Inventory Gas Rumah Kaca GRK Sektor Peternakan
Perhitungan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca
Kegiatan Peternakan dan Contoh
Perhitungan
Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc.
Fakultas Peternakan IPB
Email: [email protected]
Telp. 081380263993
Peningkatan Kapasitas - Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan
Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Penggunaan Lainnya
Bogor, 22-24 April 2013
Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian
Source: IPCC (2006)
Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian
Rice Cultivation (CH4)
Cropland Burning (CO2, CH4 , N2O, N2O)
Liming (CO2)
Urea Fertilizer (CO2)
N2O Emission from Managed Soil (N2O)
Direct N2O Soil
Indirect N2O Soil
Livestock
Enteric Fermentation (CH4 )
Manure Management (CH4 and N2O)
Jenis Ternak
Ruminansia: sapi (sapi perah, sapi potong),
kerbau, domba dan kambing
Non Ruminansia (Pseudoruminant): kuda
Unggas: ayam (broiler, petelur, ayam
buras), itik, puyuh dll
Monogastrik lainnya: babi
Populasi Ternak Nasional
Populasi Ternak di Indonesia (2000-2011)
20,000
18,000
Popilasi (x 1000 ekor)
16,000
14,000
Sapi Potong
12,000
Sapi Perah
10,000
Kerbau
Kuda
8,000
Kambing
6,000
Domba
4,000
Babi
2,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tahun
Populasi Ternak Nasional
Jenis
Ternak
Sapi
Potong
Sapi Perah
Kerbau
Kuda
Kambing
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
11,008 11,137 11,298 10,504 10,533 10,569 10,875 11,515 12,257 12,760 13,582 14,824
354
347
358
374
364
361
369
374
458
475
488
597
2,405
2,333
2,403
2,459
2,403
2,128
2,167
2,086
1,931
1,933
2,000
1,305
412
422
419
413
397
387
398
401
393
399
419
416
12,566 12,464 12,549 12,722 12,781 13,409 13,790 14,470 15,147 15,815 16,620 17,483
Domba
7,427
7,401
7,641
7,811
8,075
8,327
8,980
9,514
9,605 10,199 10,725 11,372
Babi
5,357
5,369
5,927
6,151
5,980
6,801
6,218
6,711
6,338
6,975
7,477
7,758
Distribusi Emisi Methan berdasarkan dari
Sektor Pertanian berdasarkan Sumbernya
15.5%
43.9%
2.0%
Enteric Fermentation
Manure Management
Cropland Burning
Rice Cultivation
38.7%
Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fementasi
Enterik berdasarkan Jenis Ternak
10.4%
0.9% 1.2%
Beef Cattle
6.1%
Dairy Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goat
16.0%
2.7%
62.8%
Pig
Horse
Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Manajemen
Manur berdasarkan Jenis Ternak
13.4%
1.7%
0.7%
10.2%
10.3%
4.4%
6.6%
1.1%
1.9%
3.5%
46.1%
Beef Cattle
Dairy Cattle
Buff alo
Sheep
Goat
Pig
Horse
Local Chicken
Broiler
Layer
Duck
Emisi GRK dari Peternakan
Enteric Fermentation
Methan (CH4)
Manure Management
Methan (CH4)
Direct N2O
Indirect N2O
CH4
Enteric Fermentation
Ternak ruminansia (sapi potong,
sapi perah, kerbau, domba,
kambing), kuda, babi
menghasilkan methan.
Gas yang dihasilkan ternak
ruminansia adalah CO2, CH4, H2S,
H2O
Methan dihasilkan dari proses
methanogenesis di dalam rumen
dengan bantuan bakteri
methanogen.
CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O
Manure Management
Methan:
Dihasilkan dari proses
penanganan manure (manure
management) pada semua
jenis ternak (sapi perah, sapi
potong, kerbau, domba,
kambing, babi, itik, ayam ras,
ayam kampung, ayam
petelur) secara anaerobik
Penanganan secara liquid
lebih memungkinkan
terjadinya methanogenesis
dibandingkan penanganan
secara solid.
CH4
Manure Management
Direct N2O
Dihasilkan dari proses
kombinasi nitrifikasi dan
detrifikasi N dari manur
selama dalam penyimpanan.
Proses nitrifikasi adalah
perubahan N-ammonia
menjadi N-nitrat dalam
kondisi oksigen yang cukup.
Indirect N2O
Dihasilkan dari N-volatile
seperti NH3 atau NOx
N2O
N2 O
Faktor Emisi pada ternak
tergantung dari berbagai hal:
Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak
Berat Badan, Umur
Produksi Susu/Kerja
Status reproduksi
Kualitas Pakan
Sistem Pemberian Pakan
Sistem Pemeliharaan
Sistem Pengelolaan Kotoran
IPCC Guideline
2006 IPCC Guideline for
National Greenhouse
Gas Inventory
Vol 4 – Agriculture
Chapter 10 – Emission
from Lovestock and
Manure Management
Dilengkapi Worksheet
untuk inventory
IPCC Worksheet
3A1 Enteric Fermentation
3A2 Manure Management
3C4 Direct N2O Soils
3C5 Indirect N2O Soils
3C6 Indirect N2O Manure
ALU Tool Software
Digunakan untuk
inventory GRK pada
sektor peternakan dan
Land Use.
Dikembangkan oleh
Colorado State
University
http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/
projects/ghgtool/index.php
2006 IPCC Software
Digunakan untuk
inventory GRK untuk
berbagai sektor.
Dikembangkan oleh
WMO-UNEP
Choise of Method
TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATION
TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS
Definitions for livestock subcategories;
Livestock population by subcategory, with
consideration for estimation of annual population
as per Tier 1;
Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in
each subcategory.
TIER 3: FOR COUNTRY-SPECIFIC
Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi Enterik
Perhitungan Emisi Methan
Step 1: Populasi Ternak
Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE)
Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis
ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara
bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki
EF untuk peternakan.
Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006)
Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi
STEP 1: Animal Population
Misalnya: Ayam broiler umumnya dipelihara selama 60 hari.
Jika produksi broiler di suatu provinsi 1.000.000 ekor/tahun,
maka rataan populasi per tahun:
AAP = 60 x (1.000.000/365) = 164.383 ekor/tahun
Populasi ternak disesuaikan dengan Struktur Populasi (Dewasa
1 ST, Muda 0.5 ST, Anak 0.25 ST)
STEP 2: Faktor Emisi
Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik
No
Species Type
Enteric Fermentation
(kg/head/year)
1
Beef Cattle
47
2
Dairy Cattle
68
3
Bufallo
55
4
Sheep
5
5
Goat
5
6
Pig
1
7
Horse
18
8
Local Chicken
-
9
Broiler
-
10
Layer
-
11
Duck
-
IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11
STEP 3: Total Emisi
Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia
adalah 14,8 juta, maka total emisi methan adalah:
Emisi CH4 dari fermentasi enterik =
47 x (14.800.000/1.000.000) = 698.6 Gg CH4/tahun
Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur
Perhitungan Emisi Methan
Step 1: Populasi Ternak
Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE)
Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis
ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara
bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki
EF untuk peternakan.
Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006)
Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi
STEP 2: Total Emisi
IPCC (2006) Table 10.14
STEP 2: Total Emisi
IPCC (2006) Table 10.15
Faktor Emisi Manajemen Manure
No
Species Type
Manure Management
(kg/head/year)
1
Beef Cattle
1
2
Dairy Cattle
31
3
Bufallo
2
4
Sheep
0.20
5
Goat
0.22
6
Pig
7
Horse
2.19
8
Local Chicken
0.02
9
Broiler
0.02
10
Layer
0.02
11
Duck
0.02
7
IPCC (2006) Table 10.14 & Table 10.15
STEP 3: Total Emisi
Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia
adalah 4,8 juta, maka total emisi methan dari manajemen
manur adalah:
Emisi CH4 dari manajemen manur =
(1 x 14.800.000)/1.000.000 = 14.8 Gg CH4/tahun
Total Emisi
Emisi Methan dari Sapi Potong
14.8; 2.07%
698.6; 97.93%
Fermentasi Enterik
Manajemen Manur
Emisi N2O dari Manajemen Manur
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Pasture/Range/Paddock
The manure from pasture and range grazing
animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not
managed.
Daily spread
Manure is routinely removed from a confinement
facility and is applied to cropland or pasture
within 24 hours of excretion.
Solid storage
The storage of manure, typically for a period of
several months, in unconfined piles or stacks.
Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence
of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss
of moisture by evaporation.
Dry lot
A paved or unpaved open confinement area
without any significant vegetative cover where
accumulating manure may be removed
periodically
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Liquid/Slurry
Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal
addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds
outside the animal housing, usually for periods less
than one year.
Uncovered anaerobic
lagoon
A type of liquid storage system designed and operated
to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon
supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the
associated confinement facilities to the lagoon.
Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of
storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the
climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and
other operational factors. The water from the lagoon
may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate
and fertilise fields.
Pit storage below
animal confinements
Collection and storage of manure usually with little or
no added water typically below a slatted floor in an
enclosed animal confinement facility, usually for
periods less than one year.
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Anaerobic digester
Animal excreta with or without straw are collected and
anaerobically digested in a large containment vessel or
covered lagoon. Digesters are designed and operated
for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction of
complex organic compounds to CO2 and CH4, which
is captured and flared or used as a fuel
Burned for fuel
The dung and urine are excreted on fields. The sun
dried dung cakes are burned for fuel.
Cattle and Swine deep
bedding
As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added
to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly
for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure
management system also is known as a
bedded pack manure management system and may be
combined with a dry lot or pasture.
Composting - invessel
Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with
forced aeration and continuous mixing.
Composting - Static
pile
Composting in piles with forced aeration but no mixing.
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Composting - Intensive
windrow
Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning
for mixing and aeration.
Composting - Passive
windrow
Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing
and aeration.
Poultry manure with litter
Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not
combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all
poultry breeder flocks and for the production of meat type
chickens (broilers) and other fowl.
Poultry manure without litter
May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confinement
facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the
manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a high-rise
manure management system and is a form of passive
windrow composting when designed and operated Properly
Aerobic treatment
The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with
either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited
to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is
due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems
typically become anoxic during periods
without sunlight.
Emisi N2O dari Manur
Direct N2O
Dihasilkan dari proses
kombinasi nitrifikasi dan
detrifikasi N dari manur
selama dalam penyimpanan.
Proses nitrifikasi adalah
perubahan N-NH3 menjadi Nnitrat dalam kondisi oksigen
yang cukup.
Indirect N2O
Dihasilkan dari N-volatile
menjadi NH3 atau NOx. N
organic yang mudah menjadi
volatil adalah urea dan ureic
acid
N2O
N2 O
DIRECT N2O EMISSION
Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate)
IPCC (2006) Table 10.19
Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate)
No
Species Type
N Exreation Rate
(kg N/1000 kg mass/day)
1
Beef Cattle
0.34
2
Dairy Cattle
0.47
3
Bufallo
0.32
4
Sheep
1.17
5
Goat
1.37
6
Swine
0.50
7
Horse
0.46
8
Local Chicken
0.82
9
Broiler
1.10
10
Layer
0.82
11
Duck
0.83
IPCC (2006) Table 10.19
Typical Animal Mass of
Livestock Category (TAM)
No
Species Type
Typical Animal Mass of
Livestock Category
1
Beef Cattle
350
2
Dairy Cattle
319
3
Bufallo
330
4
Sheep
28
5
Goat
30
6
Swine
28
7
Horse
238
8
Local Chicken
0.9
9
Broiler
1.2
10
Layer
1.8
11
Duck
1.5
IPCC (2006) Table 10.A4 – 10.A.9
Annual Nitrogen Exretion per
Species Nex (N kg/animal/year)
Banyaknya N yang diekresikan
seekor ternak per tahun.
Tergantung pada exretion N dan animal
body mass
Nex = Nrate x TAM x 365 / 1000
(N kg/animal/year)
Total Nitrogen Excretion for the
MMS (NEMMS)
Banyaknya N yang diekresikan oleh
seluruh populasi ternak per tahun.
NEMMS = T x Nex x MS
(N kg/jenis ternak/year)
Total Nitrogen Excretion for the MMS
(NEMMS)
NEMMS = ex = Nrate x TAM x 365 /
1000
N kg/animal/year
Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N2O
No
Species Type
Emission Factor for Direct
N2O
1
Beef Cattle
0.02
2
Dairy Cattle
0.02
3
Bufallo
0.02
4
Sheep
0.02
5
Goat
0.02
6
Swine
0.02
7
Horse
0.02
8
Local Chicken
0.001
9
Broiler
0.001
10
Layer
0.001
11
Duck
0.001
IPCC (2006) Table 10.21
Annual Direct N2O Emission from
Manure Management
N2O emission = NEMMS x EF x 44/28
(kg N2O per year)
44/28 is conversion (N2O-N) to (N2O)
INDIRECT N2O EMISSION
Fraction of managed livestock manure
nitrogen that volatilises
Fraksi N
yang volatil
untuk setiap
jenis ternak
dan
manajemen
manur
IPCC (2006) Table 10.22
Terima Kasih
Kegiatan Peternakan dan Contoh
Perhitungan
Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc.
Fakultas Peternakan IPB
Email: [email protected]
Telp. 081380263993
Peningkatan Kapasitas - Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan
Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Penggunaan Lainnya
Bogor, 22-24 April 2013
Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian
Source: IPCC (2006)
Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian
Rice Cultivation (CH4)
Cropland Burning (CO2, CH4 , N2O, N2O)
Liming (CO2)
Urea Fertilizer (CO2)
N2O Emission from Managed Soil (N2O)
Direct N2O Soil
Indirect N2O Soil
Livestock
Enteric Fermentation (CH4 )
Manure Management (CH4 and N2O)
Jenis Ternak
Ruminansia: sapi (sapi perah, sapi potong),
kerbau, domba dan kambing
Non Ruminansia (Pseudoruminant): kuda
Unggas: ayam (broiler, petelur, ayam
buras), itik, puyuh dll
Monogastrik lainnya: babi
Populasi Ternak Nasional
Populasi Ternak di Indonesia (2000-2011)
20,000
18,000
Popilasi (x 1000 ekor)
16,000
14,000
Sapi Potong
12,000
Sapi Perah
10,000
Kerbau
Kuda
8,000
Kambing
6,000
Domba
4,000
Babi
2,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tahun
Populasi Ternak Nasional
Jenis
Ternak
Sapi
Potong
Sapi Perah
Kerbau
Kuda
Kambing
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
11,008 11,137 11,298 10,504 10,533 10,569 10,875 11,515 12,257 12,760 13,582 14,824
354
347
358
374
364
361
369
374
458
475
488
597
2,405
2,333
2,403
2,459
2,403
2,128
2,167
2,086
1,931
1,933
2,000
1,305
412
422
419
413
397
387
398
401
393
399
419
416
12,566 12,464 12,549 12,722 12,781 13,409 13,790 14,470 15,147 15,815 16,620 17,483
Domba
7,427
7,401
7,641
7,811
8,075
8,327
8,980
9,514
9,605 10,199 10,725 11,372
Babi
5,357
5,369
5,927
6,151
5,980
6,801
6,218
6,711
6,338
6,975
7,477
7,758
Distribusi Emisi Methan berdasarkan dari
Sektor Pertanian berdasarkan Sumbernya
15.5%
43.9%
2.0%
Enteric Fermentation
Manure Management
Cropland Burning
Rice Cultivation
38.7%
Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fementasi
Enterik berdasarkan Jenis Ternak
10.4%
0.9% 1.2%
Beef Cattle
6.1%
Dairy Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goat
16.0%
2.7%
62.8%
Pig
Horse
Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Manajemen
Manur berdasarkan Jenis Ternak
13.4%
1.7%
0.7%
10.2%
10.3%
4.4%
6.6%
1.1%
1.9%
3.5%
46.1%
Beef Cattle
Dairy Cattle
Buff alo
Sheep
Goat
Pig
Horse
Local Chicken
Broiler
Layer
Duck
Emisi GRK dari Peternakan
Enteric Fermentation
Methan (CH4)
Manure Management
Methan (CH4)
Direct N2O
Indirect N2O
CH4
Enteric Fermentation
Ternak ruminansia (sapi potong,
sapi perah, kerbau, domba,
kambing), kuda, babi
menghasilkan methan.
Gas yang dihasilkan ternak
ruminansia adalah CO2, CH4, H2S,
H2O
Methan dihasilkan dari proses
methanogenesis di dalam rumen
dengan bantuan bakteri
methanogen.
CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O
Manure Management
Methan:
Dihasilkan dari proses
penanganan manure (manure
management) pada semua
jenis ternak (sapi perah, sapi
potong, kerbau, domba,
kambing, babi, itik, ayam ras,
ayam kampung, ayam
petelur) secara anaerobik
Penanganan secara liquid
lebih memungkinkan
terjadinya methanogenesis
dibandingkan penanganan
secara solid.
CH4
Manure Management
Direct N2O
Dihasilkan dari proses
kombinasi nitrifikasi dan
detrifikasi N dari manur
selama dalam penyimpanan.
Proses nitrifikasi adalah
perubahan N-ammonia
menjadi N-nitrat dalam
kondisi oksigen yang cukup.
Indirect N2O
Dihasilkan dari N-volatile
seperti NH3 atau NOx
N2O
N2 O
Faktor Emisi pada ternak
tergantung dari berbagai hal:
Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak
Berat Badan, Umur
Produksi Susu/Kerja
Status reproduksi
Kualitas Pakan
Sistem Pemberian Pakan
Sistem Pemeliharaan
Sistem Pengelolaan Kotoran
IPCC Guideline
2006 IPCC Guideline for
National Greenhouse
Gas Inventory
Vol 4 – Agriculture
Chapter 10 – Emission
from Lovestock and
Manure Management
Dilengkapi Worksheet
untuk inventory
IPCC Worksheet
3A1 Enteric Fermentation
3A2 Manure Management
3C4 Direct N2O Soils
3C5 Indirect N2O Soils
3C6 Indirect N2O Manure
ALU Tool Software
Digunakan untuk
inventory GRK pada
sektor peternakan dan
Land Use.
Dikembangkan oleh
Colorado State
University
http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/
projects/ghgtool/index.php
2006 IPCC Software
Digunakan untuk
inventory GRK untuk
berbagai sektor.
Dikembangkan oleh
WMO-UNEP
Choise of Method
TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATION
TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS
Definitions for livestock subcategories;
Livestock population by subcategory, with
consideration for estimation of annual population
as per Tier 1;
Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in
each subcategory.
TIER 3: FOR COUNTRY-SPECIFIC
Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi Enterik
Perhitungan Emisi Methan
Step 1: Populasi Ternak
Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE)
Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis
ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara
bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki
EF untuk peternakan.
Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006)
Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi
STEP 1: Animal Population
Misalnya: Ayam broiler umumnya dipelihara selama 60 hari.
Jika produksi broiler di suatu provinsi 1.000.000 ekor/tahun,
maka rataan populasi per tahun:
AAP = 60 x (1.000.000/365) = 164.383 ekor/tahun
Populasi ternak disesuaikan dengan Struktur Populasi (Dewasa
1 ST, Muda 0.5 ST, Anak 0.25 ST)
STEP 2: Faktor Emisi
Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik
No
Species Type
Enteric Fermentation
(kg/head/year)
1
Beef Cattle
47
2
Dairy Cattle
68
3
Bufallo
55
4
Sheep
5
5
Goat
5
6
Pig
1
7
Horse
18
8
Local Chicken
-
9
Broiler
-
10
Layer
-
11
Duck
-
IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11
STEP 3: Total Emisi
Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia
adalah 14,8 juta, maka total emisi methan adalah:
Emisi CH4 dari fermentasi enterik =
47 x (14.800.000/1.000.000) = 698.6 Gg CH4/tahun
Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur
Perhitungan Emisi Methan
Step 1: Populasi Ternak
Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE)
Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis
ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara
bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki
EF untuk peternakan.
Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006)
Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi
STEP 2: Total Emisi
IPCC (2006) Table 10.14
STEP 2: Total Emisi
IPCC (2006) Table 10.15
Faktor Emisi Manajemen Manure
No
Species Type
Manure Management
(kg/head/year)
1
Beef Cattle
1
2
Dairy Cattle
31
3
Bufallo
2
4
Sheep
0.20
5
Goat
0.22
6
Pig
7
Horse
2.19
8
Local Chicken
0.02
9
Broiler
0.02
10
Layer
0.02
11
Duck
0.02
7
IPCC (2006) Table 10.14 & Table 10.15
STEP 3: Total Emisi
Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia
adalah 4,8 juta, maka total emisi methan dari manajemen
manur adalah:
Emisi CH4 dari manajemen manur =
(1 x 14.800.000)/1.000.000 = 14.8 Gg CH4/tahun
Total Emisi
Emisi Methan dari Sapi Potong
14.8; 2.07%
698.6; 97.93%
Fermentasi Enterik
Manajemen Manur
Emisi N2O dari Manajemen Manur
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Pasture/Range/Paddock
The manure from pasture and range grazing
animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not
managed.
Daily spread
Manure is routinely removed from a confinement
facility and is applied to cropland or pasture
within 24 hours of excretion.
Solid storage
The storage of manure, typically for a period of
several months, in unconfined piles or stacks.
Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence
of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss
of moisture by evaporation.
Dry lot
A paved or unpaved open confinement area
without any significant vegetative cover where
accumulating manure may be removed
periodically
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Liquid/Slurry
Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal
addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds
outside the animal housing, usually for periods less
than one year.
Uncovered anaerobic
lagoon
A type of liquid storage system designed and operated
to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon
supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the
associated confinement facilities to the lagoon.
Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of
storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the
climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and
other operational factors. The water from the lagoon
may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate
and fertilise fields.
Pit storage below
animal confinements
Collection and storage of manure usually with little or
no added water typically below a slatted floor in an
enclosed animal confinement facility, usually for
periods less than one year.
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Anaerobic digester
Animal excreta with or without straw are collected and
anaerobically digested in a large containment vessel or
covered lagoon. Digesters are designed and operated
for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction of
complex organic compounds to CO2 and CH4, which
is captured and flared or used as a fuel
Burned for fuel
The dung and urine are excreted on fields. The sun
dried dung cakes are burned for fuel.
Cattle and Swine deep
bedding
As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added
to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly
for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure
management system also is known as a
bedded pack manure management system and may be
combined with a dry lot or pasture.
Composting - invessel
Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with
forced aeration and continuous mixing.
Composting - Static
pile
Composting in piles with forced aeration but no mixing.
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Composting - Intensive
windrow
Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning
for mixing and aeration.
Composting - Passive
windrow
Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing
and aeration.
Poultry manure with litter
Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not
combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all
poultry breeder flocks and for the production of meat type
chickens (broilers) and other fowl.
Poultry manure without litter
May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confinement
facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the
manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a high-rise
manure management system and is a form of passive
windrow composting when designed and operated Properly
Aerobic treatment
The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with
either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited
to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is
due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems
typically become anoxic during periods
without sunlight.
Emisi N2O dari Manur
Direct N2O
Dihasilkan dari proses
kombinasi nitrifikasi dan
detrifikasi N dari manur
selama dalam penyimpanan.
Proses nitrifikasi adalah
perubahan N-NH3 menjadi Nnitrat dalam kondisi oksigen
yang cukup.
Indirect N2O
Dihasilkan dari N-volatile
menjadi NH3 atau NOx. N
organic yang mudah menjadi
volatil adalah urea dan ureic
acid
N2O
N2 O
DIRECT N2O EMISSION
Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate)
IPCC (2006) Table 10.19
Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate)
No
Species Type
N Exreation Rate
(kg N/1000 kg mass/day)
1
Beef Cattle
0.34
2
Dairy Cattle
0.47
3
Bufallo
0.32
4
Sheep
1.17
5
Goat
1.37
6
Swine
0.50
7
Horse
0.46
8
Local Chicken
0.82
9
Broiler
1.10
10
Layer
0.82
11
Duck
0.83
IPCC (2006) Table 10.19
Typical Animal Mass of
Livestock Category (TAM)
No
Species Type
Typical Animal Mass of
Livestock Category
1
Beef Cattle
350
2
Dairy Cattle
319
3
Bufallo
330
4
Sheep
28
5
Goat
30
6
Swine
28
7
Horse
238
8
Local Chicken
0.9
9
Broiler
1.2
10
Layer
1.8
11
Duck
1.5
IPCC (2006) Table 10.A4 – 10.A.9
Annual Nitrogen Exretion per
Species Nex (N kg/animal/year)
Banyaknya N yang diekresikan
seekor ternak per tahun.
Tergantung pada exretion N dan animal
body mass
Nex = Nrate x TAM x 365 / 1000
(N kg/animal/year)
Total Nitrogen Excretion for the
MMS (NEMMS)
Banyaknya N yang diekresikan oleh
seluruh populasi ternak per tahun.
NEMMS = T x Nex x MS
(N kg/jenis ternak/year)
Total Nitrogen Excretion for the MMS
(NEMMS)
NEMMS = ex = Nrate x TAM x 365 /
1000
N kg/animal/year
Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N2O
No
Species Type
Emission Factor for Direct
N2O
1
Beef Cattle
0.02
2
Dairy Cattle
0.02
3
Bufallo
0.02
4
Sheep
0.02
5
Goat
0.02
6
Swine
0.02
7
Horse
0.02
8
Local Chicken
0.001
9
Broiler
0.001
10
Layer
0.001
11
Duck
0.001
IPCC (2006) Table 10.21
Annual Direct N2O Emission from
Manure Management
N2O emission = NEMMS x EF x 44/28
(kg N2O per year)
44/28 is conversion (N2O-N) to (N2O)
INDIRECT N2O EMISSION
Fraction of managed livestock manure
nitrogen that volatilises
Fraksi N
yang volatil
untuk setiap
jenis ternak
dan
manajemen
manur
IPCC (2006) Table 10.22
Terima Kasih