organization.
Kumalaningsih, S. dan Hidayat,N. 1995. Mikrobiologi Hasil Pertanian. Malang:
IKIP Press.
Kumar, R., Shankar, T., Anandapandian, K. 2011. Characterization of Alcohol
Resistant Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Toddy. Inter. Res.
J. Microbiol. 2(10): 399-405.
Kurtzman, C.P. and Fell J.W. 2006. Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny–
Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology.
Dalam: Rosa, C. and Peter G. (Eds). 2006. The Yeast Handbook:
Biodiversity and Ecophysiologi of Yeasts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1130.
Kurtzman, C.P., Fell J.W., Boekhout, T. and Robert, V. 2011. The Yeast, A
Taxonomic Study. Elsevier B.V. pp. 90.
Laoli, R., Jasudin, S., Idaman, Z., Yana, Z. 1995. Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan
Daerah Nias. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Sumatera
Utara.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
35
Lay, B. 1994. Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. PT. Grafindo Persada: Jakarta.
Hlm. 117.
Lee, W. and Huang, C. 2000. Modelling of Ethanol Fermentation Using
Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 10988 Grown on the Media Containing
Glucose and Fructose. Biochem. Eng J. 4 (3): 217-227.
Lempang, M. 2000. Rendemen Produksi Gula Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr.).
Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan Balai Penelitian Kehutanan. 6(1): 17-28.
Lin, Y. and Tanaka, S. 2006. Ethanol Fermentation from Biomass Resources:
Current State and Prospects. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69: 627–642.
Maris, A.J.A., Abbott, D.A., Pronk, J.T. 2006. Alcoholic Fermentation of Carbon
Sources in Biomass Hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Current
Status. Process Biochem. 80: 391-418.
Mc Lellan, P.J., Daugulis, A.J., Li, J. 1999. The Incidence of Oscillatory Behavior
in The Continous Fermentations of Z. mobilis. Biotechnology Progress. 15
(4): 667-680.
Meaden, P.G., Arneborg, N., Guldfeldt, L.U., Siegumfeldt, H., Jakobsen, M.
1999. Endocytosis and Vacuolar Morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
are Altered in Response to Ethanol Stress or Heat Shock. Yeast. 15: 1211–
1222.
Minier, M., Goma, G. 1982. Ethanol Production by Extractive Fermentation .
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, John Wiley & 5ons, Inc.
Mirdamadi, S., Sadeghi, H., Sharafi, N., Fallahpour, M., Mohseni, F., Bakhtiari,
M.R. 2002. Comparison of Lactic Acid Isomers Produced by Fungal and
Bacterial Strains. Iran Biomed J. 6 (2&3): 69-75.
Mishra, P. and Prasad, R. 1989. Relationship Between Ethanol Tolerance and
Fatty Acyl Composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 30: 294–298.
Naiola, E. 2008. Mikrobia Amilolitik pada Nira dan Laru dari Pulau Timor, Nusa
Tenggara Timur. Biodiversitas. 9(3): 165-168.
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