Revealing factors that Trigger Igor, the main character of Paulo Coelho`s The Winner Stands Alone, to become a murderer - USD Repository

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REVEALING FACTORS THAT TRIGGER IGOR, THE MAIN

CHARACTER OF PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS

ALONE, TO BECOME A MURDERER

  

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Esther Yulyanti Siahaan

  Student Number: 081214142 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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REVEALING FACTORS THAT TRIGGER IGOR, THE MAIN

CHARACTER OF PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS

ALONE, TO BECOME A MURDERER

  

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Esther Yulyanti Siahaan

  Student Number: 081214142 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

  2013 i

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I can do all things thr ough Chr is t which s tr engthen th me – Phill. 4:13

But m y God shall supply all your need accor ding to his r iches in glor y by J esus Chr is t – Phill. 4:19 This thesis is dedicated t o:

  J esus Ch r ist M y wonder ful par ents

  M y great si bli ngs

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ABSTRACT

  Siahaan, Esther Yulyanti. (2013). Revealing Factors that Trigger Igor, the Main

Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, to Become a Murderer.

Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  Everyone needs to love and be loved. One can do anything even the destructive ones in order to strive for love. Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands

  

Alone depicts one major character who strives for his love. This study discusses

  the effort to have the love back experienced by Igor, the major character in the novel. Igor is a Russian millionaire who attempts to get his wife back after she leaves him for another man. The story of the novel takes place in Cannes Film Festival, France.

  The objective of the study is to reveal how Igor ends up becoming a murderer. In order to reveal the factors that trigger him to become a murderer, there are two problems to discuss. The first deals with the portrait of Igor and the second deals with the motives of him for committing murders. This study employs the library research method. The data are obtained from various sources such as Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone which becomes the primary source, while several literary and psychological books become the secondary ones. The literary sources are used to answer the first problem, meanwhile the psychological sources are employed to answer the second one. The theories of character and characterization are applied to answer the first problem. The theories of psychoanalytic and motivation are used to answer the second problem. Since this study deals with the human’s psychological aspects, psychological approach is applied.

  The results of the analysis show that Igor is portrayed as a cautious, charming, faithful, hard-working, intelligent, methodical, observant, and proud man. Furthermore, he is motivated to become a murderer because he intends to get his wife, Ewa, back and because he loves her so much. On top of that, he ends up becoming a murderer since it is the way to send messages to Ewa. Those messages are the means of reminding, threatening, frightening, and attracting her attention.

  In the end, this study suggests that future researchers of the same novel conduct analyses on other characters, such as Ewa, Hamid, Gabriela, and Jasmine. An analysis using a biographical approach is also suggested to gain more understanding about the novel. The suggestions for English teachers, particularly for teaching Structure IV, are presented as well. In addition, this study recommends some implications for the education in general.

  Keywords: winner, love, murderer

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ABSTRAK

  Siahaan, Esther Yulyanti. (2013). Revealing Factors that Trigger Igor, the Main

Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, to Become a Murderer.

Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Setiap manusia ingin mencintai dan dicintai. Manusia dapat melakukan

apa pun termasuk hal yang merusak demi memperjuangkan cinta. Sebuah novel

karya Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Winner Stands Alone menggambarkan

suatu kisah tentang seseorang yang berjuang keras untuk cinta. Skripsi ini

membahas usaha yang dilakukan Igor, tokoh utama dalam novel ini, untuk

mendapatkan kembali cintanya. Igor, seorang jutawan dari Rusia, berjuang untuk

mendapatkan kembali istrinya setelah wanita itu meninggalkannya demi pria lain.

Latar belakang kisah di dalam novel ini adalah Festival Film Cannes di Prancis.

  Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana Igor berakhir

menjadi seorang pembunuh. Terdapat dua permasalahan yang didiskusikan untuk

mengungkapkan faktor pendorong yang menyebabkan Igor membunuh. Masalah

pertama mengenai penggambaran tokoh Igor dalam novel dan kedua mengenai

motif dibalik pembunuhan yang dia lakukan. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode

studi pustaka. Data-data yang diperlukan untuk menjawab permasalahan

diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, antara lain The Winner Stands Alone yang

merupakan sumber utama dan beberapa buku sastra serta psikologi yang

merupakan sumber pendukung. Buku sastra digunakan untuk menjawab

permasalahan pertama dan buku psikologi digunakan untuk menjawab

permasalahan kedua. Teori karakter dan karakterisasi digunakan untuk

menjawab permasalahan pertama sedangkan teori psikoanalisis dan motivasi

digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua. Pendekatan psikologis

digunakan karena skripsi ini membahas tentang aspek psikologis manusia.

  Hasil analisa menggambarkan Igor sebagai seorang pria yang waspada,

mempesona, setia, pekerja keras, cerdas, metodis, senang mengamati, dan

bangga terhadap dirinya. Motivasinya untuk membunuh disebabkan oleh

keinginan untuk mendapatkan kembali istrinya, Ewa, serta rasa cinta yang begitu

besar kepadanya. Dibalik semua itu, dia berakhir menjadi pembunuh untuk

menyampaikan pesan kepada Ewa. Pesan tersebut digunakan untuk

mengingatkan, mengancam, menakuti, dan menarik perhatiannya.

  Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk

menganalisa karakter lain seperti Ewa, Hamid, Gabriela, dan Jasmine. Analisa

menggunakan pendekatan biografis juga disarankan untuk memahami novel ini

lebih dalam. Saran juga ditujukan kepada guru-guru bahasa Inggris, khususnya

untuk mengajar mata kuliah Structure IV. Selain itu, skripsi ini

merekomendasikan implikasi untuk pendidikan pada umumnya.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  Firstly and foremost, I would like to bestow my deepest gratitude on the

  

Almighty, Jesus Christ, for His never ending love and mercy. His existence and

blessings are my tower of strength in finishing this thesis.

  I am profoundly indebted to my wonderful parents, John. G. Siahaan and

  

Tiominar M., who always shower me with love, prayers, and support. They are

  my biggest inspiration and the ones I will do them proud. My special thanks also go to my beloved sister, P. Ruth Siahaan, and my lovely brother, A.R. Timothy

  

Siahaan, who always become the best siblings of all time. I thank them for their

  endless supports and prayers. I would like to express my gratitude to my aunt and my uncle as well, Damaris M. and Ranto S. They are my ‘parents’ while I am completing my study in Yogyakarta. I am also thankful to have ‘new’ family: my brother-in-law, my sister’s mother-in-law and father-in-law, my ‘new’ brothers, and, of course, my newborn nephew. I am so lucky for God has given them to me.

  My great appreciation goes to my sponsor, Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto,

  

M.A., Ph.D, for his guidance and assistance during the completion of this thesis. I

  wish him and his family a happy and grateful life for all time. I would also like to thank all English Language Education Study Program lecturers and staff in all things during the process of completing my study. May God bless them and their families at all times.

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  Then, I would like to appreciate my best friends: Elisabeth, Maryska,

  

Yeni, Tika, Friska, and Fani(1) for their best support. I thank my other friends:

Mike, Atma, Angga, Mba Setyo, Ayu, Fani(2), Vinsen, Agung, Purwo, and all

PBI ’08 friends for the moment we share together.

  Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone whom I cannot mention one by one but surely I cannot complete this thesis without their help and support.

  God bless them all.

  Esther Y. Siahaan

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................ i APPROVAL PAGES ................................................................................ ii DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................... iv

  STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY .............................................. v

  

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ........................................... vi

  ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. vii

  

ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. viii

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................ xiv LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................... xv

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study .....................................................

  1 1.2 Objectives of the Study .......................................................

  3 1.3 Problem Formulation ..........................................................

  3 1.4 Benefits of the Study ...........................................................

  4 1.5 Definition of Terms ............................................................

  4 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Related Theories ...................................................

  11 2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches ...............................................

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  2.1.2 Theory of Character ...............................................................

  34 4.1.1 Cautious.................................................................................

  67 4.2 Igor’s Motivation in Becoming a Murderer ............................

  61 4.1.8 Proud .....................................................................................

  57 4.1.7 Observant ..............................................................................

  52 4.1.6 Methodical ............................................................................ .

  50 4.1.5 Intelligent ..............................................................................

  46 4.1.4 Hard-working ........................................................................

  41 4.1.3 Faithful ..................................................................................

  35 4.1.2 Charming ...............................................................................

  31 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS 4.1 The Characteristics of Igor Malev .............................................

  13 2.1.3 Theory of Characterization ....................................................

  31 3.3 Method of the Study ................................................................

  30 3.2 Approach of the Study ..............................................................

  28 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Object of the Study ..................................................................

  27 2.4 Context of the Novel .............................................................

  27 2.3 Criticism ...............................................................................

  22 2.2 Theoretical Framework..........................................................

  18 2.1.5 Theory of Motivation ............................................................

  16 2.1.4 Theory of Psychoanalytic ......................................................

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  4.2.1 Getting Ewa Back .................................................................

  70 4.2.2 Loving Ewa So Much ...........................................................

  74 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ...........................................................................

  83 5.2 Implications...........................................................................

  85 5.3 Suggestions ...........................................................................

  87 REFERENCES .........................................................................................

  89 APPENDICES ..........................................................................................

  92

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LIST OF FIGURES

  Figure Page

  2.1 Freud’s View about Levels of Consciousness and the Structure of Personality ........................................................................................

  19 2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ..........................................................

  24

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LIST OF APPENDICES

  Page Appendix 1 Summary of The Winner Stands Alone by Paulo Coelho ......

  93 Appendix 2 Biography of Paulo Coelho ..................................................

  95 Appendix 3 Course Outline Structure IV .................................................

  96 Appendix 4 Teaching Material ................................................................

  99 Appendix 5 Learning Material ................................................................ 102

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  1 CHAPTER I

  INTRODUCTION

  This chapter presents the introduction of the whole study. It is divided into five parts namely Background of the Study, Objectives of the Study, Problem Formulation, Benefits of the Study, and Definition of Terms. The first part, Background of the Study, explores the description of the topic of the study and the reasons for choosing the topic of the study. The second part, Objectives of the Study, presents the aims of conducting this study. The third, Problem Formulation, presents the formulation of problems to be analyzed in the study.

  The fourth, Benefits of the Study, elaborates the contribution of the conducted study for the development of knowledge. And the last, Definition of Terms, presents the specific key terms mentioned in the title or in the problem formulation of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

  Every human being needs love. At the beginning, God created the first man with His own breath because of His love to him. Thus, He has loved the man so that he could love Him in return and his spouse as well. Love is a way to be grateful and to mean the life He has given. That is why everybody needs to love and be loved. To get the love, someone can do anything even the destructive ones. When the love cannot be attained, destroying or killing can even be done. The

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  2 on how something destructive can be done because of love, which can be seen through one of the main characters in the novel analysed.

  The novel analysed is Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The

  

Winner Stands Alone is a novel about four main characters. First, Igor Malev is a

  Russian millionaire who thinks he can kill if he has a good reason, such as releasing someone from suffering or getting his wife back. Second, Hamid Hussein is a Middle Eastern haute couturier who starts the business with good intentions, but then turns out to be too ambitious. Thirdly, Gabriela is a woman who obsesses about being an actress and believes it as the highest achievement in life. Lastly, Jasmine Tiger is a black young girl leading to a successful modeling career, which is done for the sake of having a better life and being with her love of life. All of them are interconnected in Cannes Film Festival, the annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres from around the world. The story in this novel only lasts for twenty four hours.

  This novel was written in 2008. The author of The Winner Stands Alone is Paulo Coelho who has already made great novels about self-search and true love.

  Paulo Coelho is a Brazilian and with sales of more than 100 million copies world- wide, his books have been translated into 68 languages and published in 150 countries. The Winner Stands Alone has been translated from Portuguese into English by Margaret Jull Costa.

  This novel was chosen because of a critical acclaim and interesting synopsis on its cover. The fact that the author has already made influential and

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  3 choose one of his works as the study. The way the author writes certain themes in his novels, such as self-search and true love, has already inspired many people to deeply mean their life. They admitted that his novels have opened their mind and given a life-enhancing effect.

  This novel is also worth studying since it presents a portrait of a world filled with glamour and excess, and the possibly serious consequences of obsession with fame. It gives an image of the world where the commitment to luxury and success at all costs often prevents human from listening to what the heart actually desires.

  1.2 Objectives of the Study

  The objective of this study is to reveal how Igor, one of the main characters of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, ends up becoming a murderer.

  1.3 Problem Formulation

  Based on the objectives of the study, there are two questions to discuss:

  1. How is Igor portrayed in the novel?

  2. How does Igor end up becoming a murderer?

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  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  This study is expected to give some benefits. Firstly, the study will benefit the readers of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. It will help them in studying the literary work itself, particularly in analyzing the central character.

  Secondly, the researcher is also benefited from the study. The researcher will deeply understand a piece of literary work, especially Paulo Coelho’s The

  

Winner Stands Alone. The researcher will get some knowledge about character,

characterization, motivation, and especially the power of love.

  Thirdly, especially for English Language Education Study Program students, this study provides lots of additional information in understanding the novel as one reference to improve reading skill, both in terms of vocabulary and reading comprehension. Lastly, it is hoped that this study will help future researchers who are about to conduct a literary study of the novel, Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone.

  1.5 Definition of Terms There are several terminologies to help the readers understand the study.

  The definitions of them are taken from both printed and online materials.

  1. Love According to Rich Deem (2011), love is defined into two different words by the Greek language, which is the language of the New Testament. The most commonly used Greek word translated "love" in the New Testament is "agape."

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  5 contrast, humans’ love is usually conditional and based upon how other people behave toward them. This kind of love is based upon familiarity and direct interaction. This kind of love is named “phileo” in Greek word or often translated as "brotherly love." Phileo is connected through the emotions. This is in contrast to agape, which is extended through the spirit.

  A different conception of the meaning of love is provided by Sternberg (1986) through triangular model of love (as cited in Baron and Byrne, 2006, pp.

  318-319). He suggested that love relationship is made up of three basic components; intimacy, passion, and decision or commitment. Intimacy is defined as “the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together” (p. 318). Meanwhile, passion is based on romance, physical attraction, and sexuality. The last is decision or commitment, which represents the decision to love and be associated with the other person, along with a commitment to maintain the relationship on a permanent basis.

  There are seven types of relationships offered from the triangular model of love (Franken, 2002, p. 97). They are infatuated love, liking, sterile love, romantic love, fatuous love, companionate love, and consummate love. The explanations of each are as follows: a. Infatuated love (passion alone) usually happens unexpectedly, simply as the result of a look, a touch, or words.

  b. Liking (intimacy alone) occurs when a couple feel close and connected but without the need for passion or commitment.

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  c. Sterile love (commitment alone) often happens at the end of a long-term relationship, when a couple are no longer physically attracted and have lost their emotional involvement with each other.

  d. Romantic love (passion + intimacy) occurs when a couple experience more than just physical attraction. They enjoy the emotion that comes with being together though they have no sense that their relationship will last.

  e. Fatuous love (passion + commitment) happens when a couple intend to commit themselves to their relationship without taking time to develop intimacy.

  However, true commitment never develops because there is no intimacy.

  f. Companionate love (intimacy + commitment) might be best described as a long-term committed friendship.

  g. Consummate love is the combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment. It is hard to attain and harder to keep.

  In this study, love experienced by Igor and his wife, Ewa, is consummate love. After being left by Ewa, Igor experiences strong desire to get her back in order to save his marriage. This love can be described as sterile love because it is based on his commitment to his marriage.

  2. Winner Taken from Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the Third Edition, winner means someone who wins a game, competition, or election (“Winner”).

  The Coaching Center (n.d.) defines “winner” into four characteristics:

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  a. A winner knows what it means to be a winner The most common definition of winner is the person or team with the best score. However, winning involves more than just beating the opponent. A better definition of winner is someone who gives 100 percent of his effort in preparation for and during competition. It is inferred that someone can be considered less than a winner if he beats his opponent but fails to give 100 percent of what he has got.

  b. A winner must set high goals People who set goals may not always reach them, but they will almost always achieve more than those who set no goals at all.

  c. A winner is disciplined Setting high goals is a waste of time if there is no hard work to achieve them.

  d. A winner has strong motivation If someone is not highly motivated, he is not going to be willing to make the sacrifices necessary to reach his full potential. There are different sources of motivation and what motivates someone mostly depends on that person and the situation.

  In this study, Igor is described as the winner since he has strong motivation to win his wife’s heart back. Thus, he sets high goal in order to do it by carrying out a mission. He is so disciplined in carrying out his mission as he knows what it means to be a winner.

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  3. Alone Taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the Seventh Edition, alone (“Alone”) is: a. without any other people.

  b. without the help of other people or things.

  c. lonely and unhappy or without any friends. On The New York Times, Safire (1998) cited the word “alone” which is an odd combination of “all” and “one.” The original meaning is “wholly one” or “unaccompanied” or “absolutely by oneself” as in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar when Brutus says, “Good countrymen, let me depart alone.” In this study, the word “alone” describes the winner who knows that he has to stand alone. Igor is described as the winner since he carries out the mission to get his wife on his own.

  4. Murderer Murderer, according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the

  

Third Edition, is someone who illegally and intentionally kills another person

  (“Murderer”). According to Legal Information Institute (2010), the definition of word “murder” occurs when a human unlawfully kills another human being.

  Based on common law (law that is derived from judicial decisions), murder is defined as killing another human being with malice aforethought. Malice aforethought is a legal term of art, which includes the following types of murder:

  a. Intent-to-kill murder

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  b. Grievous-bodily-harm murder It is a way of killing someone in an attack intended to cause him grievous bodily harm (giving serious physical injury).

  c. Felony-murder It is a way of killing someone while in the process of committing a felony (e.g. accidentally killing someone during a robbery).

  d. Depraved heart murder It is a way of killing someone in a way that demonstrates a cruel disregard for the value of human life (e.g. intentionally firing a gun into a crowded room and someone dies). In this study, Igor carries out a mission by destroying someone’s world, which means killing or murdering him. He plans everything carefully and he observes his victims before murdering them. It means Igor commits intent-to-kill murder since he kills them intentionally.

  5. Character and characterization Characters, according to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999), are: the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and from what they do- the action. (pp. 32-33)

  Meanwhile, characterization is the process by which an author creates a character (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971, p. 20). Through characterization, the readers can

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  10 manner, etc). In this study, the researcher focuses on Igor’s character and intends to find out his characteristics.

  6. Motivation According to Petri (1981), motivation refers to “the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior” (p. 3). It is supported by Baron (1995) who defines motivation as “internal processes that serve to activate, guide, and maintain our behavior” (p.

  374). In other words, motivation can be defined as an internal drive that activates behavior and gives it direction. In this study, the researcher intends to find out Igor’s motivation in becoming a murderer.

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  11 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

  This chapter consists of four parts namely Review of Related Theories, Theoretical Framework, Criticism, and Context of the Novel. The first part, Review of Related Theories, reviews the theories employed in the study. The second part is Theoretical Framework, which explains the contribution of the theories in solving the problems of the study. The third part is Criticism, which presents some criticisms on the literary work analyzed. The last part is Context of the Novel, Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

  This study presents some theories that can be used as a means to answer the problems of the study. These theories are theory of critical approaches, theory of character, theory of characterization, psychoanalytic theory, and theory of motivation.

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

  When the reader reads a piece of literary work, he may appreciate it by judging. To give the judgment, the reader needs some appropriate approaches.

  Those approaches are known as critical approaches to literature. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), a critical approach to literature needs an

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  12 someone intends to criticize a literary work, he must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it. They suggested five critical approaches to literature. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural- historical approach, psychological approach, and mythopoeic approach (pp. 6-15).

  Formalist approach emphasizes the total integrity of the literary piece (pp. 6-7). Biographical approach emphasizes the need for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to understand the literary object (p. 8). Sociocultural- historical approach emphasizes that it is necessary to analyze the social milieu in which a work is created. There are two affirmations stated; first, literature is not created separately from other people and activities, second, literature represents ideas which are significant to the culture that produced it (p. 9). Mythopoeic approach involves the effort to discover and show certain recurring patterns of human thought, which are expressed in significant works of art. These patterns are first expressed in ancient myths and folk rites, which have meaning for all beings (p. 11).

  Like the mythopoeic approach, psychological approach also involves the effort to discover and show certain recurring patterns of human thought (p. 13). In accordance with Rohrberger and Woods (1971), Kennedy and Gioia (1999) stated that “psychological criticism” can be used to analyze the fictional characters. It tries to bring modern insights about human behavior into the study of how fictional people act (p. 1947). According to Ryan (2012), “the life of the mind is a mixture of cognition and emotion, conscious awareness and unconscious process,

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  13 “conscious” and “consciousness” as one’s awareness of himself and of the world or one’s “thought process.” Meanwhile, “unconscious” refers to two things; first, the mental processes below conscious awareness and second, the part of the mind that is unavailable to consciousness (p. 45). In this study, psychological approach is applied as it deals with human's psychological points of view. It means this approach leads to analyze the characters from their complexity of thought and behavior (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971, p. 13).

2.1.2 Theory of Character

  Literary works cannot be separated from the characters as the story is built toward them. According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999), characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and from what they do- the action (pp. 32-33). Character can be categorized into several types. Henkle (1977) classified character into major and secondary character (p. 88). He offered three factors that enable the author to communicate the human qualities and human themes of the novel. Those factors are “the complexity of the characterization, the attention given certain figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit” (p. 87). Major character or “protagonist” is portrayed and given his prominence through these means.

  Readers pay attention to complex characters since they expect changes in

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  14 importance of a character. The attention may come from the other characters in the novel (p. 90). The third factor is the intensity that a character seems to transmit. Henkle emphasized that intensity as a character trait catches readers’ attention so effectively that it can replace those other two elements in the creation of major characters (p. 91).

  On the other hand, secondary character performs more limited functions. Those functions are to populate the world of the novel, as a point of reference from which to see the major character’s greater intensity, as comparisons to the major characters, as analogues to the main characters, as composite characters, and as symbolic or projections of the mood or condition of mind that permeates the book (pp. 94-100). The explanations of each function are as follows:

  1. The most obvious function of secondary characters is to populate the world of the novel. They establish human contexts in fiction and represent the general quality of life (pp. 94-95).

  2. They also function as points of reference to see the major characters’ greater intensity. They provide good counterpoint to major characters that are intense or bizarre, for example a minor character’s conservative life-style is in contrast to the major character’s liberal attitude (p. 95).

  3. Secondary characters can act as comparisons to the major characters. They interact with the major characters to bring to the surface a crucial issue of the novel’s experience (p. 96). They confront the major characters with those major characters’ own potential weaknesses or strengths, and encourage them

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  4. They can function as analogues to the major characters. They function as analogues when they experience the same emotional states or situations as the major characters (p. 97).

  5. Another function is as composite characters. It means the minor characters function to construct a composite picture of the human condition that is at issue in the novel (p. 99).

  6. The last function of secondary characters is as symbolic or projections of the mood or condition of mind that permeates the book. It happens when the completeness and complexity of characters takes on less importance. Henkle explained that “in many instances, the secondary characters are not intended to be lifelike at all” (p. 100).

  In Literature for Composition, Barnet, Burto, and Cain (2005) differentiated flat characters from round characters (p. 228). A flat character is simple and usually has only one characteristic (e.g. caring, cheerful, arrogant, bad- tempered, etc). Meanwhile, a round character represents several or even many characteristics that unite to form a complex personality. Forster (2000) suggested two advantages of flat characters. The first is flat characters are easily recognized whenever they come in, they are recognized by the readers’ emotional eyes not by visual eyes. He stated that flat characters are very useful to the author since they never need reintroducing, never run away, have not to be watched for development, and provide their own atmosphere (p. 74). Another advantage is they are easily remembered by the reader afterwards. They are not changed by

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  16 are funny or comic. A serious or tragic flat character is likely to be a bore. He further suggested that “only round people who are fit to perform tragically for any length of time and can move us to any feelings except humour and appropriateness” (p. 77).

  Furthermore, a character can be categorized into static or dynamic. As stated by Holman and Harmon (2009), a static character is one who changes little.

  It means the things happen to the character do not give certain changes in response to those things. On the other hand, a dynamic character is one who is modified by actions and experiences. The character changes as a reaction to the actions happened to him (p. 96).

2.1.3 Theory of Characterization

  In narrative or dramatic works, characterization refers to the presentation of persons by means of characters’ actions, speeches, or physical appearances.

  According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), characterization is the process by which an author creates a character (p. 20). Klarer (1999) suggested two different methods of presenting a character, they are explanatory characterization or telling and dramatic characterization or showing. The explanatory characterization describes a person through a narrator, who functions as a judgmental mediator between the action and the reader (p. 19). On the other hand, dramatic characterization “creates the impression on the reader that he or she is able to perceive the acting figures without any intervening agency, as if witnessing a

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  17 dramatic performance” (pp.19-20). The image of a person is shown only through his actions and utterances without further commentary from the author.

  Murphy in Understanding Unseens (1972) mentioned nine methods to understand personality in characters. They are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms (pp. 161-173). Each of them is explained as follows:

  1. The first is personal description, in which the author describes a person's physical appearance and clothes to build the character (p. 161).

  2. The second is presenting the character as seen by another. The author describes the character through the eyes and opinions of another character instead of describing it directly (p. 162).

  3. The third is speech, in which the author describes the character through what he says (p. 164).

  4. The fourth is past life. The author can give the readers a clue to the character’s past life events to describe his character (p. 166).

  5. The fifth is conversation of others, in which the author gives clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and things they say about him (p. 167).

  6. The sixth is reactions. The readers can get a description of a person’s character through his reactions toward situations and events (p. 168).