DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI (3)
DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
PADA DUNIA PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL DAN GLOBAL
Tekanan Bisnis dan Respon Organisasi
Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit
Chairman of Stimik Perbanas
25 June 2002
Puri Asri – Hotel Le Meridien
Jakarta, Indonesia
Objectives
1. Trend and Competition within the Education Environment in Indonesia
2. The Strategic Role of Information Technology in Indonesian Higher
Learning Environment
3. Issues on Implementing State-of-the-Art Education System:
– Off-the-shelf based application
– Customization based application
– Tailor-made based application
4. Specific Requirements of Indonesian University
5. Strategy and Tactics for Indonesian University to Respond to the
Dynamic Change and Hostile Competition
– Computer based education system
– E-Learning education deliverables
– Virtual university type of business
Scope of Higher-Learning Education
• University is the most complex organization entity within the education
environment
• Subsets organization of university:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
College (Sekolah Tinggi)
Academy (Akademi/Diploma)
Training Center (Pusat Pelatihan)
Center of Knowledge (Certification Center)
High School (SMU)
Secondary School (SMP)
Elementary School (SD)
Kindergarten and Pre-School (Taman kanak Kanak)
Cyber Learning (e-Learning)
Non-Formal Education
Etc.
Trend and Competition within
the Education Environment in Indonesia
Part 1
Indonesian Special Characteristics on Higher Learning
• Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi (Main Processes)
– Pendidikan dan Pengajaran [1]
– Penelitian dan Pengembangan [2]
– Pengabdian Masyarakat [3]
• Struktur Perguruan Tinggi (Organization Structure)
–
–
–
–
Bidang Akademik dan Penelitian [A]
Bidang Administrasi, Keuangan, dan Sumber Daya Manusia [B]
Bidang Kemahasiswaan dan Kemasyarakatan [C]
Bidang Hubungan Industri [D]
Indonesian Higher Learning Process Taxonomy
Revenue
Stream
Core Processes
Pendidikan dan
Pengajaran
[1]
Penelitian dan
Pengembangan
[2]
Pengabdian
Masyarakat
[3]
Administrasi Umum dan Akademik [A] [B]
Sumber Daya Manusia [B]
Akuntansi dan Keuangan [B]
Kemahasiswaan dan Hubungan Eksternal [C] [D]
Support Activities
Cost
Center
Support Activities
Core Processes
SAP Best Practice on Higher Learning
Main Stakeholders
Students
Front Office Processes
Pendidikan dan Pengajaran
Lecturers
Foundation
Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pengabdian Masyarakat
Industry
Partners
Back Office Processes
Employees
Administrasi Umum dan Akademik
Communities
Sumber Daya Manusia
Akuntansi dan Keuangan
Government
Kemahasiswaan dan Hubungan Eksternal
Other
Universities
Objectives Matrix
Front Office
(Core Processes)
Back Office
(Support Activities)
Students
Quality of Deliverable
Fast and Cheap
Flexible
Lecturers
Facility Quality
Knowledge/Adaptability
Academic Environment
No Bureaucracy
Flexible
New Profit Stream
Contract Control
New Products/Programs
Continuing Study
Cheap
Reachable
Cross Registration
Join Operation
Foundation
More Revenue
Cost Containment
Leverage Investment
Employees
Hands-Off Administration
Good Salary/Benefits
Empowerement
Regulation Compliancy
Quality of Education
Standard Report Submission
Process Type
Stakeholders
Industry Partners
Communities
Other Universities
Government
Competition Arena in Front Office
Customers Domain
Other
University
1
Students
Other
University
2
Lecturers
Communities
Industry
Partners
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
Other
University
3
in terms of
Our
University
• Pendidikan dan Pengajaran
• Penelitian dan Pengembangan
• Pengabdian Masyarakat
Other
Universities\
Competition Arena in Back Office
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
in terms of
• Managing Resources
• Making Strategic and Operational Decisions
The Strategic Role of Information
Technology in Indonesian HigherLearning Environment
Part 2
The Role of IT in the Competition
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 3
Communication
Tool
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 3
Communication
Tool
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
IT Anatomy and Infrastructure
Users & Stakeholders
Communication and
Networking Tools
3
Hardware, Network and Communication
2
1
Business and
Management
Transaction
Enabler
Databases
Applications
Decision
Support
System
4
People and Structure
5
Supports and Services
Governance
Logical Development of Academic IS
Business Domain
2
1
Business
Processes
3
Technology Domain
2
1
Applications
Portfolio
4
Data, Information,
& Knowledge
Users and
Stakeholders Mngt.
Tools and
Technology
Supports and
Services Mngt.
Database
Mngt. System
H/W, Network
& Infrastructure
3
5
4
5
I.T. Departement
Structure
Policy and
Governance
Zachman Framework Principle
Driven by University
Organization/Business Plan
2
1
3
WHERE
network
4
WHO
people
5
WHAT
data
HOW
function
WHEN
time
WHY
motivation
Scope and Objective
ENTITIES
PROCESSES
LOCATIONS
ORGANISATION
EVENTS
STRATEGY
GOALS
Business and
Enterprise Model
ENTITY
RELATION
PROCESS
FLOWS
LOGISTIC
NETWORKING
ORGANOGRAM
BUSINESS
SCHEDULE
BUSINESS
PLAN
Information System
Model
DATA
MODEL
DATA
FLOWS
SYSTEM
TOPOLOGY
Technology
Constrained Model
DATA
DESIGN
STRUCTURE
CHART
Detailed
Representation
DATABASE
DESCRIPTION
Working System
DATA
USERS
PROCESS
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
ARCHITECTURE
SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
USERS
INTERFACE
CONTROL
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
DESIGN
PROGRAM
SOURCE
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
SECURITY
INTERRUPTS
KNWLEDGE
BASE
FUNCTIONS
COMMUNICATION
ORGANISATION
SCHEDULE
USE
Specific and Unique
Strategy, Tactics, and Solution
Generic Strategy
and Solution
Nature of Competition
WHAT
data
HOW
function
WHERE
network
WHO
people
WHEN
time
WHY
motivation
Scope and Objective
ENTITIES
PROCESSES
LOCATIONS
ORGANISATION
EVENTS
STRATEGY
GOALS
Business and
Enterprise Model
ENTITY
RELATION
PROCESS
FLOWS
LOGISTIC
NETWORKING
ORGANOGRAM
BUSINESS
SCHEDULE
BUSINESS
PLAN
Information System
Model
DATA
MODEL
DATA
FLOWS
SYSTEM
TOPOLOGY
Technology
Constrained Model
DATA
DESIGN
STRUCTURE
CHART
Detailed
Representation
DATABASE
DESCRIPTION
Working System
DATA
USERS
PROCESS
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
ARCHITECTURE
SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
USERS
INTERFACE
CONTROL
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
DESIGN
PROGRAM
SOURCE
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
SECURITY
INTERRUPTS
KNWLEDGE
BASE
FUNCTIONS
COMMUNICATION
ORGANISATION
SCHEDULE
USE
The Heart of Competition
1. Business Process
• Similar business process taxonomy, different tasks and procedures in
operations
2. Data and Information
• Typical requirements, different decision making style and requirements
for knowledge gathering and processing
3. Technology
• Common physical assets, different development strategy and value
creation activities
4. People
• Based on standard skills and competencies, different in managing
intelligent assets
5. Policy
• Following common practices, different in implementing good corporate
governance strategy
Issues on Implementing
State-of-the-Art Education System
Part 3
The Impacts on Technology Strategy
Off-the-Shelf
Solution
Customization
Solution
Tailor-Made
Solution
Business Process
< 80% compliance
no unique value
80–99% compliance
unique value
100% compliance
competitive advantage
Data and
Information
follow the ready-made
report, no question
asked
customized based on
specific detail
requirements
tailored based on
specific detail
requirements
Technology
required appropriate
specification to meet
best performance
work good in multiplatform technology
environment
developed to meet the
technology constraints
People
following programmer
styles presented in the
user interface design
customized based on
user’s style on using the
technology
tailored based on user’s
style on using the
technology
Policy
based on the nature
development of the
solution to-befollowed
customized to be
aligned with
organization policy
tailored to be aligned
with organization policy
About the Project Management
Off-the-Shelf
Solution
Customization
Solution
Tailor-Made
Solution
fit with the requirements
< 80%
80-99%
100%
time development
fast, ready to use
not too fast,
not too slow
extremely slow
quality
very good, all system
have undergone a series
of tests
quite good, each object
within the system has
been undergone a series
of tests
fair, since the testing
stage is being done
during the development
phases
cost
high, based on the
number of users
involved/using the
system
value for money, usually
flat rate/lump sum
based on the modules
installed
high, based on the
complexity and the time
required (man hours
based project)
adaptability
cannot cope with
change, must use new
upgrade solution
adaptable to any change
(object ready- made and
relation based)
rigid to change, should
re-develop the solution
maintenance
depend on the vendor or
software developer
company
independent, assuming
the blue print is given
(not necessarily source
code)
independent, assuming
the source code is given
Specific Requirements
of Indonesian University
Part 4
How about in Indonesia ?
Full Independent
Organization
• Market Based
• Customer Oriented
• Self Regulation
• Industry Convergence
the trend
Full Controlled by
External Authorities
• Depdiknas
• Dikti
• Kopertis
• BAN
• Other Sectors
the fact
䇾We are here…䇿
Dynamic Environment
(Sensitive to Change)
PRAGMATIC SOLUTIONS
• Off-the-shelf
• Customization
• Tailor-made
: 10%
: 65%
: 25%
Cubes of Education Governance
Internal
External
Frequent Reports
Ad-hoc Queries
Knowledge Management
Industry Transformation
Org.
Entity
Skills
Certification
Royalty
Patents
Research
Competence
Knowledge
Programs
Services
Org.
Growth
based
on
Specific
Business
Plan
+
University
Faculty
Academy
Department
Sister
University
Off Campus
Long
Distance
College
Tri
Dharma
Perguruan
Tinggi
What Need to be Done for External Governance
Examples:
• Depdiknas
– Kep. Mendiknas No.234/U/2000
– Kep. Mendiknas No.184/U/2001
• Dikti
– Kep. Dirjen Dikti No.08/Dikti/Kep/2002
– Kep. Dirjen Dikti No.108/Dikti/Kep 2001
• Kopertis
– Laporan berkala mengenai penyelenggaraan aktivitas pendidikan
– Keputusan mengenai Jenjang Kepangkatan Akademik
• Badan Akreditasi Nasional
– Butir borang-borang akreditasi program studi
Need a customized database system with specific
fields for data structure and management
Example 1: Kep. Mendiknas No. 184/U/2002
• Information required as Rincian Evaluasi Semester
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Jumlah total mahasiswa terdaftar (student body)
Jumlah total dosen tetap dan honorer
Rasio jumlah dosen per jumlah mahasiswa
Prosentasi pencapaian sasaran kegiatan belajar mengajar dengan
mengacu pada jumlah jam pelaksanaan kegiatan perkuliahan
Rerata jumlah SKS yang diambil oleh setiap mahasiswa
Rerata IP semester dari setiap mahasiswa
Jumlah lulusan dan mahasiswa yang DO
Rasio jumlah lulusan dengan student body
Rerata lama studi mahasiswa
Do we have the raw data regarding these needs?
Do we have the computer system to handle this?
How reliable is the solution?
Example 2: Kep. Mendiknas No. 234/U/2000
• Information required as Kajian dalam Evaluasi Tahunan
–
–
–
–
–
–
Rasio jumlah calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar dengan yang diterima
Distribusi mahasiswa berdasarkan pada propinsi/daerah asal SMU-nya
Rasio jumlah dosen tetap dengan total dosen
Distribusi dosen menurut pendidikan akademik tertingginya
Perkembangan fasilitas penunjang kegiatan belajar-mengajar
Jumlah penelitian yang dihasilkan, baik yang terpublikasi maupun tidak
Do we have the raw data regarding these needs?
Do we have the computer system to handle this?
How reliable is the solution?
Minimum Requirements for Example 1 and Example 2
Mahasiswa
Dosen
䇾Quite similar for
all universities seen
from the high level
of conceptual data
structure representation䇿
Universitas
Program Studi
Kurikulum
Fasilitas
Technical Problems in Detail
Mahasiswa
Dosen
䇾Different data
representatitve due
to the other internal
needs of knowledge䇿
Universitas
Program Studi
Kurikulum
Fasilitas
Example 3: BAN Report
• F. Mahasiswa dan Pembimbingnya
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pertumbuhan Jumlah Mahasiswa
Pertumbuhan Kelulusan Mahasiswa
Penguasaan Pengetahuan Dasar
Kemampuan Intelektual dan Kemandirian Mahasiswa
Sikap Akademik Mahasiswa
Partisipas Mahasiswa dalam Penelitian
Partisipasi Mahasiswa dalam Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat
Persyaratan Penerimaan Mahasiswa
Sistem Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Calon Mahasiswa
Pemberian Bantuan Bagi Mahasiswa
• I. Pembiayaan
–
–
–
–
–
–
Anggaran Belanja
Pemanfaatan Anggaran Belanja
Rancangan Anggaran untuk 2 Tahun Mendatang
Sumber Dana untuk Pengembangan Dosen
Dana untuk Pengembangan Staf
Dana untuk Pengadaan Sarana/Prasarana
Example 4: Other Quality Watch Ad-Hoc Queries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sikap dan Kepedulian Dosen
Interaksi Dosen dan Mahasiswa
Pengembangan Dosen dan Tenaga Administrasi
Pengangkatan Dosen
Prasarana Belajar-Mengajar
Alat Bantu Pendidikan
Evaluasi terhadap Proses
Keluhan
Putus Kuliah
Aspek Penelitian
Orientasi Program Studi
Struktur Kurikulum
• dan lain sebagainya
Data Condition
Yes
1
Paper
Based
Document
Filing
System
Database
Management
System
No
System
Electronic
Document
Management
System
STRUCTURE /
STANDARD
No
2
No
Yes
DIGITAL FORM
Database Anatomy
Meta-Data based Electronic
Document Management System
ERP-based Education System
The Trend and the Challenge
National
(Between Two or
More Local
Organizations)
Kelas Jarak Jauh
Kampus Jarak Jauh
(Distance Learning)
(Off Campus)
Universitas
Terbuka
ITB/IBI
Leicester
University
Binus/Curtin
IPMI/Monash
Trisakti/ECU
International
(Between One/More
International Organizations
and One/More Local
Organizations)
Strategy and Tactics for Indonesian
University to Respond to the Dynamic
Change and Hostile Competition
Part 5
New Ways of Learning
TRADITIONAL TEACHING
NEW LEARNING
Teacher-centered instruction
Student-centered instruction
Single-sense stimulation
Multisensory stimulation
Single-path progression
Multipath progression
Single media
Multimedia
Isolated work
Collaborative work
Information delivery
Information exchange
Passive learning
Active/inquiry-based learning
Factual, knowledge-based
Critical thinking, informed decision
making
Reactive response
Proactive/planned action
Isolated, artificial context
Authentic, real-world context
Education in the New Era
Education.com
• What is online education ?
– The acquisition of knowledge and skills through mediated
information and instruction, encompassing all technologies
and other forms of learning at a distance.
About e-Learning
What is Driving e-Learning
The Scope of e-Learning
SCORM-LMS Model
State-of-the-Art Architecture
The Best Practice Solution
Information System Evolution
Domain Philosophy
Quick Assessment Benchmarking
Main Principle
FUNCTIONAL USE
MANAGEMENT FOCUS
5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the
Consumer
5 People Systems, Home
Computers
4
Enhancing Executive
Decision Making
MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions
3 Marketing, Distribution,
Customer Service
3
ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the
Industry
4 Restructuring of the
Organization
3 Growth and Increase in
Market Share
Enhancing Products
and Services
Above the Line
Below the Line
2
Leveraging Investment
SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1
2 Financial, Manufacturing,
Services
1 Administrative
Reducing Costs
2 Asset Management
1 Process Management
Lincoln University, USA
UNCG Campus, USA
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
MIT, USA
Open University, Europe
Virtual-U Stanford University, USA
The Prospect of the Business
In a knowledge-based economy,
education skills are the only game in town.
Dr. Lester Thurow
Professor of Economics and Management, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Author, Building Wealth: New Rules for Individuals, Companies and
Countries in a Knowledge-Based Economy
What Other People Say
Development Strategy
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Stage 6
PLANNING
ANALYSIS
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IMPLEMENTATION
MAINTENANCE
• Business Plan
• Organization Plan
• RIP
• Position of IT
• Requirement
Analysis
• IT Master Plan
• SW, HW, BW
• Off-the-shelf
• Customization
• Tailor-Made
• No need to
design
for off-the-shelf
• Installation
phase
for off-the-shelf
• Migration if
legacy system
exists
• Object design
for
Customization
• Relationship
building
for customization
• Technical
design for
Tailor-made
• Programming
for
tailor-made
• Managing
change
if no system
has been
introduced
• Evaluation
• Upgrading
CUT OFF
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
B
A
C
C
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
E
C
E
A
PARALLEL
Implementation Types
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
A
C
A
B
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
C
E
C
C
Implementation
Strategy
PILOT
FULL BLOWN
Project Scope
Future = Feature of Your Unique IT Solutions
Other determinants of satisfaction
Financial
aid
Students
Continuing
students
Resource
allocation:
Tuition,
Financial
aid
Enrollment
management
1. Revenue &
expenditure
2. Allocation
Grads &
drops
Faculty
budgets
Faculty
hiring
3. Faculty
hiring
Faculty
salaries
New
students
Student
sims
Courses
passed
Courses
taken
Courses
taught
New
faculty
Faculty
sims
Continuing
faculty
Faculty
Research
time
Research
projects
Financial results
Athletics
Development
Performance indicators
Synergies
Research &
scholarship
Departures
Other determinants of satisfaction
Student life
Teaching
Endowment
Facilities
Trustee evaluation
Conclusion
OLD ORGANIZATION
+
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
=
OLD AND EXPENSIVE ORGANIZATION
The End
Richardus Eko Indrajit
[email protected]
[email protected]
http://www.indrajit.org
Q&A
PADA DUNIA PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL DAN GLOBAL
Tekanan Bisnis dan Respon Organisasi
Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit
Chairman of Stimik Perbanas
25 June 2002
Puri Asri – Hotel Le Meridien
Jakarta, Indonesia
Objectives
1. Trend and Competition within the Education Environment in Indonesia
2. The Strategic Role of Information Technology in Indonesian Higher
Learning Environment
3. Issues on Implementing State-of-the-Art Education System:
– Off-the-shelf based application
– Customization based application
– Tailor-made based application
4. Specific Requirements of Indonesian University
5. Strategy and Tactics for Indonesian University to Respond to the
Dynamic Change and Hostile Competition
– Computer based education system
– E-Learning education deliverables
– Virtual university type of business
Scope of Higher-Learning Education
• University is the most complex organization entity within the education
environment
• Subsets organization of university:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
College (Sekolah Tinggi)
Academy (Akademi/Diploma)
Training Center (Pusat Pelatihan)
Center of Knowledge (Certification Center)
High School (SMU)
Secondary School (SMP)
Elementary School (SD)
Kindergarten and Pre-School (Taman kanak Kanak)
Cyber Learning (e-Learning)
Non-Formal Education
Etc.
Trend and Competition within
the Education Environment in Indonesia
Part 1
Indonesian Special Characteristics on Higher Learning
• Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi (Main Processes)
– Pendidikan dan Pengajaran [1]
– Penelitian dan Pengembangan [2]
– Pengabdian Masyarakat [3]
• Struktur Perguruan Tinggi (Organization Structure)
–
–
–
–
Bidang Akademik dan Penelitian [A]
Bidang Administrasi, Keuangan, dan Sumber Daya Manusia [B]
Bidang Kemahasiswaan dan Kemasyarakatan [C]
Bidang Hubungan Industri [D]
Indonesian Higher Learning Process Taxonomy
Revenue
Stream
Core Processes
Pendidikan dan
Pengajaran
[1]
Penelitian dan
Pengembangan
[2]
Pengabdian
Masyarakat
[3]
Administrasi Umum dan Akademik [A] [B]
Sumber Daya Manusia [B]
Akuntansi dan Keuangan [B]
Kemahasiswaan dan Hubungan Eksternal [C] [D]
Support Activities
Cost
Center
Support Activities
Core Processes
SAP Best Practice on Higher Learning
Main Stakeholders
Students
Front Office Processes
Pendidikan dan Pengajaran
Lecturers
Foundation
Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pengabdian Masyarakat
Industry
Partners
Back Office Processes
Employees
Administrasi Umum dan Akademik
Communities
Sumber Daya Manusia
Akuntansi dan Keuangan
Government
Kemahasiswaan dan Hubungan Eksternal
Other
Universities
Objectives Matrix
Front Office
(Core Processes)
Back Office
(Support Activities)
Students
Quality of Deliverable
Fast and Cheap
Flexible
Lecturers
Facility Quality
Knowledge/Adaptability
Academic Environment
No Bureaucracy
Flexible
New Profit Stream
Contract Control
New Products/Programs
Continuing Study
Cheap
Reachable
Cross Registration
Join Operation
Foundation
More Revenue
Cost Containment
Leverage Investment
Employees
Hands-Off Administration
Good Salary/Benefits
Empowerement
Regulation Compliancy
Quality of Education
Standard Report Submission
Process Type
Stakeholders
Industry Partners
Communities
Other Universities
Government
Competition Arena in Front Office
Customers Domain
Other
University
1
Students
Other
University
2
Lecturers
Communities
Industry
Partners
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
Other
University
3
in terms of
Our
University
• Pendidikan dan Pengajaran
• Penelitian dan Pengembangan
• Pengabdian Masyarakat
Other
Universities\
Competition Arena in Back Office
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
• Cheaper
• Better
• Faster
in terms of
• Managing Resources
• Making Strategic and Operational Decisions
The Strategic Role of Information
Technology in Indonesian HigherLearning Environment
Part 2
The Role of IT in the Competition
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 3
Communication
Tool
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 3
Communication
Tool
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
IT Anatomy and Infrastructure
Users & Stakeholders
Communication and
Networking Tools
3
Hardware, Network and Communication
2
1
Business and
Management
Transaction
Enabler
Databases
Applications
Decision
Support
System
4
People and Structure
5
Supports and Services
Governance
Logical Development of Academic IS
Business Domain
2
1
Business
Processes
3
Technology Domain
2
1
Applications
Portfolio
4
Data, Information,
& Knowledge
Users and
Stakeholders Mngt.
Tools and
Technology
Supports and
Services Mngt.
Database
Mngt. System
H/W, Network
& Infrastructure
3
5
4
5
I.T. Departement
Structure
Policy and
Governance
Zachman Framework Principle
Driven by University
Organization/Business Plan
2
1
3
WHERE
network
4
WHO
people
5
WHAT
data
HOW
function
WHEN
time
WHY
motivation
Scope and Objective
ENTITIES
PROCESSES
LOCATIONS
ORGANISATION
EVENTS
STRATEGY
GOALS
Business and
Enterprise Model
ENTITY
RELATION
PROCESS
FLOWS
LOGISTIC
NETWORKING
ORGANOGRAM
BUSINESS
SCHEDULE
BUSINESS
PLAN
Information System
Model
DATA
MODEL
DATA
FLOWS
SYSTEM
TOPOLOGY
Technology
Constrained Model
DATA
DESIGN
STRUCTURE
CHART
Detailed
Representation
DATABASE
DESCRIPTION
Working System
DATA
USERS
PROCESS
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
ARCHITECTURE
SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
USERS
INTERFACE
CONTROL
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
DESIGN
PROGRAM
SOURCE
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
SECURITY
INTERRUPTS
KNWLEDGE
BASE
FUNCTIONS
COMMUNICATION
ORGANISATION
SCHEDULE
USE
Specific and Unique
Strategy, Tactics, and Solution
Generic Strategy
and Solution
Nature of Competition
WHAT
data
HOW
function
WHERE
network
WHO
people
WHEN
time
WHY
motivation
Scope and Objective
ENTITIES
PROCESSES
LOCATIONS
ORGANISATION
EVENTS
STRATEGY
GOALS
Business and
Enterprise Model
ENTITY
RELATION
PROCESS
FLOWS
LOGISTIC
NETWORKING
ORGANOGRAM
BUSINESS
SCHEDULE
BUSINESS
PLAN
Information System
Model
DATA
MODEL
DATA
FLOWS
SYSTEM
TOPOLOGY
Technology
Constrained Model
DATA
DESIGN
STRUCTURE
CHART
Detailed
Representation
DATABASE
DESCRIPTION
Working System
DATA
USERS
PROCESS
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
ARCHITECTURE
SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
USERS
INTERFACE
CONTROL
STRUCTURE
KNOWLEDGE
DESIGN
PROGRAM
SOURCE
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
SECURITY
INTERRUPTS
KNWLEDGE
BASE
FUNCTIONS
COMMUNICATION
ORGANISATION
SCHEDULE
USE
The Heart of Competition
1. Business Process
• Similar business process taxonomy, different tasks and procedures in
operations
2. Data and Information
• Typical requirements, different decision making style and requirements
for knowledge gathering and processing
3. Technology
• Common physical assets, different development strategy and value
creation activities
4. People
• Based on standard skills and competencies, different in managing
intelligent assets
5. Policy
• Following common practices, different in implementing good corporate
governance strategy
Issues on Implementing
State-of-the-Art Education System
Part 3
The Impacts on Technology Strategy
Off-the-Shelf
Solution
Customization
Solution
Tailor-Made
Solution
Business Process
< 80% compliance
no unique value
80–99% compliance
unique value
100% compliance
competitive advantage
Data and
Information
follow the ready-made
report, no question
asked
customized based on
specific detail
requirements
tailored based on
specific detail
requirements
Technology
required appropriate
specification to meet
best performance
work good in multiplatform technology
environment
developed to meet the
technology constraints
People
following programmer
styles presented in the
user interface design
customized based on
user’s style on using the
technology
tailored based on user’s
style on using the
technology
Policy
based on the nature
development of the
solution to-befollowed
customized to be
aligned with
organization policy
tailored to be aligned
with organization policy
About the Project Management
Off-the-Shelf
Solution
Customization
Solution
Tailor-Made
Solution
fit with the requirements
< 80%
80-99%
100%
time development
fast, ready to use
not too fast,
not too slow
extremely slow
quality
very good, all system
have undergone a series
of tests
quite good, each object
within the system has
been undergone a series
of tests
fair, since the testing
stage is being done
during the development
phases
cost
high, based on the
number of users
involved/using the
system
value for money, usually
flat rate/lump sum
based on the modules
installed
high, based on the
complexity and the time
required (man hours
based project)
adaptability
cannot cope with
change, must use new
upgrade solution
adaptable to any change
(object ready- made and
relation based)
rigid to change, should
re-develop the solution
maintenance
depend on the vendor or
software developer
company
independent, assuming
the blue print is given
(not necessarily source
code)
independent, assuming
the source code is given
Specific Requirements
of Indonesian University
Part 4
How about in Indonesia ?
Full Independent
Organization
• Market Based
• Customer Oriented
• Self Regulation
• Industry Convergence
the trend
Full Controlled by
External Authorities
• Depdiknas
• Dikti
• Kopertis
• BAN
• Other Sectors
the fact
䇾We are here…䇿
Dynamic Environment
(Sensitive to Change)
PRAGMATIC SOLUTIONS
• Off-the-shelf
• Customization
• Tailor-made
: 10%
: 65%
: 25%
Cubes of Education Governance
Internal
External
Frequent Reports
Ad-hoc Queries
Knowledge Management
Industry Transformation
Org.
Entity
Skills
Certification
Royalty
Patents
Research
Competence
Knowledge
Programs
Services
Org.
Growth
based
on
Specific
Business
Plan
+
University
Faculty
Academy
Department
Sister
University
Off Campus
Long
Distance
College
Tri
Dharma
Perguruan
Tinggi
What Need to be Done for External Governance
Examples:
• Depdiknas
– Kep. Mendiknas No.234/U/2000
– Kep. Mendiknas No.184/U/2001
• Dikti
– Kep. Dirjen Dikti No.08/Dikti/Kep/2002
– Kep. Dirjen Dikti No.108/Dikti/Kep 2001
• Kopertis
– Laporan berkala mengenai penyelenggaraan aktivitas pendidikan
– Keputusan mengenai Jenjang Kepangkatan Akademik
• Badan Akreditasi Nasional
– Butir borang-borang akreditasi program studi
Need a customized database system with specific
fields for data structure and management
Example 1: Kep. Mendiknas No. 184/U/2002
• Information required as Rincian Evaluasi Semester
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Jumlah total mahasiswa terdaftar (student body)
Jumlah total dosen tetap dan honorer
Rasio jumlah dosen per jumlah mahasiswa
Prosentasi pencapaian sasaran kegiatan belajar mengajar dengan
mengacu pada jumlah jam pelaksanaan kegiatan perkuliahan
Rerata jumlah SKS yang diambil oleh setiap mahasiswa
Rerata IP semester dari setiap mahasiswa
Jumlah lulusan dan mahasiswa yang DO
Rasio jumlah lulusan dengan student body
Rerata lama studi mahasiswa
Do we have the raw data regarding these needs?
Do we have the computer system to handle this?
How reliable is the solution?
Example 2: Kep. Mendiknas No. 234/U/2000
• Information required as Kajian dalam Evaluasi Tahunan
–
–
–
–
–
–
Rasio jumlah calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar dengan yang diterima
Distribusi mahasiswa berdasarkan pada propinsi/daerah asal SMU-nya
Rasio jumlah dosen tetap dengan total dosen
Distribusi dosen menurut pendidikan akademik tertingginya
Perkembangan fasilitas penunjang kegiatan belajar-mengajar
Jumlah penelitian yang dihasilkan, baik yang terpublikasi maupun tidak
Do we have the raw data regarding these needs?
Do we have the computer system to handle this?
How reliable is the solution?
Minimum Requirements for Example 1 and Example 2
Mahasiswa
Dosen
䇾Quite similar for
all universities seen
from the high level
of conceptual data
structure representation䇿
Universitas
Program Studi
Kurikulum
Fasilitas
Technical Problems in Detail
Mahasiswa
Dosen
䇾Different data
representatitve due
to the other internal
needs of knowledge䇿
Universitas
Program Studi
Kurikulum
Fasilitas
Example 3: BAN Report
• F. Mahasiswa dan Pembimbingnya
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pertumbuhan Jumlah Mahasiswa
Pertumbuhan Kelulusan Mahasiswa
Penguasaan Pengetahuan Dasar
Kemampuan Intelektual dan Kemandirian Mahasiswa
Sikap Akademik Mahasiswa
Partisipas Mahasiswa dalam Penelitian
Partisipasi Mahasiswa dalam Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat
Persyaratan Penerimaan Mahasiswa
Sistem Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Calon Mahasiswa
Pemberian Bantuan Bagi Mahasiswa
• I. Pembiayaan
–
–
–
–
–
–
Anggaran Belanja
Pemanfaatan Anggaran Belanja
Rancangan Anggaran untuk 2 Tahun Mendatang
Sumber Dana untuk Pengembangan Dosen
Dana untuk Pengembangan Staf
Dana untuk Pengadaan Sarana/Prasarana
Example 4: Other Quality Watch Ad-Hoc Queries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sikap dan Kepedulian Dosen
Interaksi Dosen dan Mahasiswa
Pengembangan Dosen dan Tenaga Administrasi
Pengangkatan Dosen
Prasarana Belajar-Mengajar
Alat Bantu Pendidikan
Evaluasi terhadap Proses
Keluhan
Putus Kuliah
Aspek Penelitian
Orientasi Program Studi
Struktur Kurikulum
• dan lain sebagainya
Data Condition
Yes
1
Paper
Based
Document
Filing
System
Database
Management
System
No
System
Electronic
Document
Management
System
STRUCTURE /
STANDARD
No
2
No
Yes
DIGITAL FORM
Database Anatomy
Meta-Data based Electronic
Document Management System
ERP-based Education System
The Trend and the Challenge
National
(Between Two or
More Local
Organizations)
Kelas Jarak Jauh
Kampus Jarak Jauh
(Distance Learning)
(Off Campus)
Universitas
Terbuka
ITB/IBI
Leicester
University
Binus/Curtin
IPMI/Monash
Trisakti/ECU
International
(Between One/More
International Organizations
and One/More Local
Organizations)
Strategy and Tactics for Indonesian
University to Respond to the Dynamic
Change and Hostile Competition
Part 5
New Ways of Learning
TRADITIONAL TEACHING
NEW LEARNING
Teacher-centered instruction
Student-centered instruction
Single-sense stimulation
Multisensory stimulation
Single-path progression
Multipath progression
Single media
Multimedia
Isolated work
Collaborative work
Information delivery
Information exchange
Passive learning
Active/inquiry-based learning
Factual, knowledge-based
Critical thinking, informed decision
making
Reactive response
Proactive/planned action
Isolated, artificial context
Authentic, real-world context
Education in the New Era
Education.com
• What is online education ?
– The acquisition of knowledge and skills through mediated
information and instruction, encompassing all technologies
and other forms of learning at a distance.
About e-Learning
What is Driving e-Learning
The Scope of e-Learning
SCORM-LMS Model
State-of-the-Art Architecture
The Best Practice Solution
Information System Evolution
Domain Philosophy
Quick Assessment Benchmarking
Main Principle
FUNCTIONAL USE
MANAGEMENT FOCUS
5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the
Consumer
5 People Systems, Home
Computers
4
Enhancing Executive
Decision Making
MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions
3 Marketing, Distribution,
Customer Service
3
ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the
Industry
4 Restructuring of the
Organization
3 Growth and Increase in
Market Share
Enhancing Products
and Services
Above the Line
Below the Line
2
Leveraging Investment
SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1
2 Financial, Manufacturing,
Services
1 Administrative
Reducing Costs
2 Asset Management
1 Process Management
Lincoln University, USA
UNCG Campus, USA
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
MIT, USA
Open University, Europe
Virtual-U Stanford University, USA
The Prospect of the Business
In a knowledge-based economy,
education skills are the only game in town.
Dr. Lester Thurow
Professor of Economics and Management, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Author, Building Wealth: New Rules for Individuals, Companies and
Countries in a Knowledge-Based Economy
What Other People Say
Development Strategy
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Stage 6
PLANNING
ANALYSIS
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IMPLEMENTATION
MAINTENANCE
• Business Plan
• Organization Plan
• RIP
• Position of IT
• Requirement
Analysis
• IT Master Plan
• SW, HW, BW
• Off-the-shelf
• Customization
• Tailor-Made
• No need to
design
for off-the-shelf
• Installation
phase
for off-the-shelf
• Migration if
legacy system
exists
• Object design
for
Customization
• Relationship
building
for customization
• Technical
design for
Tailor-made
• Programming
for
tailor-made
• Managing
change
if no system
has been
introduced
• Evaluation
• Upgrading
CUT OFF
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
B
A
C
C
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
E
C
E
A
PARALLEL
Implementation Types
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
A
C
A
B
Risk
Money
People
Time
=
=
=
=
C
E
C
C
Implementation
Strategy
PILOT
FULL BLOWN
Project Scope
Future = Feature of Your Unique IT Solutions
Other determinants of satisfaction
Financial
aid
Students
Continuing
students
Resource
allocation:
Tuition,
Financial
aid
Enrollment
management
1. Revenue &
expenditure
2. Allocation
Grads &
drops
Faculty
budgets
Faculty
hiring
3. Faculty
hiring
Faculty
salaries
New
students
Student
sims
Courses
passed
Courses
taken
Courses
taught
New
faculty
Faculty
sims
Continuing
faculty
Faculty
Research
time
Research
projects
Financial results
Athletics
Development
Performance indicators
Synergies
Research &
scholarship
Departures
Other determinants of satisfaction
Student life
Teaching
Endowment
Facilities
Trustee evaluation
Conclusion
OLD ORGANIZATION
+
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
=
OLD AND EXPENSIVE ORGANIZATION
The End
Richardus Eko Indrajit
[email protected]
[email protected]
http://www.indrajit.org
Q&A