METAPHOR IN SURAH AL-BAQARAH.

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METAPHOR IN SURAH AL-BAQARAH

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

A THESIS

by:

ISMANUDDIN

Registration Number: 8106111055

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

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METAPHOR IN SURAH AL-BAQARAH

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

A THESIS

by:

ISMANUDDIN

Registration Number: 8106111055

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

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A TEESIS

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ISMANUDI}IN

Rqistration Number: t1061 I 1055

This thesis was oxamined on Janualy 31',2013 by the Board of Eraminers

Approved by: Adviser Commissiou

First Adviser

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Second Adviser

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Board of Examiners

Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing M.Pd NrP. 1961042s 198601 2 001

Prof. Amrin Saragihr ll{"A, Ph.I} tirP.19550113 198203 1 002

Prof, Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A, Ph.I) NrP. 19440302 1969U2 2

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF APPENDIX ... x

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Scope of the Study ... 5

1.3. Problems of the Research ... 5

1.4. Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.5. Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Meaning ... 7

2.1.1. Types of Meaning ... 8

2.2. Figurative Language ... 12

2.3. Metaphor ... 13

2.3.1. Metaphor Identification ... 15

2.3.2. Types of Metaphor ... 17

2.4. The Context of Metaphorical Expressions in Discourse ... 19 2.4.1.Explaining the Idea Which is Out of Human Life

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Experience ... 19

2.4.2.Explaining an Abstract Thing Concretely ... 19

2.4.3.Explaining Unknown Ideas through Familiar Symbols ... 20

2.5. Al-Qur‟an ... 21

2.5.1. Definition ... 21

2.5.2. Division of Al-Qur‟an ... 23

2.5.3. Surah Al-Baqarah ... 26

2.5.3.1.The Historical Background of Surah Al-Baqarah ... 27

2.5.3.2.The Topics and Interconnection of each Verses in Surah Al-Baqarah ... 31

2.6. Relevant Studies ... 34

2.7. Conceptual Framework ... 36

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD 3.1. Research Design ... 38

3.2. Source of the Data ... 39

3.3. Instrument of Data Collection ... 39

3.4. Technique of Data Collection ... 39

3.5. Technique of Data Analysis ... 40

3.6. Trustwortines of the Study ... 41

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CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS

4.1. The Data Analysis ... 42

4.1.1. Implicit Metaphor in the Verses of Surah Al-Baqarah ... 43

4.1.2. Explicit Metaphor in the Verses of Surah Al-Baqarah ... 51

4.2. The Context of Metaphorical Expressions in Surah Al-Baqarah . 53 4.2.1. Explaining the Idea which is Out of Human Life Experience ... 54

4.2.2. Explaining an Abstract Thing Concretely ... 55

4.2.3. Explaining Unknown Ideas through Familiar Symbols . 61 4.2.4. Explaining the Untouchable to be Touchable ... 63

4.3. Findings ... 63

4.4. Discussion ... 65

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 67

5.2. Suggestions ... 68

REFERENCES ... 69

APPENDIX ... 72

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Types of Metaphor of the Verses in Surah Al-Baqarah ... 42

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ABSTRACT

Ismanuddin. Registration Number: 8106111055, Metaphor in Surah Al-Baqarah. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan, 2013.

This study presents a research conducted on Metaphor in Surah Al-Baqarah. A qualitative descriptive research was applied. The sources of the data were Surah Al-Baqarah in Al-Qur‟an. The data were collected in relation to the use of metaphor in Surah Baqarah. They were contained in the verses of Surah Al-Baqarah then analyzed the types of metaphor and the context of the use of metaphor in the verses. Distribution of metaphor in this research refers to the opinion of Tompkins who divided metaphor into Implicit Metaphor and Explicit Metaphor. The context of the use of metaphor was analyzed based on Wahab who divided the contexts into four contexts. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there are 20 verses with metaphorical characteristics which consist of 16 of Implicit Metaphor and 5 verses of Explicit Metaphor. Implicit metaphor emerged as the most while explicit metaphor is the sum of the least. It was also found that the contexts of metaphors in Surah Al-Baqarah were to explain the idea which is out of human life experience which includes 3 verses, to explain an abstract thing concretely which includes 14 verses, and to explain something unknown yet with something familiar which includes 4 verses. Thus, it can be concluded that the most dominant context used is to explain an abstract thing concretely. It implies that this metaphor is aimed to make people at that time able to understand the directions, prohibitions, and everything they could not see with their eyes as well as avoiding people from being offended.

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ABSTRAK

Ismanuddin. NIM: 8106111055, Metaphor in Surah Al-Baqarah. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2013.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang membahas tentang Metafora dalam Surah Al-Baqarah. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode qualitative descriptive. Sumber data diambil dari Surah Al-Baqarah dalam Al-Qur‟an. Data dikumpulkan berdasarkan pengunaan metafora yang ada dalam Surah Al-Baqarah. Data tersebut terdapat dalam ayat-ayat dalam Surah Al-Baqarah, lalu dianalisa berdasarkan jenis-jenisnya dan konteks penggunaan metafora dalam ayat-ayat tersebut. Pembagian metafora dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada pendapat Tompkins yang membagi metafora menjadi Metafora Implisit dan Metafora Eksplisit. Konteks pemakaian metafora dianalisa berdasarkan pendapat Wahab yang membagi konteks tersebut menjadi empat. Berdasarkan analisa data yang dilakukan terhadap data yang diambil dari ayat-ayat dalam Surah Al-Baqarah, ditemukan bahwa ada 20 ayat yang mengandung metafora yang terdiri atas 16 ayat yang tergolong Metafora Implisit dan 5 ayat yang tergolong Metafora Eksplisit. Metafora Implisit muncul sebagai yang paling dominan sementara Metafora Eksplisit sebagai yang paling sedikit. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa konteks penggunaan metafora dalam Surah Al-Baqarah adalah untuk menjelaskan gagasan-gagasan yang berada jauh di luar pengalaman hidup manusia yang meliputi 3 ayat, untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang abstrak secara nyata yang mencakup 14 ayat, dan untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang belum dikenal dengan menggunakan symbol yang telah dikenal yang mencakup 4 ayat. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa konteks yang paling dominan digunakan adalah untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang abstrak secara nyata. Hal ini menyiratkan bahawa metafora tersebut bertujuan untuk membuat orang-orang pada saat itu mampu memahami petunjuk, larangan, dan segala hal yang tidak bisa mereka lihat dengan mata serta untuk menghindari ketersinggungan.

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LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix A ... 72

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions

Based on the data analysis conducted in Chapter IV, there are two conclusions made and written as follow

(1) There are 20 verses with metaphorical utterance in Surah Al-Baqarah which can be classified into two different types of metaphor namely implicit and explicit metaphor. From the analysis, there are 16 verses which can be categorized as implicit metaphor and 5 verses which can be classified into explicit metaphor.

(2) Based on the concept of using metaphor in a discourse, it is found that metaphor in Al-Qur‟an Surah Al-Baqarah is used based on three contexts. First is to explain the idea which is out of human life experience. Second is to explain an abstract thing concretely. And third is to explain unknown things or ideas through familiar symbols. From this data, it can be concluded that metaphorical verses found in Al-Qur‟an surah Al-Baqarah are mostly used to imply something abstract to be concrete through metaphor in order to make the readers understand and interpret the message of the verses.

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5.2. Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.

1. It is suggested that language teachers and lectures in religious background school or college are possible to include one of the metaphorical verses in Surah Al-Baqarah as the instrument in teaching metaphor. It seems so important to introduce the verses to the students so that they can know and understand the message in the verses.

2. It is suggested that those who have the same anxiety in conducting research on metaphor in Al-Qur‟an to involve more surah in order to get more metaphorical verses with various meaning and types of metaphor. Moreover, they should be careful in conducting research on Al-Qur‟an particularly in analyzing the data since it needs to consult the scholars or Tafsir book in order to make sure that the analysis has been done correctly. 3. It is suggested for the scholars to interpret the meaning of each verse in

Surah Al-Baqarah when they are giving speech, particularly the verses which have metaphorical meaning so that they can be clearly interpreted by the assemblies of Islamic community.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

One of the functions of language is a means of communication mostly used in society in which the communicator conveys ideas, thoughts, and so on to the communicant. Each of them is conveyed based on certain purposes in order that the communicant can catch the meaning clearly. In daily communication, human beings have different purpose of using a language. Keraf (2007:1) states that human beings always use their language based on their purposes. The purpose of using language can be various; for example for telling a story, describing an object, explaining a topic, persuading and arguing with someone. To reach those purposes, people need a good and understandable way which enables their thoughts to be well received by their audiences.

The roles of a language is not only restricted in oral communication but also in written communication. Ismiasari (2007) emphasized that the means of communication can be either oral or written communication. Oral communication is the process of conveying and receiving information from informant to the receiver directly. Written communication is the process of conveying and receiving information from the informant to the receiver through media such as texts.

A language is originated from one individual to another individual. Then both of them have communication in which the language used is extremely

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affected by their regional accent and daily interaction. In fact, there are only one or two groups of people who use the same language. But it should be realized that a language cannot be separated from the background and the origin of the place from which it comes.

Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of a complex communications. It is the expression of thought, with the translation of notions into words being the act of understanding. A language is also a tradition which establishes the words, spelling and grammar; hence it forms the basis of communal understanding, so that the corruption of tradition is the corruption of communal understanding.

People usually find metaphor while using language in their communication which changes the real meaning of what someone wants to tell about with the deviated meaning. Metaphor is a sub discussion in figurative language. It is a kind of comparative language which does not employ the words

“like” or “as”. In Ismiasari (2007), metaphor is defined as a figurative language which uses a word or a phrase referring to a certain object or activity to replace other words or phrases so that there is similarity or analogy between both.

As a linguistic device, metaphor can be found in any human language. In other words, figurative language cannot be separated from human life. For example in the sentence your mouth is your tiger, there is a shift of meaning component of the referent tiger such as [+a wild and dangerous animal],

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components of referent tiger to the referent of mouth, the sentence your mouth is your tiger can be understood that human beings‟ mouth can be as wild and

dangerous as a tiger which can endanger others‟ life if they don‟t keep their words.

In Al-Qur‟an, metaphor can be found in various verses. Some of them use another thing or figurative symbol which has similar characteristics as the reference.

For example:

And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread [of night]. Then complete the fast until the sunset (Q. S. Al-Baqarah: 187).

The metaphor of the above verse is benang putih dari benang hitam. Benang putih is thing which is used for knitting, sewing, and binding. It is small, long, and flexible. It is also interpreted as light shining from the east which symbolizes the coming of the daybreak whereas Benang hitam is interpreted as dark night.

Your wives are a place of sowing of seed for you, so come to your place of cultivation however you wish and put forth [righteousness] for yourselves. And fear Allah and know that you will meet Him. And give good tidings to the believers (Q. S. Al-Baqarah: 223).

Wives (women) are described as a place of sowing of seed. The phrase place of sowing of seed is the figurative symbol of the role of wives (women) in reproduction. The owner of the place (husband) may come to it for sowing of seed in order that the seed can grow up well. Wives are the place of growing up the

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fetuses. A husband is allowed to have sexual intercourse with his wife anyway he likes if it does not endanger both.

As a written text, the language used in Al-Qur‟an is so interesting to be researched. The verses in Al-Qur‟an are very rich in various kinds of language styles such as metaphor, personification, hyperbole, etc.

In Al-Qur‟an it is clearly said that Al-Qur‟an was revealed in Arabic (Q.S. Yusuf: 2). The vocabularies are also those which are commonly used by Arabian at the time Al-Qur‟an was revealed. But that the style of its language arrangement is neither a prose nor a poetry as well as the beauty of the tone resulted while reading it had made the experts of Arabic language at that time realized that they could not make or arrange verses resembling those in Al-Qur‟an. This implies that the language of Al-Qur‟an is really different from the language commonly used at that time.

Though the original Arabic language is not different in phonological structure, it will be interpreted differently when translated into various languages. It will also happen among people even in one country. For example the translation of Arabic text which is translated into Bahasa Indonesia by the government will be differently coded by the other publishers.

From the above phenomena, the writer interests in conducting research related to the figurative language in Al-Qur‟an as it has a great deal of significance to people not only in the way of understanding and comprehending a poetry or a text book, but also in the way of understanding and comprehending

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Al-Qur‟an. This research tries to answer the questions and misperceptions among those who have interest in studying Al-Qur‟an.

1.2. Problems of the Study

Based on the elaboration in the background above, the problems are formulated as the following.

1) What types of metaphor are used in Surah Al-Baqarah?

2) In what context are the types of metaphor used in Surah Al-Baqarah in the way they are?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

In relation with the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are

1) to describe the types of metaphor are used in Surah Al-Baqarah, and 2) to elaborate the context of the use of metaphor

1.4. Scope of the Study

This research is restricted to the translation of Q.S. Al-Baqarah in English published by PT. Syamil Cipta Media Bandung arranged by Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia. Surah Al-Baqarah is chosen since it is the longest surah of all so that there will be a huge numbers of data source. The verses chosen as data are those which contain metaphor.

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1.5. Significance of the Study

Findings of the research are expected to be useful for the readers both theoretically and practically in some respects.

1. Theoretically the finding can be useful for enriching the theories on metaphor particularly for:

a. knowing the metaphorical symbols used in Al-Qur’an especially surah Al-Baqarah, and

b. understanding the metaphorical language styles in Al-Qur’an especially surah Al-Baqarah.

2. Practically the finding can be useful for those who have focus on theology study especially in the metaphor understanding in Surah Al-Baqarah. Moreover, the ideas and the point of views of the finding can significantly be useful to be used as:

a. review of literature for the coming researches, and

b. material reference for language learning particularly related to metaphor.

c. material for helping people particularly Moslem in comprehending and understanding the verses of Surah Al-Baqarah.

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