10. Pickup JC (2004). Inflammationand activated innate immunity in the - Pengaruh Ekstrak Puguntano (Curanga Fel-Terrae Merr.) Terhadap Kadar Hs-Crp Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2
38
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. PERKENI (2015). Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Mellitus
tipe 2 di Indonesia. Jakarta. PB PERKENI.
2. Yang W, Lu J,Weng J, et all.2010a.Prevalence of diabetes among men and
women in China. N Engl J Med 362:1090–1101.
3. Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest 16:1793–1801.
4. Donath MY, Boni-SchnetzlerM, Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA. 2009. Islet
inflammation impairs the pancreatic b-cell in type 2 diabetes. Physiology
24:325–331.
5. Goldfine AB, Fonseca V, Shoelson SE. 2011. Therapeutic approaches to
target inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem 57:162–167.
6. Donath MY, Ellingsgaard H, Schumann DM, Perren A, Faulenbach M, Ehses
JA. 2008. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From metabolic stress to
therapy. Diabetes Care 31:S161–S164.
7. Hotamisligil GS, Erbay E. 2008.Nutrient sensing and inflammation in
metabolic diseases. Nature Rev Immunol 8:923–934.
8. Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H,Boni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. 2009a. Pancreatic
islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From a and b cell compensation to
dysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:240–247.
9. Handojo I: Imunoasai Terapan pada Beberapa Penyakit Infeksi. Airlangga
University Press:Cetakan I. Surabaya, 2004, Hal. 272-285
10. Pickup JC (2004). Inflammationand activated innate immunity in the
pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 813-823
11. Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L & Myyssonen K et al., (2004). C-reactive protein
and the development of metabolic Syndrome and diabetes in middle aged
men. Diabetologia 47 1403; 1410.
12. Depkes RI.(2006).Kotranas.Jakarta:Departemen Kesehatan RI.Hal:1-8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
39
13. Juwita NA. Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Uji Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak
Etanol Daun Puguntanoh (Curanga fel-terrae Merr.) terhadap Mencit Jantan.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU. 2009.
14. Finni harfina, Saiful Bahri, Awaluddin Saragih.(2012) Pengaruh Serbuk
Daun Puguntano ( Curanga fel terrae Merr.) Pada Pasien Diabetes
Melitus.Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology,2012 Vol.1 (2): 112-118
15. Poitout V, Robertson RP. 2002. Minireview: Secondary beta-cell failure in
type2diabetes-Aconvergence
of
glucotoxicity
and
lipotoxicity.
Endocrinology 143:339–342.
16. Van Raalte DH, Diamant M. 2011. Glucolipotoxicity and beta cells in type 2
diabetes mellitus: Target for durable therapy? Diab Res Clin Pract 93:S37–
S46
17. Cnop M, Igoillo-Esteve M, Cunha DA, Ladriere L, Eizirik DL. 2008. An
update on lipotoxic endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic beta-cells.
Biochem Soc Trans 36:909–915.Dedon PC, Tannenbaum SR.
18. Eizirik DL, Cardozo AK, Cnop M. 2008. The role for endoplasmic reticulum
stress in diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 29:42–61.
19. Poitout V, Robertson RP. 2008. Glucolipotoxicity: Fuel excess and beta-cell
dysfunction. Endocr Rev 29:351–366.
20. Akash MSH, Rehman K, Rasool F, Sethi A, Abrar MA, Irshad A, Abid
A,Murtaza G. 2011. Alternate therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
with Nigella (Ranunculaceae). J Med Plants Res 5:6885–6889.
21. Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow
M,Boeing H, Pfeiffe r AF. 2003. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to
develop type 2 diabetes: Results of the prospective population-based
European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-potsdam
study.Diabetes 52:812–817.
22. Herder C, Brunner EJ, Rathmann W, Strassburger K, Tabak AG, Schloot
DR.2009. Elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor
antagonist precede the onset of type 2 diabetes: The Whitehall II study.
Diabetes Care 32:421–423.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
40
23. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. 2001. C-reactive
protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA
286:327–334.
24. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D (1997) NIDDM as a disease
of the innate immune system: association of acute phase reactants and
interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X.Diabetologia 40:1286–1292
25. Fernández-Real JM, Ricart W (1999) Insulin resistance and inflammation in
anevolutionary perspective. The contribution of cytokine genotype/phenotype
to thriftiness. Diabetologia 42:1367–1374
26. Pickup JC (2004). Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the
pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 813-823.
27. Fernández-Real JM, Pickup JC (2012) Innate immunity, insulin resistance
and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia:55:273–278
28. Burke B, Giannoudis A, Corke KP, Gill D, Wells M, Ziegler-Heitbrock L,
Lewis
CE.
2003.
Hypoxia-induced
gene
expression
in
human
macrophages:Implications for ischemic tissues and hypoxia-regulated gene
therapy. Am J Pathol 163:1233–1243
29. Tu BP, Weissman JS. 2004. Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes:
Mechanisms and consequences. J Cell Biol. 164:341–346.
30. Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest 116:1793–1801
31. Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, WynshawBoris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M. 2005. IKK-b links inflammation to
obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191–198.
32. Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS. 2006. TLR4 links
innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest
116:3015–3025
33. Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H, Boni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. 2009a.
Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From a and b cell
compensation to dysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:240–247.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
41
34. Donath MY, Boni-Schnetzler M, Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA. 2009. Islet
inflammation impairs the pancreatic b-cell in type 2 diabetes. Physiology
24:325–331.
35. Bo¨ni-Schnetzler M, Thorne J, Parnaud G, Marselli L, Ehses JA, Kerr-Conte
J,Pattou F, Halban PA, Weir GC, Donath MY. 2008. Increased interleukin
(IL)-1betamessenger ribonucleic acid expression in beta-cells of individuals
with type 2 diabetes and regulation of IL-1beta in human islets by glucose
and autostimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:4065–4074.
36. Akash MSH, Shen Q, Rehman K, Chen S. 2012a. Interleukin-1 receptor
antagonist: A new therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Sci
101:1647–1658.
37. Yang J, Chi Y, Burkhardt BR, Guan Y, Wolf BA. 2010b. Leucine
metabolism in regulation of insulin secretion frompancreatic beta cells. Nutr
Rev 68:270–279.
38. Tilg H, Moschen AR. 2008. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of
insulin resistance. Mol Med 14:222–231.
39. Rosenvinge A, Krogh-Madsen R, Baslund B, Pedersen BK. 2007. Insulin
resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Effect of anti-TNFa
therapy.Scand J Rheumatol 36:91–96.
40. Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ehses JA, Mathe Z, Bosco D, Berney T, Dayer
JM,Reinecke M, Halban PA, Donath MY. 2004. Leptin modulates b cell
expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and release of IL-1beta in human
islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8138–8143.
41. Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. 2004. Five stages of evolving b-cell dysfunction
during progression to diabetes. Diabetes 53:S16–S21.
42. Dinarello
CA.2011.Blocking
interleukin-1b
in
acute
and
chronic
autoinflammaotry diseases. J Intern Med 269:16–28.
43. Maedler K, Oberholzer J, Bucher P, Spinas GA, Donath MY. 2003.
Monounsaturated fatty acids prevent the deleterious effects of palmitate and
high glucose on human pancreatic beta-cell turnover and function. Diabetes
52:726–733.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
42
44. Roehrich ME, Mooser V, Lenain V, Herz J, Nimpf J, Azhar S, Bideau
M,Capponi A, Nicod P, Haefliger JA, Waeber G. 2003. Insulin-secreting
bcell dysfunction induced by human lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 278:18368–
18375.
45.
Bratawidjaja KG: Imunologi Dasar. Gaya Baru: Edisi ke-7. Jakarta, 2006.
Hal. 13-15, 391-408.
46. Handojo I: Imunoasai Terapan pada Beberapa Penyakit Infeksi. Airlangga
University Press:Cetakan I. Surabaya, 2004, Hal. 272-285
47. Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM: C-Reactive Protein:a Critical Update. The
Journal of Clinical Investigation: Vol.111, 2003,p. 1805-1811
48. Khera A. Biomarkers in Heart Diseases. In: Lemos JA (Ed): Biomarkers in
Heart Disease.BlackWell Publishing: 1st Edition. Massachussetts,2008,p.
161-180
49. Blake GJ, Ridker PM. C-Reactive Protein for primary risk assessment. In:
Wu AHB (Ed.): Cardiac Markers. Humana Press: 2nd ed. New Jersey, 2003,
P. 279-318
50. Ivan Roit :Protein-protein fase akut dalam Essential Imunologi. Edisi 8.
Penerbit Widya Medika: Jakarta, 2003, Hal. 16-22
51. Tietz: Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 4th edition. Saunders:
Missouri,2006,P.543-546.
52. J.B.Henry. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods.
20th Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2001, P. 259-262.
53. Harahap U, Patilaya P, Mariane, dkk. Profil fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun
puguntano [curanga fel-terrae (merr.) lour.] yang berpotensi sebagai
antiasma. Seminar Nasional Sains & Teknologi V Lembaga Penelitian
Universitas Lampung. 2013.
54. Fernandez SP, Wasowski C, Loscalzo LM, Granger RE, Johnston GA,
Paladini AC, et al. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid
glycosides. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006; 539(3): 168–176.
55. Patra JC dan Chua BH. Artificial neutral network based drug design for
diabetes mellitus using flavonoids. J Comput Chem. 2010; 32(4): 555–567.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
43
56. Mohan S dan Nandhakumar L. Role of various flavonoids: Hypotheses on
novel approach to treat diabetes. Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas.
2013; 8: 1–6.
57. Kumari M dan Jain S. Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to
Manage Diabetes. Res J Recent Sci. 2012;1(12): 70-73.
58. Panal Sitorus , Urip Harahap , M Pandapotan dkk.2014. Isolation of βsitosterol from n-Hexane Extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour. Leave and Study
of Its Antidiabetic Effect in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice.International
Journal of PharmTech Research;6 No.1 : 137-141.
59. Depkes RI. (2000). Inventaris Tanaman Obat Indonesia (I). Cetakan Pertama.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 21-22.
60. SP3T. Uji antidiabetes dari daun pugun tano (Curanga fel-terrae Merr) yang
digunakan masyarakat dairi secara preklinis. Sentra Pengembangan dan
Penerapan Pengobatan Tradisional (SP3T). Medan. 2011.
61. Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa S, Kitazawa
S,Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M. 2006. MCP-1 contributes
tomacrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic
steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest 116:1494–1505.
62. Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H, Boni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. 2009a.
Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From a and b cell
compensation todysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:240–247.
63. Madiyono B. Perkiraan Besar Sampel dalam Dasar-dasar Metodologi
Penelitian Klinis. Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Jakarta: Sagung Seto 2008; 16:
302-330.
64. Sajid Muhammad HA,et all (2013).Role of inflammatory Mechanisms in
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
114:525-531
65. Alaa A.A et all (2012). Comparative Effects of Glibenclamide and
Metformin on C-Reactive Protein and Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Patients
with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.SQU Medical Journal,Vol.12, Iss,pp 55-61.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44
66. De Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Wulffelé MG, Teerlink T, et al.
Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial
function and inflammatory activity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A
randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2005;257(1):100-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. PERKENI (2015). Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Mellitus
tipe 2 di Indonesia. Jakarta. PB PERKENI.
2. Yang W, Lu J,Weng J, et all.2010a.Prevalence of diabetes among men and
women in China. N Engl J Med 362:1090–1101.
3. Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest 16:1793–1801.
4. Donath MY, Boni-SchnetzlerM, Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA. 2009. Islet
inflammation impairs the pancreatic b-cell in type 2 diabetes. Physiology
24:325–331.
5. Goldfine AB, Fonseca V, Shoelson SE. 2011. Therapeutic approaches to
target inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem 57:162–167.
6. Donath MY, Ellingsgaard H, Schumann DM, Perren A, Faulenbach M, Ehses
JA. 2008. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From metabolic stress to
therapy. Diabetes Care 31:S161–S164.
7. Hotamisligil GS, Erbay E. 2008.Nutrient sensing and inflammation in
metabolic diseases. Nature Rev Immunol 8:923–934.
8. Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H,Boni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. 2009a. Pancreatic
islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From a and b cell compensation to
dysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:240–247.
9. Handojo I: Imunoasai Terapan pada Beberapa Penyakit Infeksi. Airlangga
University Press:Cetakan I. Surabaya, 2004, Hal. 272-285
10. Pickup JC (2004). Inflammationand activated innate immunity in the
pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 813-823
11. Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L & Myyssonen K et al., (2004). C-reactive protein
and the development of metabolic Syndrome and diabetes in middle aged
men. Diabetologia 47 1403; 1410.
12. Depkes RI.(2006).Kotranas.Jakarta:Departemen Kesehatan RI.Hal:1-8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
39
13. Juwita NA. Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Uji Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak
Etanol Daun Puguntanoh (Curanga fel-terrae Merr.) terhadap Mencit Jantan.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU. 2009.
14. Finni harfina, Saiful Bahri, Awaluddin Saragih.(2012) Pengaruh Serbuk
Daun Puguntano ( Curanga fel terrae Merr.) Pada Pasien Diabetes
Melitus.Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology,2012 Vol.1 (2): 112-118
15. Poitout V, Robertson RP. 2002. Minireview: Secondary beta-cell failure in
type2diabetes-Aconvergence
of
glucotoxicity
and
lipotoxicity.
Endocrinology 143:339–342.
16. Van Raalte DH, Diamant M. 2011. Glucolipotoxicity and beta cells in type 2
diabetes mellitus: Target for durable therapy? Diab Res Clin Pract 93:S37–
S46
17. Cnop M, Igoillo-Esteve M, Cunha DA, Ladriere L, Eizirik DL. 2008. An
update on lipotoxic endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic beta-cells.
Biochem Soc Trans 36:909–915.Dedon PC, Tannenbaum SR.
18. Eizirik DL, Cardozo AK, Cnop M. 2008. The role for endoplasmic reticulum
stress in diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 29:42–61.
19. Poitout V, Robertson RP. 2008. Glucolipotoxicity: Fuel excess and beta-cell
dysfunction. Endocr Rev 29:351–366.
20. Akash MSH, Rehman K, Rasool F, Sethi A, Abrar MA, Irshad A, Abid
A,Murtaza G. 2011. Alternate therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
with Nigella (Ranunculaceae). J Med Plants Res 5:6885–6889.
21. Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow
M,Boeing H, Pfeiffe r AF. 2003. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to
develop type 2 diabetes: Results of the prospective population-based
European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-potsdam
study.Diabetes 52:812–817.
22. Herder C, Brunner EJ, Rathmann W, Strassburger K, Tabak AG, Schloot
DR.2009. Elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor
antagonist precede the onset of type 2 diabetes: The Whitehall II study.
Diabetes Care 32:421–423.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
40
23. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. 2001. C-reactive
protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA
286:327–334.
24. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D (1997) NIDDM as a disease
of the innate immune system: association of acute phase reactants and
interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X.Diabetologia 40:1286–1292
25. Fernández-Real JM, Ricart W (1999) Insulin resistance and inflammation in
anevolutionary perspective. The contribution of cytokine genotype/phenotype
to thriftiness. Diabetologia 42:1367–1374
26. Pickup JC (2004). Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the
pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 813-823.
27. Fernández-Real JM, Pickup JC (2012) Innate immunity, insulin resistance
and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia:55:273–278
28. Burke B, Giannoudis A, Corke KP, Gill D, Wells M, Ziegler-Heitbrock L,
Lewis
CE.
2003.
Hypoxia-induced
gene
expression
in
human
macrophages:Implications for ischemic tissues and hypoxia-regulated gene
therapy. Am J Pathol 163:1233–1243
29. Tu BP, Weissman JS. 2004. Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes:
Mechanisms and consequences. J Cell Biol. 164:341–346.
30. Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest 116:1793–1801
31. Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, WynshawBoris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M. 2005. IKK-b links inflammation to
obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191–198.
32. Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS. 2006. TLR4 links
innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest
116:3015–3025
33. Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H, Boni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. 2009a.
Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From a and b cell
compensation to dysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:240–247.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
41
34. Donath MY, Boni-Schnetzler M, Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA. 2009. Islet
inflammation impairs the pancreatic b-cell in type 2 diabetes. Physiology
24:325–331.
35. Bo¨ni-Schnetzler M, Thorne J, Parnaud G, Marselli L, Ehses JA, Kerr-Conte
J,Pattou F, Halban PA, Weir GC, Donath MY. 2008. Increased interleukin
(IL)-1betamessenger ribonucleic acid expression in beta-cells of individuals
with type 2 diabetes and regulation of IL-1beta in human islets by glucose
and autostimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:4065–4074.
36. Akash MSH, Shen Q, Rehman K, Chen S. 2012a. Interleukin-1 receptor
antagonist: A new therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Sci
101:1647–1658.
37. Yang J, Chi Y, Burkhardt BR, Guan Y, Wolf BA. 2010b. Leucine
metabolism in regulation of insulin secretion frompancreatic beta cells. Nutr
Rev 68:270–279.
38. Tilg H, Moschen AR. 2008. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of
insulin resistance. Mol Med 14:222–231.
39. Rosenvinge A, Krogh-Madsen R, Baslund B, Pedersen BK. 2007. Insulin
resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Effect of anti-TNFa
therapy.Scand J Rheumatol 36:91–96.
40. Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ehses JA, Mathe Z, Bosco D, Berney T, Dayer
JM,Reinecke M, Halban PA, Donath MY. 2004. Leptin modulates b cell
expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and release of IL-1beta in human
islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8138–8143.
41. Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. 2004. Five stages of evolving b-cell dysfunction
during progression to diabetes. Diabetes 53:S16–S21.
42. Dinarello
CA.2011.Blocking
interleukin-1b
in
acute
and
chronic
autoinflammaotry diseases. J Intern Med 269:16–28.
43. Maedler K, Oberholzer J, Bucher P, Spinas GA, Donath MY. 2003.
Monounsaturated fatty acids prevent the deleterious effects of palmitate and
high glucose on human pancreatic beta-cell turnover and function. Diabetes
52:726–733.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
42
44. Roehrich ME, Mooser V, Lenain V, Herz J, Nimpf J, Azhar S, Bideau
M,Capponi A, Nicod P, Haefliger JA, Waeber G. 2003. Insulin-secreting
bcell dysfunction induced by human lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 278:18368–
18375.
45.
Bratawidjaja KG: Imunologi Dasar. Gaya Baru: Edisi ke-7. Jakarta, 2006.
Hal. 13-15, 391-408.
46. Handojo I: Imunoasai Terapan pada Beberapa Penyakit Infeksi. Airlangga
University Press:Cetakan I. Surabaya, 2004, Hal. 272-285
47. Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM: C-Reactive Protein:a Critical Update. The
Journal of Clinical Investigation: Vol.111, 2003,p. 1805-1811
48. Khera A. Biomarkers in Heart Diseases. In: Lemos JA (Ed): Biomarkers in
Heart Disease.BlackWell Publishing: 1st Edition. Massachussetts,2008,p.
161-180
49. Blake GJ, Ridker PM. C-Reactive Protein for primary risk assessment. In:
Wu AHB (Ed.): Cardiac Markers. Humana Press: 2nd ed. New Jersey, 2003,
P. 279-318
50. Ivan Roit :Protein-protein fase akut dalam Essential Imunologi. Edisi 8.
Penerbit Widya Medika: Jakarta, 2003, Hal. 16-22
51. Tietz: Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 4th edition. Saunders:
Missouri,2006,P.543-546.
52. J.B.Henry. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods.
20th Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2001, P. 259-262.
53. Harahap U, Patilaya P, Mariane, dkk. Profil fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun
puguntano [curanga fel-terrae (merr.) lour.] yang berpotensi sebagai
antiasma. Seminar Nasional Sains & Teknologi V Lembaga Penelitian
Universitas Lampung. 2013.
54. Fernandez SP, Wasowski C, Loscalzo LM, Granger RE, Johnston GA,
Paladini AC, et al. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid
glycosides. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006; 539(3): 168–176.
55. Patra JC dan Chua BH. Artificial neutral network based drug design for
diabetes mellitus using flavonoids. J Comput Chem. 2010; 32(4): 555–567.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
43
56. Mohan S dan Nandhakumar L. Role of various flavonoids: Hypotheses on
novel approach to treat diabetes. Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas.
2013; 8: 1–6.
57. Kumari M dan Jain S. Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to
Manage Diabetes. Res J Recent Sci. 2012;1(12): 70-73.
58. Panal Sitorus , Urip Harahap , M Pandapotan dkk.2014. Isolation of βsitosterol from n-Hexane Extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour. Leave and Study
of Its Antidiabetic Effect in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice.International
Journal of PharmTech Research;6 No.1 : 137-141.
59. Depkes RI. (2000). Inventaris Tanaman Obat Indonesia (I). Cetakan Pertama.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 21-22.
60. SP3T. Uji antidiabetes dari daun pugun tano (Curanga fel-terrae Merr) yang
digunakan masyarakat dairi secara preklinis. Sentra Pengembangan dan
Penerapan Pengobatan Tradisional (SP3T). Medan. 2011.
61. Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa S, Kitazawa
S,Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M. 2006. MCP-1 contributes
tomacrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic
steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest 116:1494–1505.
62. Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H, Boni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. 2009a.
Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: From a and b cell
compensation todysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:240–247.
63. Madiyono B. Perkiraan Besar Sampel dalam Dasar-dasar Metodologi
Penelitian Klinis. Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Jakarta: Sagung Seto 2008; 16:
302-330.
64. Sajid Muhammad HA,et all (2013).Role of inflammatory Mechanisms in
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
114:525-531
65. Alaa A.A et all (2012). Comparative Effects of Glibenclamide and
Metformin on C-Reactive Protein and Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Patients
with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.SQU Medical Journal,Vol.12, Iss,pp 55-61.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44
66. De Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Wulffelé MG, Teerlink T, et al.
Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial
function and inflammatory activity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A
randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2005;257(1):100-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara