The second chance in life granted to Charley Benneto as seen in Mitch Albom`s for one more day.
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THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO
AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S
FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Andreas Priyo Setiawan
Student Number: 011214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
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THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO
AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S
FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Andreas Priyo Setiawan
Student Number: 011214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
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ABSTRACT
Yustiantho, Andreas Priyo Setiawan: (2009) The Second Chance In Life Granted to
Charley Benetto As Seen In Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses Mitch Albom’s novel For One More Day. Charley Benetto
the main character of the novel is a person who used to be a famous baseball player. He
wants to end his life because of the problems he has. One day he tried to commit suicide
but failed. During his unconscious state, he happened to meet his late mother who died
eight years ago. The day he met his mother became the day where he found all the
answers to his problems. That day changed his view towards life.
The aim of the thesis is to see how the second chance in life granted to Charley
Benetto affects his life.
In order to do so, there are two problems to discuss: (1) “How is Charley
Benetto’s life described in the novel?” (2) “How does Charley Benetto’s second chance
affect his life?”
There are two kinds of sources used in the study. The primary source is obtained
from the novel For One More Day, and the secondary sources are obtained from related
books, journal and also from the internet.
The theories used to analyze the novel are theory of character and
characterization, theory Psychoanalysis and theory of katresnanism, the approach used is
psychological approach.
Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that first Charley Benetto
is naïve, weak, childish, selfish and desperate, second the second chance in life that
Charley get make him realize that everyone deserves a second chance to fix everything
and set things right
Finally, it is recommended that future researchers can analyze the other character
in this novel. As for English teacher it is suggest that they use the novel to teach reading.
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ABSTRAK
Yustiantho, Andreas Priyo Setiawan: (2009) The Second Chance In Life Granted to
Charley Benetto As Seen In Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai novel karya Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One
More Day. Dalam novel ini, Charley Benetto sebagai tokoh utama yang berkeinginan
untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dikarenakan oleh segala permasalahan yang dihadapinya.
Suatu hari akhirnya dia benar-benar mencoba mengakhiri hidupnya tetapi dia gagal,
sebagai hasilnya dia bertemu dengan mendiang ibunya yang telah meninggal 8 tahun
yang lalu. Hari dimana dia bertemu dengan mendiang ibunya berubah menjadi hari
dimana dia mendapatkan jawaban atas segala pertanyaan yang dia miliki. Hari itu telah
merubah pandangan yang dimilikinya terhadap hidupnya.
Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana kesempatan
kedua dalam hidup Charley Benetto merubah pandangan hidupnya.
Ada dua permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan dengan topik dari skripsi ini: (1).
bagaimana kehidupan Charley Benetto diceritakan di dalam novel ini? (2) bagaimana
kesempatan kedua dalam hidup Charley Benetto merubah pandangan hidupnya?
Terdapat dua macam sumber data yang digunakan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini.
Sumber data primer didapatkan dari novel For One More Day, dan sumber data sekunder
didapatkan dari buku dan jurnal yang berkaitan dengan literatur dan psikologi serta dari
internet.
Saya menggunakan teori-teori literatur dalam menganalisa novel ini. Yaitu teori
karakter dan karakterisasi, teori psikoanalisis dan teori katresnanism. Pendekatan yang
digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologis.
Setelah menganalisa novel ini penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Charley Benetto
sebagai seseorang yang naïf, lemah, kekanak-kanakan, egois dan mudah putus asa dan
berkaitan dengan kesempatan kedua yang diperolehnya, Charley menyadari bahwa semua
orang berhak mendapatkan kesempatan kedua untuk memperbaiki hidup.
Pada akhirnya Skripsi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti
selanjutnya agar dapat menganalisa tokoh-tokoh lain dalam novel ini. Dan bagi mereka
para pengajar bahasa inggris agar mereka dapat menggunakan novel ini proses
pengajaran bahasa inggris.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for
His love and guidance during my life especially the hard times in writing this
thesis. He makes my life so beautiful and meaningful. He always gives me the
wonderful surprises and blessings.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my sponsor, Drs. Antonius
Herujiyanto, M.A, Ph.D, for his great guidance, encouragement, understanding,
and advice from the beginning until the end of this thesis.
My appreciation also goes to all lecturers at Sanata Dharma University
who have taught and given me valuable and great knowledge. I would also like to
thank the secretariat staffs and the librarians for helping me searching the
references.
I am sincerely grateful to my beloved parents Bapak Antonius Susanto
and Ibu Yustina Wahyu Silaningsih (†), for their endless love and prayers for
my success. I also thank my lovely brothers and sisters, Mas Wan, Mba ta, Alex,
Agus and Sisca, Indri and Manda for their support and attention.
My best gratitude goes to Snow White crew for sharing their time. I am
honored to have such great friends as them. I also thank Maya, Ika, Risa, Vera,
Sandi, Sedik, Aris, Nino. My life will not be the same without knowing them in
my life. My gratitude goes to all of my friends at Sanata Dharma University
especially 2001 students of PBI to whom I have got through the good and bad
times during my study.
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I address my acknowledgement to all my friends at Gondolayu lor, I thank
them for encouraging me to keep trying and to lift me up in my greatest despair. It
is great to spend the time with them. I would also thank Raka, Zega, Chika, and
Serena for always making me smile and laugh anytime I need.
Last but not least, I would like to thank those whose names are not
mentioned here for their support and prayers so that I could complete this thesis.
May God bless them all.
Andreas Priyo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE ……………………………………………………………..
i
PAGES OF APPROVAL …………………………………………………….. ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………….
iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ……………………………………….
v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….. vi
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………..
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….. x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………...……………………...
1
A. Background of the Study ……………………………………………... 1
B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………….
3
C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………..
4
D. Benefits of the Study …………………………………………………. 4
E. Definition of Terms …………………………………………………... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……..……………..
7
A. Review of Related Theories…………………………………………...
7
1. Approaches in Literary Studies……………………………….. 7
2. Theory of Character…………………………………………...
8
3. Theory of Characterization………………...….………….…...
12
4. Theory of Psychoanalysis ……………………………..……...
14
a. The Id ....................................................................................
14
b. The Ego .................................................................................
15
c. The Superego ......................................................................... 16
5. Post Colonialism and Katresnanism Theory…………….......... 16
B. Criticism on Mitch Albom’s Works ………………………………….. 19
C. Context of the Novel……………………………………...…………...
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1. The Condition of America in 1960s…………………………... 22
2. The Condition of America in 2006……………………………
24
D. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………..
25
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY…..……………………………………….
26
A. Subject Matter….…………………………………….…………..……
26
B. Approach………………………………………………………..…......
27
C. Procedures …………………………………..……………….………..
27
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS …..……………………...………………………
29
A. Analysis of the Major Character Described in For One More Day ......
29
1. Naïve………………………………..………………………....
29
2. Weak………………………………………...………………...
30
3. Childish……………………………..…………………………
31
4. Selfish………………………………………..………………... 32
5. Desperate………………………………….…………………... 33
B. The Analysis of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life................... 37
1. Surface Meaning of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life
37
a. “Morning” as Reflections of the Beginning of Charley’s
Important Life …………………………………………….....
38
b. “Noon” as Reflections of Charley’s Quest to Find the
Answer about His Life ……..…………………………….....
41
c. “Night” as Reflections of the Result of the Quest that He has
done due to the Questions that He has About His
Life.…..………………………………………........................
43
2. Deeper Meaning of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life
46
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………….……
50
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………
50
B. Suggestion and Recommendation……………………………………..
52
1. For Future Researchers ……………………………………….
52
2. For English Teacher ………...………………………………...
53
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3. The Implementation of For One More Day in Language
Teaching …………………………………………………….... 54
REFERENCES….………………..………………………………………….... 58
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................
60
APPENDIX 1. The Summary of the Novel ................................................
61
APPENDIX 2. The Biography of the Author .............................................
67
APPENDIX 3. The Work of the Author .....................................................
72
APPENDIX 4. Lesson Plan ........................................................................
74
APPENDIX 5. The Implementation for Teaching Reading ........................ 75
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides some information about background of the study,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, and benefits of the study also
definition of terms. In the background of the study, I explain about the necessity
of analyzing the topic and the reason for choosing the topic. Objectives of the
study explain the aim of this study. The problems that will be analyzed in this
thesis are stated in the problem formulation. Benefits of the study explain to
whom this study will be beneficial. The last part of this chapter is the definition of
some terms related to this topic.
A. Background of the Study
“If you had the chance, just one chance, to go back and fix what you did
wrong in life, would you take it? And if you did, would you be big enough to
stand it?”
In this study, the writer analyzes one of Mitch Albom’s novels entitled For
One More Day. The writer interested in the novel because he has quite the same
experience with the major character. The writer used to be a boy who never cared
about anything dealt with family thing especially if it was related with any
problems that my family has. The writer also used to be an easygoing person but
soon after his mother passed away, he found that he had not spent quite some time
with his mother to discuss everything dealing with life. Life is hard after her
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death, although it has been for seven years since she passed away. The writer still
feels hurt to watch other people who can spend their time with their mother. The
writer realizes that sometimes life cannot be like what we want it to be. In this
study, the writer wants to focus on the second chance in life. In the case of
Charley Benetto’s second chance in life that he gets, he happens to meet his late
mother and spend one full day with her to reveals the truth about his life.
Since a novel is a part if literary works, the writer will try to give a few
meaning of literature according to expert. Grace stated that “Literature gives us a
specific knowledge of life that of real experiences and provides a profitable
supplement in terms of intellectual and critical values. It is actually possible to
make a mature evaluation of life without having had a great deal of experience)
(7). Literature expresses and communicates thoughts, feelings and attitude
towards life. Therefore, literature can help us to understand the meaning of life.
According to Hudson, “Literature is a vital record of what men have seen
in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about
those aspects of which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of
us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through medium of language
(10).” Literature as a work of art is a means in bringing back the sense of
humanities. We can see many aspects of life in a literature.
In the meantime, Abrams (130) says that a novel is described as a fiction
which reflects the reality of human life by presenting complex characters with
their motives, based on their social class and their interaction with other
characters.
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A novel is a book that tells a story about people. De Laar said that: “A
novel is a work of art in so far as it introduces us into a living world; in some
respects resembling the world we live in, but with an individuality of its own
(163).” In a novel, a portrait of life is commonly seen, a portrait containing values
of truth and a portrait of life as a process with all of its problems and aspects. We
realize that many novels are able to portray the phenomenon of human life well.
Some of the novels could tell about such kind of person who possesses a positive
thinking in his life.
The aim of this novel is to see how Charley Benetto’s second chance of
life affects his views of life.
In order to do so there are two problems to answer, namely, how Charley
Benetto’s life is described in the novel; and how Charley Benetto second chance
affect his life The theories used are theory of character and characterization,
theory of psychoanalysis and katresnanism theory.
It is hoped that this study will be beneficial to those having concerned with
literary works and those willing to make use of the novel to teach English.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems of this thesis can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Charley Benetto’s life described in the novel?
2. How does Charley Benetto’s second chance affect his life?
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C. Objective of the Study
There are two objectives of the study to focus on the problem formulation above,
they are:
1. To find out how Charley Benetto’s character described in the novel.
2. To find out how the second chance in life affects his life.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are benefits that we can obtain from this study for both readers and
those who are interested in literary works. This study can be used as an alternative
reading material in teaching Extensive Reading in university. It can also be a
reference for the students in getting more information about second chance in life.
Through this study, the writer hope that it can help the readers understand
more about literary works especially novel, so that they are able to enjoy reading
novels.
E. Definition of Terms
To avoid unnecessary misunderstanding, the following terms are defined:
1. Character(s)
According to Abrams, character(s) are ”the persons presented in a
dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the
dialogue – and by what the do – the action (20).” In this study, the character
discussed is Charley Benetto.
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2. Characterization
Holman and Harmon (1986) state that characterization is the creation of
the author’s imagination about imaginary person so that they exist for the reader
as lifelike.
In this study, characterization refers to the presentation of a character that
presented by the author with the character’s features including personality and
values.
3. Ideal
Hornby states that ideal is an effort of “satisfying one’s idea of what is
perfect (21).”
n this study, the ideal condition is anything that Charley Benetto do deals
with his faith as a man.
4. Personality
Kalish states that personality is “the dynamic organization of characteristic
attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other
individuals (52).”
In this study, personality refers to something that represents the human
life, which is a very unique condition that differs one and another.
6. Social
Social according to Hornby is stated as “of people living in communities;
of relations between persons and communities (818).
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In this study, social refers to the relations within a family.
7. View
It was stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary written by Hornby.
A. S, view is “personal opinion or attitude; thought or observation (on a
subject).”
Another definition of view in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is
“way of understanding or interpreting a subject, series of events, etc; mental
impression.”
In this study, view refers to the reason to reach any dreams or goals in this
life.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains some theories used in this study. That is divided into
Theoretical Review and Theoretical Framework. In theoretical review, the writer
discusses the Theory of Critical Approaches, Theory of Character, Theory of
Characterization, Theory of Psychoanalisis, and Post-Colonialism particularly that
of Katresnanism theory. Meanwhile, theoretical framework discusses the theories
used to guide the writer in the analysis of the novel.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part presents some theories that are relevant to the study including
approaches in analyzing the novel. This study deals with literature, therefore, the
writer believe that it is important to have some theoretical ground of novel as part
of literature. These are theories relevant to this study.
1. Approaches in Literary Studies
There are theories and approaches used in analyzing literary works.
Rohberger and Woods, in their book Reading and Writing about Literature, states
that to have a reasonable judgment, the so-called “critical approach” is needed (3).
The critical approach consists of five approaches: Formalist approach,
Biographical approach, Sociocultural-historical approach, Mythopoeic approach,
and Psychological approach (6).
The first approach is the “Formalist Approach.” This approach analyzes
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the work of art only. In other words, this approach does not need any reference
from other sources, like the author’s life, the social condition at the time the
author’s live, etc. In short, the approach is mainly focusing on the work only.
The second approach is the “Biographical Approach.” This approach
proposes the idea that the only way to understand literature is by asserting the
necessity and appreciation of ideas and personality of the author.
The third approach is an approach that examines the work of art in
reference to the civilization. Then the attitude and the actions of specific group of
people become the subject matter. This approach is called “SocioculturalHistorical Approach.”
“Mythopoeic Approach” is the fourth approach. This approach tries to
discover certain universality and recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the
works of art that are believed to have expression in the works.
The last approach is “Psychological Approach.” Critics that involve the
effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns of human psychology in
the works of art.
In this thesis, the writer uses the Psychological approach to analyze the
character of Charley Benneto and his relationship towards other people in the
story.
2. Theory of Character
Character plays an important role in a novel because character is the
foundation of a story.
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Analyzing character is important because it should be analyzed based on
the thought of the author. Character is an imagination of the author that lives in
the novel and every character is unique because every character represents every
person in real life that is different from others. Character is described as the
person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is represented by the reader
as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what
they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action) (Abrams 20). Characters
must be credible so that they are accepted as believable people (Rohberger and
Woods 20).
Rohrberger and Woods state that characters have an important role in a
story since they can help the readers participate explicitly in the experience of the
story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the
story (19). Furthermore, Rohberger and Woods (20) explain that “… stories
involve persons, called characters, who act out in a particular time and place
(setting) some kind of conflict in a pattern of events.”
Stanton states that character has two definitions. The first definition is
character as the individuals who appear in the story. Meanwhile, the second
definition is character as mixture of interests, desires, emotions and moral
principles that makes up each of these individuals (17). The first definition refers
to the persons in the story and the second definition refers to the characteristics of
the person in the story.
Forster as quoted by Roberts and Jacobs (121) classifies character into two
types. The first type is protagonist and the other is antagonist. The protagonist is
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the centre of the actions and usually shows human characteristic. The antagonist is
the character in a story that moves against the protagonist.
The progress of a character in the novel is divided into flat character and
round character (Abrams 21). Flat character means that the author only describes
this character without specification, in other words the author does not explain it
in details and without significant progress. Usually the writer describes the
character in “a single phrase or single sentence.” This type of character does not
make any significant progress in the novel. It means that the character gives little
contribution in the novel. Round character means that the character is complex
and makes a lot of progress through the novel. We usually call this as dynamic
character. The reason why it is called as dynamic character is that the character is
changing through the novel for example firstly the character is a good person but
because of certain events in the novel the character becomes a bad person. In other
words, the character seems as a real person and the character is changing through
the dialogues or actions.
Kenney, in his book entitled How to Analyze Fiction, divides characters
into two kinds (28-29), they are simple (flat) and complex (round) characters.
Simple (flat) characters are characters that are easy to be recognized because the
readers see only one side of the characters and these characters are familiar types
for the readers. Complex (round) characters are characters that cannot be
described in one phrase. They have some capability in surprising the readers
because of the changes in their characters.
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Furthermore, Perrine (71) classifies fictional characters into static and
dynamic characters. Static characters are characters that change little in their
outlook and personalities during the story. They remain stable and are the same
sort of persons at the end of the story as at the beginning. They are described
without much detail and they are not changed by circumstances. Dynamic
characters are those who undergo changes in some aspects of their characters,
personalities or outlook from the beginning to the end of the story. The changes
could be for better or worse and may be a large or small one, but it is something
that is important and basic, and more than a minor change in opinion.
There may be many characters that appear in a novel; however there is at
least one main character in the novel and the others are usually supporting
characters. Holman and Harmon (82) divide characters into two, namely major
characters and minor characters. A major character is the most important character
and becomes the main focus of the story. Meanwhile, a minor character is a less
important one than the major character.
According to the significance to the story, Henkle (87-101) states that
characters can be divided into two parts. The first one is major characters and the
second one is secondary character. Major characters are the most significant
characters in the novel. Henkle (92) says, “It is major characters that deserve our
fullest attention; if we understand them, we presumably understand the focal
experiences of the novel.” They can be identified through the complexity of their
characterization, the attention given by certain figures, and the personal intensity
that a character seems to transmit (Henkle 178-181). The major characters will
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completely need the reader’s fullest attention because they perform a key
structural function. While, secondary characters are characters who serve
functions that are more restricted. Henkle (97) states, “secondary characters are
limited in ways that the major characters are not.” They perform and respond in
more limited functions than the major characters, they may be less sophisticated;
therefore their response to experience is less complex and less interesting.
Based on the frequency of appearance in the novel, Milligan (155) divides
character into two. The first type is the major character. The major character
appears more frequently than the other characters in the novel. The readers usually
follow the plot of the novel through this character. In other words, this character is
the main character of the novel. The second type is minor character. This
character appears less often than the main character in the novel. This character
only appears in certain setting of the novel. The character is also less important
than the major character.
3. Theory of Characterization
In a novel, there are many characters. Each character and its
characterization have important roles in the novel. It is also very important to
make readers understand about the story.
According to Murphy, there are nine methods to present a character (161173).
The first is personal description. The author tries to describe a character
through his appearance and clothing in the story. It is important to make the
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readers can easily imagine a character through the character’s physical appearance
because it portrays the character’s characteristics and makes the characters more
alive.
The second is character as seen by other. In this method, the author
portrays a character through the eyes and opinion of another character. The
readers can recognize completely the characters about his performance or
characteristics.
The third is speech. The author gives an insight to the readers of the
character and of the person in the book through what the person says. Meaning to
say, the speech of the person, his conversation with another, and his opinion give
us some clue to his character.
The fourth is past life. in this method, the author gives the readers some
clue to his character that have helped to shape a character’s character by letting
the readers learn something about a character’s past life.
The fifth is conversation of others. In this method, the author gives the
readers some hints to a character’s character and the things they say about him,
from their conversation, the readers will understand what they are talking about so
that the readers know his character.
The sixth is reactions; here the author gives the readers some clue so that
they understand the person’s character by letting them know how that person
responds to various situations and events. The way the character resolves his
problems and difficulties portrays his character.
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The seventh is direct comment. In this method, the author gives
descriptions and comments on a person’s character directly. It is the easiest way
that the readers can gain in order to know the character’s character.
The eighth is thoughts. In this method, the author gives a direct knowledge
of what a person is thinking about. The author can do what the readers cannot do
in actual life and he lets the readers know what other people are thinking about.
The ninth or the last is mannerism. In this method, the author illustrates a
person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies that can give to the readers some
clues about his character.
4. Theory of Psychoanalysis
Rohrberger and Woods say that “the modern psychological movement
received its great impetus from Freud” (13-14). They state Freud’s theory about
psychoanalysis. Freud explores that “the unconscious area of human mind is the
area of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, the complexity oh his
thought and behaviour” (13).
Furthermore, Hall and Lindzey state Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis in
Theories of Personality. Freud states that “a person’s personality is made up of
three major systems, the Id, the ego and the superego” (22-26). The explanation of
each system is as follows:
a. The Id
The Id is the original system of personality. It is the matrix which
differentiates the ego and the superego. The Id consists of everything
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psychological that is present at birth. If the Id experiences the increases of energy
or uncomfortable states of tension, it will discharge the tension immediately and
return the organism’s low energy level. The Id is considered as the unconscious
part of the person’s personality. Hall in his Primer of Freudian Psychology says
that. The Id forces to the person to satisfy their needs. Id includes two instinctual
drives in human mind. Those are the Eros and Thanatos. Eros is the instinct of
survival such as eat, drink, sexual activity, and so on. Then the second is the
Thanatos. Thanatos is the destructive instinct including aggression, murder, and
other destructive behavior. Those functions on the pleasure that have to be
satisfied.
b. The Ego
Hall in his A Primer of Freudian Psychology says that The ego is formed
as the results of the organism needs for appropriate transactions with the objective
world of reality and known as the conscious part a person’s personality. It
distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world. The ego
itself is the organized of the Id and it exists to forward the aim of the Id. The ego
then, is the product of an interaction with the environment or rather external
world. However, heredity and natural growth processes, so called, maturation, lay
down its line of development. (30)
In Psychology of the Child by Watson and Lindgren, the Id’s aim is the
gratification of its impulses with no sense of morality, logic or unity of purpose.
The major function of the Id is to provide free uninhibited discharge of energy.
The ego never becomes completely independent of the Id (46).
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c. The Superego
The superego is the moral part of personality, which represents the ideal
which strives for perfection rather than the real it is interpreted to the child by his
parents which is enforced by means of a system of rewards and punishment which
final purpose is to meet the ideals of society.
The three main functions of the superego are to inhibit the impulses of the
Id, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive
for perfection.
The personality normally functions as a whole rather than as three separate
segments. The readers may consider the Id as the biological component of
personality, the ego as the psychological component and the superego as the social
component.
5. Post Colonialism and Katresnanism Theory
Being part of the so-called post colonialism theory, this theory
adopts the third world universal values. According to Peter Barry, anyway, there
are at least six points that post-colonialist critics tend to do (198): They reject the
claims to universalism made on behalf of canonical Western literature and seek to
show its limitations of outlook. Especially it is general inability to empathize
across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference; they examine the
representation of other cultures in literature as a way of achieving this end.
They show how such literature is often evasively and crucially silent on
matters concerned with colonization and imperialism; they foreground questions
of cultural difference and diversity and examine their treatment in relevant literary
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works; they celebrate hybridity and cultural polyvalence that is the situation
whereby individuals and groups belong simultaneously to more than one culture.
They develop a perspective, not just applicable to postcolonial literatures whereby
states of marginality, plurality and perceived “Otherness” are seen a source of
energy and potential change (198).
Actually each country has its own idealism and at the same time
ideological way of life. Those in the West are different from those in the East
including those of Indonesia. One of those found in Indonesia is the so-called
katresnanism [divine and pious love].
According to Antonius Herujiyanto, in his “Katresnan Criticism: The
Nature And Who Does It” (in LLT Journal, Vol. 09, No. 2, 125-138, August
2006), theory of katresnanism (divine love) is a term which refers to the result of
an inductive work functioning as a reminder and invitation (éling-kèlingan) of
one's true self (jati diri) and one's existence which was granted due to katresnan
(divine love) as soon as one was born. It also functions as a practical way of
regarding and looking at—and thus sincerely holding the commitment—things
such as one's work (including one's own work), numerous life situation by using
positive thinking.
He further explains that positive thinking produces a better understanding
of things including that of one's own, so that one may be able to see that “giving
means receiving.” In katresnanism, positive thinking is central. To have a positive
thinking is, thus, having an attitude of katresnanism.
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There are 99 aos katresnanism representing the hypothesis of this theory.
Up to now, 33 aos (principles) have been discussed. The fact that theory of
katresnanism is an open ended may be seen through the words positive thinking
and through an invitation to anybody to develop by, among others, proposing for
adding more aos. These aos or principles or rather characteristics may also be
called the components of katresnanism.
Theory of “Katresnanism” (divine Love) may, thus, be seen through the
following figure:
The Real Truth: Aos Katresnanism
Those who offer katresnan
=
Those who receive katresnan
Giving
Receiving
Katresnan
[pious-divine) love]
Figure 1
The 33 Aos of Katresnanism
1. andhap asor (being
humble)
12. kraton nDalem
(being spiritual)
23. sithik idhing
(promoting win-win)
2. andhom slamet
(sharing protection)
13. lothong kemayangan
(feeling lucky)
24. sumèlèh (being able
to accept)
3. angon mangsa
(being versatile)
14. migunani (promoting
benefit)
25. tentram (promoting
peace)
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4. atur panuwun
(feeling gratitude)
15. mrantasi (being
reliable)
26. tulus (being sincere)
5. banyu sinaring
(becoming a purified
model)
16. mulat sarira (being
considerate)
27. tuhu (celebrating
faithfulness)
6. binerkahan (being
blessed)
17. nalar ( being logical) 28. teposliro (celebrating
tolerance)
7. cancut taliwanda
(being prepared)
18. ngugemi (holding
commitment)
29. sumarah (trustingsurrendering)
8. citra wicita wicitra
(meaningful overt-covert)
19. nyamleng (creating
enjoyment)
30. mranani
9. duga prayoga
(calculated step)
20. nyumangga
(promoting after you)
31. mbombong-mbimbing
(encouraging)
10. yatna yuwana
21. rukun (promoting
harmony)
32. pas (just right)
11. kasugengan (offering
goodluck)
22. samanunggal (being
at the same boat)
33. nyedulur-mulur
(brotherhood and absolution/
forgiveness)
(enthralling)
Taken from the LLT Journal, Vol. 09, No. 2, 125-138, August 2006
Herujiyanto also points out that theory of katresnanism may be considered
as a strategy to help us live positively and in a way that we feel the very
enlightening-peaceful way in viewing the natural world around us.
B. Criticism on Mitch Albom’s Works.
In this part I am going to give brief description on Mitch Albom’s For One
More Day through other criticism. For One More Day is the second novel of
Mitch Albom. According to Roberta O'Hara. Mitch Albom has never failed to
delve into the depths of relationships, the sometimes dark and mysteriously gray
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areas of our interactions with people. He has pondered what we learn in our dayto-day intersections with those we love and those we hardly know, those anchors
we have lost, those we have simply shaken hands with. In For One More Day this
theme of revelation and learning continues. Where Tuesday With Morrie recounts
the rekindling of a mentor relationship in the twilight years of a teacher's life and
The Five People You Meet In Heaven reinforces the sometimes unknown impact
of those we encounter in life, For One More Day is about missed opportunity and
the
miraculous
"what
if."
Chick
Benetto
is
far
from
perfect.
In a plot that might sound too fantastic to be true, Albom spins a tale of
reconnection and opportunity. The book is full of reminiscences from Chick's
personal papers notes his mom lovingly wrote him, reminders of times he did not
stand up for her and remembrances of his life. But the last day he gets to spend
with his latel mother might well be the truest day he ever spent with her, for it is
in this visit that he learns who she really was and who he really is.
Albom's writing has always touched my heart. He possesses an uncanny
ability to draw out subjects so heartwarming and heart wrenching love, loss, faith,
loyalty that other authors dance around but never really flesh out. Albom
repeatedly strikes a chord. After learning all about Chick, his life and
relationships, one cannot help but be reminded of one's own existence --- missed
opportunities, successes, failures, etc. If you read this book and do not ask
yourself the question, "Who would I want the chance to see again, talk to again
and reconcile with?" then you have missed the point. Albom wants you to read
about Chick and find yourself reminiscing, recalling those people in your life who
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you'd give anything to see again, those times you should have walked down the
other path, and those moment you wish you could relieve.
While Jeffrey Martin stated that In his memoir Tuesdays with Morrie and
his novel The Five People You Meet In Heaven, New York Times bestselling
author Mitch Albom succeeded in creatively addressing the struggles we all
encounter in how we relate to and reconcile with others, whether friends, family,
or strangers. Albom's stories provoke us to ponder and question how we approach
these relationships, either under truly extraordinary or utterly banal circumstances.
"What could I have done better?" is the resonating question we think about
regarding past relationships and "What can I do now?" spurs us to think about our
present relationships.
Albom uses this formula in his most recent novel where he delves into the
question "If you had one more day with someone who is no longer in your life,
who would it be?" For the protagonist, Charles "Chick" Benetto, it is his mother
Posey. We meet Chick in his mid fifties, a man who has carried ordinary and
traumatic childhood experiences and expectations into his adulthood. A child of
divorce and an absentee father, Chick and his sister are raised by their mother who
is both an embarrassment and a compass to them both, especially Chick. As an
adult, he has a briefly unsuccessful stint as a Major League baseball player and an
even
longer
and
more
unsuccessful
stint
as
a
sales
person.
Following Posey's death in his forties, Chick spirals into eight years of alcoholism
and self-doubt, this result in Chick leaving his family and losing contact with his
wife and daughter. With nothing left in his life, Chick decides to go back to town
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where he grew up to end it all. In the process, he ends up spending one more day
with his mother.
It is a remarkable day of discovering who Posey truly was and how her
actions influenced his life in positive and negative ways. The pace of back-story
intermingled with the present is true to Albom's style, giving the reader just
enough information to grasp and propel them forward to the protagonist's next
revelation. Successful character development is the key in the novel and the reader
will not be disappointed by Albom's descriptions. They are vivid and tangible.
Had Albom chosen a female protagonist and slightly different storyline, this novel
would have easily fallen into the "chick lit" category. By choosing Charles
"Chick" Benetto as the main character and creating such a layered and absorbing
story line, Albom has successfully appealed to a diverse audience.
C. Context of the Novel
In conducting this thesis, the writer uses the post colonialism theory that is
why the writer tries to shows the condition of America in 1960 as the time setting
of the novel compared to the condition of America in 2006 the year when this
novel was written. This is an effort to get a better view and understanding toward
the novel.
1. The Condition of America in 1960s
In this following year, the American government was in the condition to
recover all the aspects in the nation soon after the world war two ended. In this
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war, the American government suffered a great lost in the Pearl Harbor that
almost 70 percent of his military forces destroyed by the attack. Soon the war
ended, they started to fix their domestic problems especially in economics. Until
1960, most Americans shared a common set of beliefs about family life; family
should consist of a husband and wife living together with their children. The
father should be the head of the family, earned the family's income, and gave his
name to his wife and children. The mother's main tasks were to support and
enable her husband's goals, guide her children's development, look after the home,
and set a moral tone for the family. Marriage was an enduring obligation for better
or worse and this was due much to a conscious effort to maintain strong ties with
children. The husband and wife jointly coped with stresses. As parents, they had
an overriding responsibility for the well-being of their children during the early
years-until their children entered school, they were almost solely responsible.
Even later, the parents had the primary duty of guiding their children's education
and discipline. Families recognized the difficulty of converting these ideals into
reality. Still, they devoted immense effort to approximating them in practice. As it
turned out, the mother, who worked only minimally--was the parent most
frequently successful in spending the most time with her children. Consequently,
youngsters were usually around a parental figure -- they were well disciplined and
often very close with the maternal parent who cooked for them, played with them,
and saw them off to and home from school each day.
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2. The Condition of America in the 2006.
In the year of 2006, the Government of United States of America was at
the euphoria to fight against terrorism. Since the World Trade Center tragedy, the
main goal of this country dealing with terrorism were going crazy, the government
spread their military power to vanished the terrorist movement all around the
globe. Dealing with this effort, the American government showed off their force
starting from military up to economic just to make sure that their goals achieved.
Because of it, the nation suffered economic decline that affected the life of
its citizen, starting from high tax payment that resulted in a high life cost.
Dealing with family life, in the year of 2006, the American family
although they were still recognizable, had been drastically modified across all
social classes. Women had joined the paid labor force in great numbers stimulated
by both economic need and a new belief in their capabilities and right to pursue
opportunities. Women and men had the equal right in every aspect of life. People
could say they had a family without completing the requirements of a family like
those in the 1900; sometimes there were families that only consisted of a father
and a son or daughter, or a mother and her
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THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO
AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S
FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Andreas Priyo Setiawan
Student Number: 011214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
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THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO
AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S
FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Andreas Priyo Setiawan
Student Number: 011214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
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ABSTRACT
Yustiantho, Andreas Priyo Setiawan: (2009) The Second Chance In Life Granted to
Charley Benetto As Seen In Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses Mitch Albom’s novel For One More Day. Charley Benetto
the main character of the novel is a person who used to be a famous baseball player. He
wants to end his life because of the problems he has. One day he tried to commit suicide
but failed. During his unconscious state, he happened to meet his late mother who died
eight years ago. The day he met his mother became the day where he found all the
answers to his problems. That day changed his view towards life.
The aim of the thesis is to see how the second chance in life granted to Charley
Benetto affects his life.
In order to do so, there are two problems to discuss: (1) “How is Charley
Benetto’s life described in the novel?” (2) “How does Charley Benetto’s second chance
affect his life?”
There are two kinds of sources used in the study. The primary source is obtained
from the novel For One More Day, and the secondary sources are obtained from related
books, journal and also from the internet.
The theories used to analyze the novel are theory of character and
characterization, theory Psychoanalysis and theory of katresnanism, the approach used is
psychological approach.
Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that first Charley Benetto
is naïve, weak, childish, selfish and desperate, second the second chance in life that
Charley get make him realize that everyone deserves a second chance to fix everything
and set things right
Finally, it is recommended that future researchers can analyze the other character
in this novel. As for English teacher it is suggest that they use the novel to teach reading.
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ABSTRAK
Yustiantho, Andreas Priyo Setiawan: (2009) The Second Chance In Life Granted to
Charley Benetto As Seen In Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai novel karya Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One
More Day. Dalam novel ini, Charley Benetto sebagai tokoh utama yang berkeinginan
untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dikarenakan oleh segala permasalahan yang dihadapinya.
Suatu hari akhirnya dia benar-benar mencoba mengakhiri hidupnya tetapi dia gagal,
sebagai hasilnya dia bertemu dengan mendiang ibunya yang telah meninggal 8 tahun
yang lalu. Hari dimana dia bertemu dengan mendiang ibunya berubah menjadi hari
dimana dia mendapatkan jawaban atas segala pertanyaan yang dia miliki. Hari itu telah
merubah pandangan yang dimilikinya terhadap hidupnya.
Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana kesempatan
kedua dalam hidup Charley Benetto merubah pandangan hidupnya.
Ada dua permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan dengan topik dari skripsi ini: (1).
bagaimana kehidupan Charley Benetto diceritakan di dalam novel ini? (2) bagaimana
kesempatan kedua dalam hidup Charley Benetto merubah pandangan hidupnya?
Terdapat dua macam sumber data yang digunakan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini.
Sumber data primer didapatkan dari novel For One More Day, dan sumber data sekunder
didapatkan dari buku dan jurnal yang berkaitan dengan literatur dan psikologi serta dari
internet.
Saya menggunakan teori-teori literatur dalam menganalisa novel ini. Yaitu teori
karakter dan karakterisasi, teori psikoanalisis dan teori katresnanism. Pendekatan yang
digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologis.
Setelah menganalisa novel ini penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Charley Benetto
sebagai seseorang yang naïf, lemah, kekanak-kanakan, egois dan mudah putus asa dan
berkaitan dengan kesempatan kedua yang diperolehnya, Charley menyadari bahwa semua
orang berhak mendapatkan kesempatan kedua untuk memperbaiki hidup.
Pada akhirnya Skripsi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti
selanjutnya agar dapat menganalisa tokoh-tokoh lain dalam novel ini. Dan bagi mereka
para pengajar bahasa inggris agar mereka dapat menggunakan novel ini proses
pengajaran bahasa inggris.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for
His love and guidance during my life especially the hard times in writing this
thesis. He makes my life so beautiful and meaningful. He always gives me the
wonderful surprises and blessings.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my sponsor, Drs. Antonius
Herujiyanto, M.A, Ph.D, for his great guidance, encouragement, understanding,
and advice from the beginning until the end of this thesis.
My appreciation also goes to all lecturers at Sanata Dharma University
who have taught and given me valuable and great knowledge. I would also like to
thank the secretariat staffs and the librarians for helping me searching the
references.
I am sincerely grateful to my beloved parents Bapak Antonius Susanto
and Ibu Yustina Wahyu Silaningsih (†), for their endless love and prayers for
my success. I also thank my lovely brothers and sisters, Mas Wan, Mba ta, Alex,
Agus and Sisca, Indri and Manda for their support and attention.
My best gratitude goes to Snow White crew for sharing their time. I am
honored to have such great friends as them. I also thank Maya, Ika, Risa, Vera,
Sandi, Sedik, Aris, Nino. My life will not be the same without knowing them in
my life. My gratitude goes to all of my friends at Sanata Dharma University
especially 2001 students of PBI to whom I have got through the good and bad
times during my study.
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I address my acknowledgement to all my friends at Gondolayu lor, I thank
them for encouraging me to keep trying and to lift me up in my greatest despair. It
is great to spend the time with them. I would also thank Raka, Zega, Chika, and
Serena for always making me smile and laugh anytime I need.
Last but not least, I would like to thank those whose names are not
mentioned here for their support and prayers so that I could complete this thesis.
May God bless them all.
Andreas Priyo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE ……………………………………………………………..
i
PAGES OF APPROVAL …………………………………………………….. ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………….
iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ……………………………………….
v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….. vi
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………..
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….. x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………...……………………...
1
A. Background of the Study ……………………………………………... 1
B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………….
3
C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………..
4
D. Benefits of the Study …………………………………………………. 4
E. Definition of Terms …………………………………………………... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……..……………..
7
A. Review of Related Theories…………………………………………...
7
1. Approaches in Literary Studies……………………………….. 7
2. Theory of Character…………………………………………...
8
3. Theory of Characterization………………...….………….…...
12
4. Theory of Psychoanalysis ……………………………..……...
14
a. The Id ....................................................................................
14
b. The Ego .................................................................................
15
c. The Superego ......................................................................... 16
5. Post Colonialism and Katresnanism Theory…………….......... 16
B. Criticism on Mitch Albom’s Works ………………………………….. 19
C. Context of the Novel……………………………………...…………...
x
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1. The Condition of America in 1960s…………………………... 22
2. The Condition of America in 2006……………………………
24
D. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………..
25
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY…..……………………………………….
26
A. Subject Matter….…………………………………….…………..……
26
B. Approach………………………………………………………..…......
27
C. Procedures …………………………………..……………….………..
27
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS …..……………………...………………………
29
A. Analysis of the Major Character Described in For One More Day ......
29
1. Naïve………………………………..………………………....
29
2. Weak………………………………………...………………...
30
3. Childish……………………………..…………………………
31
4. Selfish………………………………………..………………... 32
5. Desperate………………………………….…………………... 33
B. The Analysis of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life................... 37
1. Surface Meaning of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life
37
a. “Morning” as Reflections of the Beginning of Charley’s
Important Life …………………………………………….....
38
b. “Noon” as Reflections of Charley’s Quest to Find the
Answer about His Life ……..…………………………….....
41
c. “Night” as Reflections of the Result of the Quest that He has
done due to the Questions that He has About His
Life.…..………………………………………........................
43
2. Deeper Meaning of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life
46
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………….……
50
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………
50
B. Suggestion and Recommendation……………………………………..
52
1. For Future Researchers ……………………………………….
52
2. For English Teacher ………...………………………………...
53
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3. The Implementation of For One More Day in Language
Teaching …………………………………………………….... 54
REFERENCES….………………..………………………………………….... 58
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................
60
APPENDIX 1. The Summary of the Novel ................................................
61
APPENDIX 2. The Biography of the Author .............................................
67
APPENDIX 3. The Work of the Author .....................................................
72
APPENDIX 4. Lesson Plan ........................................................................
74
APPENDIX 5. The Implementation for Teaching Reading ........................ 75
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides some information about background of the study,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, and benefits of the study also
definition of terms. In the background of the study, I explain about the necessity
of analyzing the topic and the reason for choosing the topic. Objectives of the
study explain the aim of this study. The problems that will be analyzed in this
thesis are stated in the problem formulation. Benefits of the study explain to
whom this study will be beneficial. The last part of this chapter is the definition of
some terms related to this topic.
A. Background of the Study
“If you had the chance, just one chance, to go back and fix what you did
wrong in life, would you take it? And if you did, would you be big enough to
stand it?”
In this study, the writer analyzes one of Mitch Albom’s novels entitled For
One More Day. The writer interested in the novel because he has quite the same
experience with the major character. The writer used to be a boy who never cared
about anything dealt with family thing especially if it was related with any
problems that my family has. The writer also used to be an easygoing person but
soon after his mother passed away, he found that he had not spent quite some time
with his mother to discuss everything dealing with life. Life is hard after her
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death, although it has been for seven years since she passed away. The writer still
feels hurt to watch other people who can spend their time with their mother. The
writer realizes that sometimes life cannot be like what we want it to be. In this
study, the writer wants to focus on the second chance in life. In the case of
Charley Benetto’s second chance in life that he gets, he happens to meet his late
mother and spend one full day with her to reveals the truth about his life.
Since a novel is a part if literary works, the writer will try to give a few
meaning of literature according to expert. Grace stated that “Literature gives us a
specific knowledge of life that of real experiences and provides a profitable
supplement in terms of intellectual and critical values. It is actually possible to
make a mature evaluation of life without having had a great deal of experience)
(7). Literature expresses and communicates thoughts, feelings and attitude
towards life. Therefore, literature can help us to understand the meaning of life.
According to Hudson, “Literature is a vital record of what men have seen
in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about
those aspects of which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of
us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through medium of language
(10).” Literature as a work of art is a means in bringing back the sense of
humanities. We can see many aspects of life in a literature.
In the meantime, Abrams (130) says that a novel is described as a fiction
which reflects the reality of human life by presenting complex characters with
their motives, based on their social class and their interaction with other
characters.
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A novel is a book that tells a story about people. De Laar said that: “A
novel is a work of art in so far as it introduces us into a living world; in some
respects resembling the world we live in, but with an individuality of its own
(163).” In a novel, a portrait of life is commonly seen, a portrait containing values
of truth and a portrait of life as a process with all of its problems and aspects. We
realize that many novels are able to portray the phenomenon of human life well.
Some of the novels could tell about such kind of person who possesses a positive
thinking in his life.
The aim of this novel is to see how Charley Benetto’s second chance of
life affects his views of life.
In order to do so there are two problems to answer, namely, how Charley
Benetto’s life is described in the novel; and how Charley Benetto second chance
affect his life The theories used are theory of character and characterization,
theory of psychoanalysis and katresnanism theory.
It is hoped that this study will be beneficial to those having concerned with
literary works and those willing to make use of the novel to teach English.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems of this thesis can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Charley Benetto’s life described in the novel?
2. How does Charley Benetto’s second chance affect his life?
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C. Objective of the Study
There are two objectives of the study to focus on the problem formulation above,
they are:
1. To find out how Charley Benetto’s character described in the novel.
2. To find out how the second chance in life affects his life.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are benefits that we can obtain from this study for both readers and
those who are interested in literary works. This study can be used as an alternative
reading material in teaching Extensive Reading in university. It can also be a
reference for the students in getting more information about second chance in life.
Through this study, the writer hope that it can help the readers understand
more about literary works especially novel, so that they are able to enjoy reading
novels.
E. Definition of Terms
To avoid unnecessary misunderstanding, the following terms are defined:
1. Character(s)
According to Abrams, character(s) are ”the persons presented in a
dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the
dialogue – and by what the do – the action (20).” In this study, the character
discussed is Charley Benetto.
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2. Characterization
Holman and Harmon (1986) state that characterization is the creation of
the author’s imagination about imaginary person so that they exist for the reader
as lifelike.
In this study, characterization refers to the presentation of a character that
presented by the author with the character’s features including personality and
values.
3. Ideal
Hornby states that ideal is an effort of “satisfying one’s idea of what is
perfect (21).”
n this study, the ideal condition is anything that Charley Benetto do deals
with his faith as a man.
4. Personality
Kalish states that personality is “the dynamic organization of characteristic
attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other
individuals (52).”
In this study, personality refers to something that represents the human
life, which is a very unique condition that differs one and another.
6. Social
Social according to Hornby is stated as “of people living in communities;
of relations between persons and communities (818).
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In this study, social refers to the relations within a family.
7. View
It was stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary written by Hornby.
A. S, view is “personal opinion or attitude; thought or observation (on a
subject).”
Another definition of view in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is
“way of understanding or interpreting a subject, series of events, etc; mental
impression.”
In this study, view refers to the reason to reach any dreams or goals in this
life.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains some theories used in this study. That is divided into
Theoretical Review and Theoretical Framework. In theoretical review, the writer
discusses the Theory of Critical Approaches, Theory of Character, Theory of
Characterization, Theory of Psychoanalisis, and Post-Colonialism particularly that
of Katresnanism theory. Meanwhile, theoretical framework discusses the theories
used to guide the writer in the analysis of the novel.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part presents some theories that are relevant to the study including
approaches in analyzing the novel. This study deals with literature, therefore, the
writer believe that it is important to have some theoretical ground of novel as part
of literature. These are theories relevant to this study.
1. Approaches in Literary Studies
There are theories and approaches used in analyzing literary works.
Rohberger and Woods, in their book Reading and Writing about Literature, states
that to have a reasonable judgment, the so-called “critical approach” is needed (3).
The critical approach consists of five approaches: Formalist approach,
Biographical approach, Sociocultural-historical approach, Mythopoeic approach,
and Psychological approach (6).
The first approach is the “Formalist Approach.” This approach analyzes
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the work of art only. In other words, this approach does not need any reference
from other sources, like the author’s life, the social condition at the time the
author’s live, etc. In short, the approach is mainly focusing on the work only.
The second approach is the “Biographical Approach.” This approach
proposes the idea that the only way to understand literature is by asserting the
necessity and appreciation of ideas and personality of the author.
The third approach is an approach that examines the work of art in
reference to the civilization. Then the attitude and the actions of specific group of
people become the subject matter. This approach is called “SocioculturalHistorical Approach.”
“Mythopoeic Approach” is the fourth approach. This approach tries to
discover certain universality and recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the
works of art that are believed to have expression in the works.
The last approach is “Psychological Approach.” Critics that involve the
effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns of human psychology in
the works of art.
In this thesis, the writer uses the Psychological approach to analyze the
character of Charley Benneto and his relationship towards other people in the
story.
2. Theory of Character
Character plays an important role in a novel because character is the
foundation of a story.
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Analyzing character is important because it should be analyzed based on
the thought of the author. Character is an imagination of the author that lives in
the novel and every character is unique because every character represents every
person in real life that is different from others. Character is described as the
person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is represented by the reader
as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what
they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action) (Abrams 20). Characters
must be credible so that they are accepted as believable people (Rohberger and
Woods 20).
Rohrberger and Woods state that characters have an important role in a
story since they can help the readers participate explicitly in the experience of the
story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the
story (19). Furthermore, Rohberger and Woods (20) explain that “… stories
involve persons, called characters, who act out in a particular time and place
(setting) some kind of conflict in a pattern of events.”
Stanton states that character has two definitions. The first definition is
character as the individuals who appear in the story. Meanwhile, the second
definition is character as mixture of interests, desires, emotions and moral
principles that makes up each of these individuals (17). The first definition refers
to the persons in the story and the second definition refers to the characteristics of
the person in the story.
Forster as quoted by Roberts and Jacobs (121) classifies character into two
types. The first type is protagonist and the other is antagonist. The protagonist is
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the centre of the actions and usually shows human characteristic. The antagonist is
the character in a story that moves against the protagonist.
The progress of a character in the novel is divided into flat character and
round character (Abrams 21). Flat character means that the author only describes
this character without specification, in other words the author does not explain it
in details and without significant progress. Usually the writer describes the
character in “a single phrase or single sentence.” This type of character does not
make any significant progress in the novel. It means that the character gives little
contribution in the novel. Round character means that the character is complex
and makes a lot of progress through the novel. We usually call this as dynamic
character. The reason why it is called as dynamic character is that the character is
changing through the novel for example firstly the character is a good person but
because of certain events in the novel the character becomes a bad person. In other
words, the character seems as a real person and the character is changing through
the dialogues or actions.
Kenney, in his book entitled How to Analyze Fiction, divides characters
into two kinds (28-29), they are simple (flat) and complex (round) characters.
Simple (flat) characters are characters that are easy to be recognized because the
readers see only one side of the characters and these characters are familiar types
for the readers. Complex (round) characters are characters that cannot be
described in one phrase. They have some capability in surprising the readers
because of the changes in their characters.
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Furthermore, Perrine (71) classifies fictional characters into static and
dynamic characters. Static characters are characters that change little in their
outlook and personalities during the story. They remain stable and are the same
sort of persons at the end of the story as at the beginning. They are described
without much detail and they are not changed by circumstances. Dynamic
characters are those who undergo changes in some aspects of their characters,
personalities or outlook from the beginning to the end of the story. The changes
could be for better or worse and may be a large or small one, but it is something
that is important and basic, and more than a minor change in opinion.
There may be many characters that appear in a novel; however there is at
least one main character in the novel and the others are usually supporting
characters. Holman and Harmon (82) divide characters into two, namely major
characters and minor characters. A major character is the most important character
and becomes the main focus of the story. Meanwhile, a minor character is a less
important one than the major character.
According to the significance to the story, Henkle (87-101) states that
characters can be divided into two parts. The first one is major characters and the
second one is secondary character. Major characters are the most significant
characters in the novel. Henkle (92) says, “It is major characters that deserve our
fullest attention; if we understand them, we presumably understand the focal
experiences of the novel.” They can be identified through the complexity of their
characterization, the attention given by certain figures, and the personal intensity
that a character seems to transmit (Henkle 178-181). The major characters will
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completely need the reader’s fullest attention because they perform a key
structural function. While, secondary characters are characters who serve
functions that are more restricted. Henkle (97) states, “secondary characters are
limited in ways that the major characters are not.” They perform and respond in
more limited functions than the major characters, they may be less sophisticated;
therefore their response to experience is less complex and less interesting.
Based on the frequency of appearance in the novel, Milligan (155) divides
character into two. The first type is the major character. The major character
appears more frequently than the other characters in the novel. The readers usually
follow the plot of the novel through this character. In other words, this character is
the main character of the novel. The second type is minor character. This
character appears less often than the main character in the novel. This character
only appears in certain setting of the novel. The character is also less important
than the major character.
3. Theory of Characterization
In a novel, there are many characters. Each character and its
characterization have important roles in the novel. It is also very important to
make readers understand about the story.
According to Murphy, there are nine methods to present a character (161173).
The first is personal description. The author tries to describe a character
through his appearance and clothing in the story. It is important to make the
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readers can easily imagine a character through the character’s physical appearance
because it portrays the character’s characteristics and makes the characters more
alive.
The second is character as seen by other. In this method, the author
portrays a character through the eyes and opinion of another character. The
readers can recognize completely the characters about his performance or
characteristics.
The third is speech. The author gives an insight to the readers of the
character and of the person in the book through what the person says. Meaning to
say, the speech of the person, his conversation with another, and his opinion give
us some clue to his character.
The fourth is past life. in this method, the author gives the readers some
clue to his character that have helped to shape a character’s character by letting
the readers learn something about a character’s past life.
The fifth is conversation of others. In this method, the author gives the
readers some hints to a character’s character and the things they say about him,
from their conversation, the readers will understand what they are talking about so
that the readers know his character.
The sixth is reactions; here the author gives the readers some clue so that
they understand the person’s character by letting them know how that person
responds to various situations and events. The way the character resolves his
problems and difficulties portrays his character.
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The seventh is direct comment. In this method, the author gives
descriptions and comments on a person’s character directly. It is the easiest way
that the readers can gain in order to know the character’s character.
The eighth is thoughts. In this method, the author gives a direct knowledge
of what a person is thinking about. The author can do what the readers cannot do
in actual life and he lets the readers know what other people are thinking about.
The ninth or the last is mannerism. In this method, the author illustrates a
person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies that can give to the readers some
clues about his character.
4. Theory of Psychoanalysis
Rohrberger and Woods say that “the modern psychological movement
received its great impetus from Freud” (13-14). They state Freud’s theory about
psychoanalysis. Freud explores that “the unconscious area of human mind is the
area of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, the complexity oh his
thought and behaviour” (13).
Furthermore, Hall and Lindzey state Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis in
Theories of Personality. Freud states that “a person’s personality is made up of
three major systems, the Id, the ego and the superego” (22-26). The explanation of
each system is as follows:
a. The Id
The Id is the original system of personality. It is the matrix which
differentiates the ego and the superego. The Id consists of everything
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psychological that is present at birth. If the Id experiences the increases of energy
or uncomfortable states of tension, it will discharge the tension immediately and
return the organism’s low energy level. The Id is considered as the unconscious
part of the person’s personality. Hall in his Primer of Freudian Psychology says
that. The Id forces to the person to satisfy their needs. Id includes two instinctual
drives in human mind. Those are the Eros and Thanatos. Eros is the instinct of
survival such as eat, drink, sexual activity, and so on. Then the second is the
Thanatos. Thanatos is the destructive instinct including aggression, murder, and
other destructive behavior. Those functions on the pleasure that have to be
satisfied.
b. The Ego
Hall in his A Primer of Freudian Psychology says that The ego is formed
as the results of the organism needs for appropriate transactions with the objective
world of reality and known as the conscious part a person’s personality. It
distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world. The ego
itself is the organized of the Id and it exists to forward the aim of the Id. The ego
then, is the product of an interaction with the environment or rather external
world. However, heredity and natural growth processes, so called, maturation, lay
down its line of development. (30)
In Psychology of the Child by Watson and Lindgren, the Id’s aim is the
gratification of its impulses with no sense of morality, logic or unity of purpose.
The major function of the Id is to provide free uninhibited discharge of energy.
The ego never becomes completely independent of the Id (46).
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c. The Superego
The superego is the moral part of personality, which represents the ideal
which strives for perfection rather than the real it is interpreted to the child by his
parents which is enforced by means of a system of rewards and punishment which
final purpose is to meet the ideals of society.
The three main functions of the superego are to inhibit the impulses of the
Id, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive
for perfection.
The personality normally functions as a whole rather than as three separate
segments. The readers may consider the Id as the biological component of
personality, the ego as the psychological component and the superego as the social
component.
5. Post Colonialism and Katresnanism Theory
Being part of the so-called post colonialism theory, this theory
adopts the third world universal values. According to Peter Barry, anyway, there
are at least six points that post-colonialist critics tend to do (198): They reject the
claims to universalism made on behalf of canonical Western literature and seek to
show its limitations of outlook. Especially it is general inability to empathize
across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference; they examine the
representation of other cultures in literature as a way of achieving this end.
They show how such literature is often evasively and crucially silent on
matters concerned with colonization and imperialism; they foreground questions
of cultural difference and diversity and examine their treatment in relevant literary
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works; they celebrate hybridity and cultural polyvalence that is the situation
whereby individuals and groups belong simultaneously to more than one culture.
They develop a perspective, not just applicable to postcolonial literatures whereby
states of marginality, plurality and perceived “Otherness” are seen a source of
energy and potential change (198).
Actually each country has its own idealism and at the same time
ideological way of life. Those in the West are different from those in the East
including those of Indonesia. One of those found in Indonesia is the so-called
katresnanism [divine and pious love].
According to Antonius Herujiyanto, in his “Katresnan Criticism: The
Nature And Who Does It” (in LLT Journal, Vol. 09, No. 2, 125-138, August
2006), theory of katresnanism (divine love) is a term which refers to the result of
an inductive work functioning as a reminder and invitation (éling-kèlingan) of
one's true self (jati diri) and one's existence which was granted due to katresnan
(divine love) as soon as one was born. It also functions as a practical way of
regarding and looking at—and thus sincerely holding the commitment—things
such as one's work (including one's own work), numerous life situation by using
positive thinking.
He further explains that positive thinking produces a better understanding
of things including that of one's own, so that one may be able to see that “giving
means receiving.” In katresnanism, positive thinking is central. To have a positive
thinking is, thus, having an attitude of katresnanism.
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There are 99 aos katresnanism representing the hypothesis of this theory.
Up to now, 33 aos (principles) have been discussed. The fact that theory of
katresnanism is an open ended may be seen through the words positive thinking
and through an invitation to anybody to develop by, among others, proposing for
adding more aos. These aos or principles or rather characteristics may also be
called the components of katresnanism.
Theory of “Katresnanism” (divine Love) may, thus, be seen through the
following figure:
The Real Truth: Aos Katresnanism
Those who offer katresnan
=
Those who receive katresnan
Giving
Receiving
Katresnan
[pious-divine) love]
Figure 1
The 33 Aos of Katresnanism
1. andhap asor (being
humble)
12. kraton nDalem
(being spiritual)
23. sithik idhing
(promoting win-win)
2. andhom slamet
(sharing protection)
13. lothong kemayangan
(feeling lucky)
24. sumèlèh (being able
to accept)
3. angon mangsa
(being versatile)
14. migunani (promoting
benefit)
25. tentram (promoting
peace)
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4. atur panuwun
(feeling gratitude)
15. mrantasi (being
reliable)
26. tulus (being sincere)
5. banyu sinaring
(becoming a purified
model)
16. mulat sarira (being
considerate)
27. tuhu (celebrating
faithfulness)
6. binerkahan (being
blessed)
17. nalar ( being logical) 28. teposliro (celebrating
tolerance)
7. cancut taliwanda
(being prepared)
18. ngugemi (holding
commitment)
29. sumarah (trustingsurrendering)
8. citra wicita wicitra
(meaningful overt-covert)
19. nyamleng (creating
enjoyment)
30. mranani
9. duga prayoga
(calculated step)
20. nyumangga
(promoting after you)
31. mbombong-mbimbing
(encouraging)
10. yatna yuwana
21. rukun (promoting
harmony)
32. pas (just right)
11. kasugengan (offering
goodluck)
22. samanunggal (being
at the same boat)
33. nyedulur-mulur
(brotherhood and absolution/
forgiveness)
(enthralling)
Taken from the LLT Journal, Vol. 09, No. 2, 125-138, August 2006
Herujiyanto also points out that theory of katresnanism may be considered
as a strategy to help us live positively and in a way that we feel the very
enlightening-peaceful way in viewing the natural world around us.
B. Criticism on Mitch Albom’s Works.
In this part I am going to give brief description on Mitch Albom’s For One
More Day through other criticism. For One More Day is the second novel of
Mitch Albom. According to Roberta O'Hara. Mitch Albom has never failed to
delve into the depths of relationships, the sometimes dark and mysteriously gray
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areas of our interactions with people. He has pondered what we learn in our dayto-day intersections with those we love and those we hardly know, those anchors
we have lost, those we have simply shaken hands with. In For One More Day this
theme of revelation and learning continues. Where Tuesday With Morrie recounts
the rekindling of a mentor relationship in the twilight years of a teacher's life and
The Five People You Meet In Heaven reinforces the sometimes unknown impact
of those we encounter in life, For One More Day is about missed opportunity and
the
miraculous
"what
if."
Chick
Benetto
is
far
from
perfect.
In a plot that might sound too fantastic to be true, Albom spins a tale of
reconnection and opportunity. The book is full of reminiscences from Chick's
personal papers notes his mom lovingly wrote him, reminders of times he did not
stand up for her and remembrances of his life. But the last day he gets to spend
with his latel mother might well be the truest day he ever spent with her, for it is
in this visit that he learns who she really was and who he really is.
Albom's writing has always touched my heart. He possesses an uncanny
ability to draw out subjects so heartwarming and heart wrenching love, loss, faith,
loyalty that other authors dance around but never really flesh out. Albom
repeatedly strikes a chord. After learning all about Chick, his life and
relationships, one cannot help but be reminded of one's own existence --- missed
opportunities, successes, failures, etc. If you read this book and do not ask
yourself the question, "Who would I want the chance to see again, talk to again
and reconcile with?" then you have missed the point. Albom wants you to read
about Chick and find yourself reminiscing, recalling those people in your life who
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you'd give anything to see again, those times you should have walked down the
other path, and those moment you wish you could relieve.
While Jeffrey Martin stated that In his memoir Tuesdays with Morrie and
his novel The Five People You Meet In Heaven, New York Times bestselling
author Mitch Albom succeeded in creatively addressing the struggles we all
encounter in how we relate to and reconcile with others, whether friends, family,
or strangers. Albom's stories provoke us to ponder and question how we approach
these relationships, either under truly extraordinary or utterly banal circumstances.
"What could I have done better?" is the resonating question we think about
regarding past relationships and "What can I do now?" spurs us to think about our
present relationships.
Albom uses this formula in his most recent novel where he delves into the
question "If you had one more day with someone who is no longer in your life,
who would it be?" For the protagonist, Charles "Chick" Benetto, it is his mother
Posey. We meet Chick in his mid fifties, a man who has carried ordinary and
traumatic childhood experiences and expectations into his adulthood. A child of
divorce and an absentee father, Chick and his sister are raised by their mother who
is both an embarrassment and a compass to them both, especially Chick. As an
adult, he has a briefly unsuccessful stint as a Major League baseball player and an
even
longer
and
more
unsuccessful
stint
as
a
sales
person.
Following Posey's death in his forties, Chick spirals into eight years of alcoholism
and self-doubt, this result in Chick leaving his family and losing contact with his
wife and daughter. With nothing left in his life, Chick decides to go back to town
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where he grew up to end it all. In the process, he ends up spending one more day
with his mother.
It is a remarkable day of discovering who Posey truly was and how her
actions influenced his life in positive and negative ways. The pace of back-story
intermingled with the present is true to Albom's style, giving the reader just
enough information to grasp and propel them forward to the protagonist's next
revelation. Successful character development is the key in the novel and the reader
will not be disappointed by Albom's descriptions. They are vivid and tangible.
Had Albom chosen a female protagonist and slightly different storyline, this novel
would have easily fallen into the "chick lit" category. By choosing Charles
"Chick" Benetto as the main character and creating such a layered and absorbing
story line, Albom has successfully appealed to a diverse audience.
C. Context of the Novel
In conducting this thesis, the writer uses the post colonialism theory that is
why the writer tries to shows the condition of America in 1960 as the time setting
of the novel compared to the condition of America in 2006 the year when this
novel was written. This is an effort to get a better view and understanding toward
the novel.
1. The Condition of America in 1960s
In this following year, the American government was in the condition to
recover all the aspects in the nation soon after the world war two ended. In this
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war, the American government suffered a great lost in the Pearl Harbor that
almost 70 percent of his military forces destroyed by the attack. Soon the war
ended, they started to fix their domestic problems especially in economics. Until
1960, most Americans shared a common set of beliefs about family life; family
should consist of a husband and wife living together with their children. The
father should be the head of the family, earned the family's income, and gave his
name to his wife and children. The mother's main tasks were to support and
enable her husband's goals, guide her children's development, look after the home,
and set a moral tone for the family. Marriage was an enduring obligation for better
or worse and this was due much to a conscious effort to maintain strong ties with
children. The husband and wife jointly coped with stresses. As parents, they had
an overriding responsibility for the well-being of their children during the early
years-until their children entered school, they were almost solely responsible.
Even later, the parents had the primary duty of guiding their children's education
and discipline. Families recognized the difficulty of converting these ideals into
reality. Still, they devoted immense effort to approximating them in practice. As it
turned out, the mother, who worked only minimally--was the parent most
frequently successful in spending the most time with her children. Consequently,
youngsters were usually around a parental figure -- they were well disciplined and
often very close with the maternal parent who cooked for them, played with them,
and saw them off to and home from school each day.
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2. The Condition of America in the 2006.
In the year of 2006, the Government of United States of America was at
the euphoria to fight against terrorism. Since the World Trade Center tragedy, the
main goal of this country dealing with terrorism were going crazy, the government
spread their military power to vanished the terrorist movement all around the
globe. Dealing with this effort, the American government showed off their force
starting from military up to economic just to make sure that their goals achieved.
Because of it, the nation suffered economic decline that affected the life of
its citizen, starting from high tax payment that resulted in a high life cost.
Dealing with family life, in the year of 2006, the American family
although they were still recognizable, had been drastically modified across all
social classes. Women had joined the paid labor force in great numbers stimulated
by both economic need and a new belief in their capabilities and right to pursue
opportunities. Women and men had the equal right in every aspect of life. People
could say they had a family without completing the requirements of a family like
those in the 1900; sometimes there were families that only consisted of a father
and a son or daughter, or a mother and her