Pembangunan Kota Pantai purus Berkelanjutan

Pembangunan Kota
Pantai Berwawasan
Lingkungan

S. Trisutomo
Jurusan Arsitektur / Program Pascasarjana
Universitas Hasanuddin
trisutomo@unhas.ac.id
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Sub Topics
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Why development at coastal area

Understanding the coastal city
environment
Development opportunity at
coastal area
Environmental degradation
Natural hazards
Conclusions
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Coastal City Environment
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Component ABC: abiotic, biotic, and culture
Natural and built environment
Natural and man-made environment

Non “otoda”

C
A

B
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Coastal City
Aquabiotic
Environment
Microba

social
Air

Buildings

Water

Vegetation

Land

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Development Opportunities at
Coastal Cities

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Development
Opportunities: Must be
Compatible with water

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Housing
Resort & hotel
Natural conservation
Transportation infrastructure
Public space
Cultural events
Education, museum
Sport, marina
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Housing

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Natural Park di
Xolchiminci,
Mexico City

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Museum, Osaka Japan

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Sydney Opera House

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Promenade Center,
Singapore

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Riverfront
Conservation,
Parramatta Sydney

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Bora Bora Resort,
Tahiti

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Marina, San Diego

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Public Space, Kuching
Sarawak

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Cultural Event,
Makassar & Kuching

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Port of Makassar

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Environmental
degradation

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Development Impacts on
Coastal Area
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Coastal, particularly waterfront: attractive area
Growth point: attracts people & their activities

Creates urbanization, increases population size
Change the natural resources to become built environment
Increases the building density, lessens the open space
Influences the hydrological cycle, creates land sinking, salt
water intrusion
Lacking of public space
Filling the wetland, create serious flood
Blocking the public access to coastal area
Worsening the wonderful vista,
Loosing the historical value
Missing the green landscape
Water body as illegal dumping area
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Lacking of
public space

Waste disposal

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Land sinking in Bartow
(Fa),
150 x 40 x 20 m
(Cunningham & Saigo:
1990: 326)

Winterpark, Florida: 122 m,
38 m depth (Raven dkk.,
1992:277)
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Salt water intrusion (Klein,
1999: 134)
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Natural Hazards in Coastal
Area
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Tidal water, Tsunami
Abrasion

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Tidal hazards
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Caused by water temperature,
current, position of the moon
“Rob” at Semarang, raised up to
10 m
Global warming. Hipotetically:
Makassar water level will raise up
to 4 m
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Abrasion
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Destroys and changes the coastline
Caused by strong current
Needs structure to protect the coastline:
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Groin
Seawall
Gunnite
Bulkhead
Riprap and revetment / breakwaters

Worsening the aesthetical value
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Abrasi menghancurkan tepian air
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Structures to protect
the coastline

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Structures to Protect the Coastlines

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Breakwater traps sediment

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Tsunami
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Tsu = port, nami = wave
Destroys the coastal area, kills people,
brings sediments
Tsunami in Aceh 26 Dec. 2004 caused
by tectonic earthquake 8,9 Richter
scale
Flores

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Potential Tsunami in Indonesia
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Aceh: 1837, 1907, 1948, 2004
Sumatra Utara: 1852, 1907,
1935, 2004
Sumatra Barat: 1797, 1833,
1861
Bengkulu, 1833, 1861
Lampung/Banten: 1861, 1883
Jateng bg selatan: 1840, 1904,
1957
Jatim bg selatan: 1818, 1859,
1921
Bali: 1848, 1930
Nusatenggara Barat: 1815,
1836, 1977
Nusa Tenggara timur: 1814,
1820, 1975, 1962, 1992

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Sulawesi Utara: 1845, 1857,
1858, 1859, 1871, 1917
Sulawesi tengah: 1928, 1968,
1996, 2000
Sulawesi selatan: 1820, 1967,
1969
Maluku Utara: 1673, 1717,
1846, 1854, 1860, 1900
Maluku Selatan: 1629, 1657,
1673, 1708, 1775, 1802,
1841, 1861, 1876, 1965,
1998
Biak Yaropen: 1979, 1996
Fak-fak: 1937
Balikpapan: 1957

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Lokasi Rawan Tsunami

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Mitigation on Tsunami
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Structural Measures:
– structure  expensive
– vegetasi (Latief, 2000, Harada, dkk, 2000, dll)

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Nonstructural Measures
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Research on tsunami, mapping
GIS
Monitoring Early warning system
Spatial planning:
building code improvement
Community education, awareness building
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Mangrove minimizes
tsunami

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Structural Measures

Greenbelt, Japan
Seawall di Jepang

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Breakwater: expensive, worsening the landscape

Vegetation: cheap, effective, environmental friendly
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A Conclusion: What you can do

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Conclusions
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Sustainable development: for the next
generation
Development vs environment
Coastal city, waterfront, attractive area
Attracts and invites activities
Unlimited opportunities for any kind of
development sectors (including tourism)
But it’s a fragile environment
Be careful
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What you can do
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Sustainable development
Care for the natural environment, understanding the
nature of resources
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Less energy, more result
Environmental friendly, no pollution
Apply local knowledge
For next generation
Think globally, act locally; macro and micro

Integrated Coastal Management (vertically and
horizontally)
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All stakeholders, all parties
All components of the system
Spatial planning, decentralization
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Sustainable City
Indicators

(Haryadi & Setiawan, 2002 in Manusia &
Lingkungan, PSL UGM)

Economy Aspects
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Job Opportunity
Household income
Poverty
Ability to have house
Health expenditure
Provision for labor force
Provision for labor training
Industry for export
Diversity of industry
Diversity of labor force
Entrepreneurship
Innovative technology >>> environmental friendly
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Social Indicators
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Population and resources
Crime
Public service
Using library
Participation in art activities
Equity in law
Weight of baby birth
Involvement in general election
Ability in reading and writing
Individual physical healthiness
Individual mental healthiness
Coverage of insurance
Community participation
Number of NGO/NPO
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Environmental Urban Indicators
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Air pollution
Natural conservation
Energy efficient
Global warming
Industrial standard based on environment friendly
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Solid waste disposal
Green area
Management of resources
Promotion of environmental friendly agriculture
technology
Biodiversity
Land conservation
Pedestrian availability
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