National Workshop Proceedings-Forest Tenure and Policies in Lao PDR | RECOFTC
າ ້
ANNEX 8:
ລະ ່ ິ
່ າ ້
່ າ ້
ລາວ
ະ
. ລາວັ
ະ ວັ ວ
ົ
ົ ວ ້ າ ົ ່ າ ້
ະ ວ
ະິ
າ ລະ ່ າ ້
້ົ າ
ລະ ັ
າ
ົ
1.
ະ
ະ ລັ
ະິ
ະ າະ
3.
ົ
ັ
ົ ົ
່ າ ້ ່
າ
ັ
ັ
າ່
ັ
່
, ັ
ລະ ັ
ວ ລ
້
້ ົ
່ າ ້ ້
; ້
້ ້ 70%
າ
້ 6ລ
້ າ ັ
້
ະລ
ະ ັ ່ າ ້
ິ
າ ້ າ ລາ ັ
າ
ລະ ລາ
່
ລະ ັ
ລາ ັ
4.
້
້ 5
້
2.
ວາ
າ
່
າ
ົ ວ
ະ
່ ວ
ະ
ັ
ັ
່
າ
ລະ ່
່ົ ່
ັ
ັ
ິ
, ັ
າ່ າ
າ ່
າ
່
ລະ
້
ົ
້
າ
າ ້ າ
ະ ລັ
ັ
້ າ
2020
ລະ
າ າ
າ ້
່ າ ້
ັ
ລະ ່
3 ະ
່ າ ້່ ້
່ າ :
າົ
1. ່ າ ະລ
ິ : 51
(3,1 ລ
້ າ ັ
2. ່ າ ະ ວ
າ)
ັ
3. ່ າ ້
ັ
້ ່
ົ
າ
ັ
່
າ)
(4,7 ລ
້ າ
: ົ້ າ າ
າ
້ ້ 8,2 ລ
້ າ
າ ່ ຽ
າ
້ 2010
າ
້ 2002
າ
້ 1992
າ
້ 1982
່ ລະ າ
ລ ະ
1982-2010
1. ່ າ ້ ົ ວິ
່ າົ
, ່ າ ະົ
ິ
າ
າ 2010
າ
າ 2002
າ
າ 1992
2. ້
າ
າ 1982
່ າ ( ່ ່ ົ ລາ
າ
2010
າ
2002
າ
1992
າ
1982
່
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
(່ າ
່
າ າ
,
)
າ
ັ
ລະ ່ , ່ າ
,່ າ ້ ່
)
ັ ລວ
ວາ
•
ົ
່ າ ້
້
າ ລ
ົ
2010) .
ລະ ັ
່
ວາ
ລະ ັ
ົ
າ
້
ະ າ
1%
້ , ້
່ ່ າ
າ
. ່ ວ
ລ
ົ
ລາວ
່ າ
8
່
າ( າ
ະ າ
2ລ
້ າ
່ າ່
ັ
່ ່
າ) ່ ວ
ັ
1%
າ ັ
2002
າ ້
່
ລະ
່
ັ
າ ່ ຽ
41.5%
າ່
່ ວ
່ າ 20% ( ະ າ
າ່ ວ . ່
າັ
(
ົ
່
່
່
ົ
່ າ ້ ່
້
າ
າ
້
້
0.7% ່
່
າ
ລ
ົ
າ່ ວ
ັ
ລ
ົ
າ
ວາ
ລະ
13.7% ່ິ
ະ
ັ
າ ົ
່ າ ້
້
າ 0.4% ່
•
າ
ະ
ົ ້ າ າ.
ລວ
•
•
ລ
ົ
້
40.3%
້
າ
າ
ົ
ັ
ວ
່ າ ່
່
ົ
ລະ
າ
.
ະ ້
້
ັ
1.1% ່
າ່ ວ
ັ
່
ວ
່
ວ
່
ິລ າ
າລະວັ ,
ລະ າ
ລ
ົ 13-16%)
າ າ ້
າ
ັ
ວ
່ າ ້
ວ ົ້
້
າລ
່
ລະ
້
າ
ວ
ັ
ວ
້
່ ່ າ ້
ະ າ
້
ະ າ
ວ
່ າ 10%
າ
ະ າ ່ າ ້
່
່
ລະ
້
ວ
່ າ ້
ລະ ະ
້
າ
ັ
າ ້ ່
່ າ
່ າ
້
3.364,57
4.214,55
າລ
599,91
591,91
ວ ້ າ າ
360,19
449,26
ົ
392,07
າ
[ ົ ວ ່ ວ 1000
່
້
]
່ ລວ
2.356,32
9.935,44
407,93
1,599,75
169,33
978,78
526,38
291,63
1.210,08
290,45
121,91
717,15
821,85
554,03
2.044,40
1.039,72
292,47
1.783,39
494,98
519,02
1.601,89
2.043,18
2.014,57
7.085,63
110,12
223,63
375,84
604,92
283,16
1.430,08
733,50
431,47
1.961,23
351,03
381,49
1.602,89
243,61
694,82
1.715,59
3.152,10
2.013,93
1.492,90
6.658,93
1.129,62
603,19
460,62
2.193,43
407,79
395,27
239,88
1.042,94
341,21
403,18
າ າັ
613,60
441,36
482,89
1.537,85
ະ
659,88
170,93
205,11
1.035,92
9.544,55
8.271,66
5.863,79
23.680,00
40,3
34,9
24,8
ົ້
່
້ ວ
ວ
304,79
ະ າ
668,52
ົ ວ ັ
451,20
ະ ລ
587,89
າ
3.027,88
າ
ະ
ຽ
ວ ວຽ ັ
42,09
ວາ
542,00
ວຽ ັ
796,26
ິລ າ
870,37
າ່ ວ
777,16
າ
້
ະ ວັ
ະ
າລະວັ
ັ
່ ່ າ
ລວ
້
່ [
]:
ະ ລ
່ [%]:
104,40
848,79
100.0
້
່ ່
ັ ່
ັ
້
າົ
ັ
3
້
ວ
່
້
]
່ ລວ
າລ
205,17
256,89
177,04
639,10
ວ ້ າ າ
88,61
196,78
74,17
359,56
103,90
165,28
91,57
360,75
77,11
151,32
63,51
291,94
291,47
442,16
298,07
1.031,70
115,06
365,98
102,95
583,99
ະ ລ
200,47
257,39
269,89
727,75
າ
1.162,09
1.168,84
1.187,20
3.518,13
8,17
70,59
143,35
222,11
175,07
217,17
101,65
493,89
438,74
511,25
300,73
1.250,72
ິລ າ
326,39
234,14
254,45
814,98
າ່ ວ
213,72
135,69
387,02
736,43
1.180,91
975,93
723,02
2.879,86
719,57
434,30
331,64
1.485,51
108,47
138,74
84,20
331,41
80,87
163,29
42,28
286,44
າ າັ
190,83
213,62
233,72
638,17
ະ
81,17
25,980
31,18
138,33
3,424,79
3.980,57
2.987,42
10.392,78
້ ວ
ະ າ
ົ ວ ັ
າ
ະ
ຽ
ວ ວຽ ັ
ວາ
ວຽ ັ
າ
້
ະ ວັ
ະ
າລະວັ
ັ
້
່ າ [ ົ ວ ່ ວ 1000
3.994,79
ວ
ັ
່ າ
່ າ
3 ະ
1.077,20
່
ັ
ັ
ັ
1.835,80
ົ
່ ່ າ ້ ັ
ົ
າ) ່ ັ ່ ັ
້
3 ະ
່ າ
້
້ າົ
່ າ
1.081,79
ົ້
້
່ ່ ັ ່ ັ
່ າ ້
າ
35,9%
(9,5 ລ
້ າ
າົ
ະ
ລວ
້
່ [
]:
ະ ລ
່ [%]:
35,9
40,1
50,9
xxx
ະ ະລວ
ັ
1. ້
່
ະ ັ ່ ້
າ ົ
້
(9.550.000
)
່
່ າ
້ າ ັ
່ າ ້
ລະ າ ິ ລ າ
້ າ
່ າ ້ ່ າ ້ (
່ າ າ ົ
ວ ລ
)
້
ວ ົ
ະ
າ ້
ັ ັ ່ າ ້ ັ ວຽ
ະ
ລະ າ ິ ລ າ ່
າ
າ
ລະ ົ
ວາ ້
າ
າວ າ
້ ວ ົ
່ າ ່ ່
ະ າ
າ ັ
ະ າ່ າ ້
ວາ ົ
ຽວ ົ ້ າ
້
າ ັ
ະ າ້ າ ່
( ່ັ : າ ັ ັ
ລະ
ະ າ່ ິ , າ ົ
ະິ ິ
າ
າ
ະລ
ະິ
າ, )
ິ
າົ
ະ່
ວາ າ ັ ່ ັ
ົ
າລາ
2. ້
3.
່ິ
4. ົ າ
ົ
ັ
5. ະ ົ
ັ
ັ
6. ້
ັ
ັ
າ່
ວ າ (1)
.
າ
(ັ
ັ
[1] ່ າ ະລ
ິ
ະ
3
າ ່
• ່ ະ າ ້
່ ່ ັ
• ້ າ
ັ
່
່ າ
ົ
່
ະ ັ
້ ່
່
• ້
້
ວາ ົ
• ົ າ ະ າົ
ະ າົ
ັ
•
າ ້
ລະ
າ ັ້
້
( າ ວ
(3,1 ລ
້ າ
ັ
ັ
າ່
າ
້
່ າ
ັ
່ າ
ລະ ່ າ
ົ້
ລະ ົ
ັ
້
; ້
່ ລະ
າ):
ລະ ັ
ັ
າ
່ ຽ ່ ິ
້ າ ລ
ັ ;
ລະ ະ ັ ັ້
່ າ)
່ າ
່
ົ້
້
ລະ
າ
າ ະ າ ( ັ
າ ້
ັ ) ລະ
ະິ
່ າ
າ
າ ິ
່
່ າ ະລ
ິ
ັ
ັ
ົ້ າ ່ ວ ້
ະົ
ລະ າ ້ າ ະ ັ
ະ ຽ າ າ
ະ າ
າ ັ້
່ າ ້ (forest certification),
າ
(Controlled wood) ລະ າ ັ້
່ ່
າ ່
້ າ ) (Chain of Custody)
້ ວ
ລະ
ວ າ (2)
[2] ່ າ ້
ັ
(່
າົ
ລ
້ ວ 7,2 ລ
້ າ
ັ
າ):
• ້
ລະ ະ ັ ັ້
າ
ລ , ັ ່ ຽ
ລະ າ
ັ
່
າົ
ລ
້ າ ວາ ່
້ ່ າ
້ ວ
•
າ
າ ່ ້ າົ
່ າ້
່
ິ ິ
ັ
ັ
ລ
້ ວ
າ ່ ິ
າ
• ້ າ
ັ
ັ
ັ ັ ້
່ ັ
້ າ ະັ
ະ ຽ າ າ
( ັ້
າ
້ າ ລ
່
ັ
າ ົ
39,5%) ລວ ັ
ລະ
້
ັ
ັ
ະົ
າ ະ າ
າ
່ າ້
່
ັ
ົ
່ ່
່
່
່ລ
• ້ REDD+ ລະ PES ັ
ະ
້
່
ັ
ົ
( າ
າ ່
້ າ້ າ ົ , ່
່ ,້ າ ະ າ ່
າົ
ລະ ົ ິ ວ / ິ ລ າ
່ າ ິລ າ
່ິ
ວ ລ
, ້ າ ິ ິ
າ ລະ າ ົ ລະ
້
ວ າ (3)
[3] ່ າ ະ
•
•
•
•
ວ
(4,7 ລ
້ າ
ັ
າ):
່ ້ າ
່ າ
ັ ັ ້
ວ າ
າ ະ ລັ
ະົ
ະ າ
າ ້
ະ ັ ັ້
າ ້
າ
ະ າິ
າ , ້ REDD+
ົ
ະ
້
້ າ ວາ າ າ
( າ ່ ວ
ະ າ າ ້
ະ ວ
າ
າ
່
າ ັ
ະ າ ້ າ ລ
ັ
າລາ ່
ລະ
ົ
ລະ PES ັ
ົ
) ລະ ວ
່ າ
າ /້ າ
າ
ວ າ (4)
່ າ ້
່
າ):
່ າ ້ ົ
້ (2,9 ລ
້ າ ັ
າ້ ່ ່
ວ
າລາ
ລະ ່ ້
່ າົ
້ ່ ້
່ າ າ ້ ່ ິ ່
ັ ່ ຽ
່
•
າົ
າ
ລະ
າ
່ າ້
່
ິ ິ
ັ
ັ
່ ້ າ 1 ລະ 2)
້ າວ ( ້ ່ ັ້
ະ າ
• ັ້
າ ັ ັ
້
່ າ ້ ້ າ (
ັ
າ
າ ້ ່ ິ
ລະ ່ ້ າ ິ
ັ
ັ
ັ້ ້ າ
ະລ
ະ າ
າ
ະລ
ະິ
າ ລະ າ ້ ົ
ິ
ິ
່ ັ : REDD+; PES; າ ັ ັ ່ າ ລະ
າະ ົ
່ ່ າ
ລະ ້ ່
າ າລະ ະ ່
່
ລະ ່ າ
ລະ ົ
ະ
; agroforestry (
້ າ 3);
່ ່
້ ່
•
າ ້
່ າ ້
່
ົ
.
[1]
• ັ
່
3
ະ
ັ
ົ
າ ວາ
້
ັ້
້ ່
່
ວ າ (5)
[2]
່
ັ
າ
າ ົ
້
່ າ ້
່
່
່ ະ້
າົ
ລະ ່ າ
ັ
ລ ະ່
ະ
ລະ ້ ິ ລ ະິ
າລັ ່
່ ້ ່ ່
້ ່ ່ າ ້ ( ່ ່
າະ່
າ
ະລ
ະິ
າ-ິ ,
ິ
ລະ ່ ັ້ ລວ ັ ້ ່ ່ າ ່
ັ້
ລະ 2)
່ ິ
່
•
າ
ະ ະ າ
( າ
້
500.000
)(
າ ົ າ
້ ົ
່ າ
່ ິ
າ
່ າ ້ າ ິລ າ
ັ
່
າ ລ
ະ້
ັ
່ ລຽ ່ າ າ ຽ ່ ິ
ິ ວ
່
າ
າ ້ ່
່ າ ິລ າ
່
ັ
່ິ
່ າ).
ວ ລ
້
•
່ າ ້ ້
າ ັ
ວາ ັ
່ ້ າ1
າ
ະລ
າ
ິ
ລະ ົ
າ
້
ວ າ (6)
າ າ ະ າ ່ ິ
(
ລະ ົ
າ ້
າ ົ າ
ະລ
າ
າ
້ ົ
່ າ
ິ
ັ
ລະ ົ ິ ວ
າ ລ
ັ
່ າ ້ າ ິລ າ
່ ລຽ
ິ
່
່
າ ັ
າ ຽ ່ ິ
ະ້
່ າ ້ ່
້
່ າ).
ວ ລ
່ າ ິ ລ າ ່ິ
້
້ າ, າ
າ
າ , ້ ່
າ າລະ ະ,
້
້
່
ລະ
(່
າ ່ າ ້ )
ົ ວ
່
່ ່ າ
້
້ າ
່
ລະ ົ
ະ
.
່ າ
ະ ະ າ
ະົ
ະ າ ັ
າ
ະິ
້ າ
້
ລະ ັ ົ ວ
ລະ ະ າ
່
ັ
າ ້
, າ ້ ວະ າ ັ
ະິ
າ
້ ວຽ
• ົ
•
•
•
•
ະິ
ິ
າ
່
່ າ
າ
້ າ
ລະ
າ
ວ າ (7)
[3]
າ
ະ າ ່
າ ັ
• ້ າ ວາ
ະ າ ່
ລະ ັ
່ າ ້ ລວ
•
າົ ົ
າ
ລະ
ລະ ່ ລະ າ ່ ວ
າ ິ
າ
ວ
• ້ າ ິ ິ
າ່ າ ັ
່
່ ິ
ລະ ້
ວາ
• ້
ວາ ັ ິ
າ ,
່
າ ້ ່ ິ
ລະ
າ
ວ
ວາ
່ ຽວ ້
າິ ັ
າ
ັ ິ
າ ັ
ັ
ິວ
ັ
າ
້
ິ
າ
ະິ
.
ະ ້
າ
່ ິ
ະິ
້
້
ະິ
ັ
ິ ິ
່ າ ້
ັ
າ
ລະ
່ ລະ ັ້
ວ
ັ້
າ
າ ້
ANNEX 9:
Current Status of Community
Based Forest Management
in Lao PDR
( in collaboration with RECOFTC)
Presented by Phomma Pathoummavong
25 November, 2010
1
ິ ວວັ
ະ າ າ
ລ ະ ວລາ
່
1975
1975-91
າ
າ ້
າ ົ
- າ ້
.
້
່ິ
ະ
ົ້
່
ລະ
ະ
າ ້
າ ົ
າ
່
ລະ່ິ
້ າ
່
ັ ັ
ລະ ັ
າັ
້ ວາ
ັ
່ າ ້
່ າ ້
່ າ ້ ົ ວິ
;່
າ
້
້
າ
ລະ
້ າ
່ າ ້
-ິ
1991 –
ັ
າ
-
-
າ ້
ັ
າ
ລະ າ ່ົ
າ ົ
າ
າ ,
ລະ
າ
າ ວາ
າ
.
, ລັ ິ ວ າ
ັ
ະ
ລັ
ັ
້
ວ
າ
,
ັ
້
.
- ່ິ ້ າ
້
່ າ ້
ລ
ົ
້
ລັ
,
າ
່
ັ
ລະ ່ົ
ະ າ
ັ
້
ວ
່ ວ ່ ວ
2
ະ
າ
ລະິ ິ
າ ່ າ ້
ະ າ ່ າ
ລະ ຽ
າ
່ ັ
0204
ະ າ ັ
າ່ າ
າ ັ
ັ້
າ
່ າ (ລັ ,
ະລະ
ົ
າ ະ ັ
້
ະ
CBFM
2020
ົ
ະ
ະັ
ລະ ວ
່ າ ້ າ
/້
ະ ັ
ະ
ລ
ລະ
່ າ
).
ະ
າ ັ
າ ັ
ລະ
ັ ່ ັ
່ າ
່ າ
າ ັ
,ລັ
້
່ າ ້
່ າ ້
ັ
ັ
ະ ະ ລະ ະ າ
າ
ະ ັ
່ າ ້
າ
າ
ະ
່
(
ະ າ ິ
ະ າ)
ົ ,
ົ ວ
າ ັ
າ: 2+3, 1+4
່
າ
ັ ່ າ ້
ົ
່ ວ ່ ວ
ັ ່ ັ
ັ
ັ
(PSFM)
້
່
່ ຽວ: ້ າ, ້ າ ົ
ັ
ັ
ລະ ົ
າ
ັ
່ າ ້
ັ
່ ວ
່ າ ້ ່ ລັ ້
1.
ລະ
ົ
້ ່
່
້ າ,
່ າ ະ
າ ວາ
າ
ະ ລັ
3
ວ :
າ ້ ່ ິ
ົ ວ ້
າົ
ະ
່ ວ
່ າ:
່ າ ້ ້ າ
ັ
, ່ ິ
່
າ ້ (PLUP)
ລະ າ ້ ່
້
້ າ ່
້ ້ າ ັ ັ
ົ າ ວາ , ້ າ
າ
ັ
-
ັ
່
ົ
ລ ,້ າ າ
່ າ
າ
່
ົ
,
່ ຽວ: ້ າ
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
ັ
ັ
2.
-
້
-
ລະ
່
າ ວາ
າ
ັ
າົ
ະ ລັ
າ ວາ
່ າ ້
່ ວ
(SUFORD):
່ າ ະລ
ິ
າ ້ ່ ິ , ່ ິ
່ ່ າ ້ ້ າ
າ ້ (PLUP).
ົ ວ ້
ລະ າ ້ ່
້
່ າ
ົ ,
້ າ ,
ັ ັ
າ
ົ
າ
່
່ ວ ່ ວ
, ້
ັ
່ ຽວ າ ວັ
າ ລະ ົ
າ ັ
(PSFM):
…. ່ 9
ະ ະ າ….
ິ
ັ ່ າ ະລ
ົ້
, ້
ວ , 16 PFA
່ າ,
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
3.
າ ັ
(່ )
້ າ :
- ົ້ າ ່ ວ
ວ
າ
່
- 6
້
ະ
ະິ
FSC
81.000
- ັ
າ້ າ
ັ
່ ວ
ິ
ົ້ າ
່ າ ້
ັ
ະ ວ
າ
ົ້
ັ
ັ
, າ ວ
່
າ
ັ
ັ
າ
່ າ ້ : າ ວ
ລະ າ
າ
້ 10.000
້
້ າ
້
່
າ ່ ວ
ັ
າ ົ້
ັ
ວ າ່ ວ
ົ້
,
່ ວ
າ
່
າ
, າ
ລະ ະ ວັ
າ
3/
່
ັ
ັ້
າ
ົ້
້ 25% (0204)
້
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
ັ
່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
າ
SUFORD 9
ວ , 16
່ າ ະລ
ິ ,
310 ້ າ
າ
າ ວ
້ ັ ິ
້ າ າ
4.000 ລາ ະ ະລັ / ້ າ
ລະ 411 ້ າ
້ ັ ິ
າ ວ 8.000 ລາ ະ ະລັ ( ັ
ວ
້ າ
ລະ
ວ ່ົ າ)
່
-
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
່ າ ້
ັ
3
-
ວາ
າ ວາ
ົ ວ ້
າ
າົ
ັ
ັ
າ
ະ
່ າ:
າ ້ ່ ິ , ່ ິ
າ ້ (PLUP).
ລະ າ ້ ່
້
:
-4 ້ າ
າ
້ ່
ະ ລັ
ວາ
20.000 ັ້ ່ າ, າ
ະ
່ າລາ
ັ 4 ້ າ
ວ
ະ າ 250 ລ
້ າ
່
່ ວ
່ າ ້ ້ າ
ລະ
່ າ
ລະ
ົ
,
ວ ິລ າ
າ ັ້
້ ັ
,
ວາ
້ າ 1.142
ົ້
າ ່ົ
2640
,
່ າ ່
ລະ
ັ
້ າ
ັ
ົ ວ າ
(2010-2011).
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
ັ
່ າ ້
- ້ າ ້ າ
,
າ້
ວ
ັ
່
່ າ່
້ ົ
້ າ 600
ັ
ະ າ ້ າ 20-30 ລ
ລະ ັ
້ າ /
).
ົ ວ( ະ າິ
າ
່ ວ
ະິ
ົ
້ າ
ັ
່
ລາ
ັ
ັ
ິ
ັ
າ
ັ
ວາ
ັ ິ
ວາ
ັ
້
າ
ັ
າ
້
ັ້
າ
ັ້
້ າ
່
ັ
ະິ
ັ
ລະ ວາ
ະ າັ
ະ ະ
າ າ
ວາ າ
ັ :
ະ າ ້ ່ , ະ າ
້
ະ າ້ າ ົ
ັ
ະ າ
່ າ ້
ິ ິ
າ, ິ
າ າ
າ
ລະ ວາ
ະັ
າ ່
ຽ
າ າ ້ ່ າ ະ າ
້ າ ລະ
າ ັ
ະ າ ່ ັ ່ າວ ່
ຽ
ົ້ າ
ວາ ້
າ ່ ິ
ວາ ົ
ັ
າ ້
, ັ້
ລະ່
່ິ
ວາ
າ
າ
າ າ
້ າ
າ ່ ້ າ ລະ ່ົ
ະ າ າ
່ ິ
່ ່ ້ ັ
ັ
ັ
າ
້ ່
່ ້
ວ
້ າ
າ ່ ຽ
...
ົ
ະ າ
ັ
ັ
າ ່ົ
່
ວາ າ
ະ າ້ າ ົ
່ ວ .
ັ
ະ າ, ່
ະິ
ວາ , ່ົ ວ ິ
າ
າ ່ າ ັ
ວາ
ົ
ະິ
້ າ າ
ະົ
ະ ັ
່
ະ
່ ັ
າ
ະ
ັ
າ ລັ
າ ລ
ັ .
ະ່
າ າ
້
າ
ະັ
າ
ະ າ
ລະ າ
າ
າ ້ ິ
ລະ າ
ັ
້
ັ
່ າ ້ ັ
່
ັ
ຽ
ັ້
ົ້ າ
້ າ
ະ ັ
ັ
້ ລະ ຽ
າ
່ ຽ ່
ະ ້
ລະ
ວ
້ າ
ົ
ລ
້ ວ ະ ັ
ະ
ະ
ວາ : າ ະ າ
າ
າ ລັ
ANNEX 10:
Forest Tenure Reform in Vietnam:
Some Considerations
Nguyen Quang Tan, PhD
RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests
28 November 2011
Vientiane, Laos PDR
Background to Vietnam
Population: 86 million (2009)
Rural upland population: est.
25 million
Forest area: 13.3 million ha
(39.1% coverage)
Successful agricultural land
reform placed VN among top
rice exporters in the world
Forest tenure reform taken
place since early 1990s in the
form of forest land allocation
Drivers of forest tenure reform
• Quick decline in forest area after reunification in 1975
• State forest enterprises (SFE) mainly focused on
timber logging, had weak capacity to manage forest
• Poor participation of non-state actors, particularly
local communities, in management of forest
resources
• Poor livelihoods of forest dependent communities
• Trends in forest devolution and decentralization
around the world
• Success in agricultural land tenure reform in 80s.
Forest land allocation to households
Legal framework:
• 1991 Forest Protection and Development Law:
participation of individuals, households and different
economic sectors in forest management
• 1993 Land Law: rights to lease, inherit, exchange,
mortgage, and transfer land-use titles
• 1994 GOV Decree 02/CP on allocation of forest land
• 1995 GOV Decree 01/CP on contracting of land for
agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture purposes
• 1999 GOV Decree 163 on leasing of land for forestry
purposes
Forest land allocation to households…
Process:
• Forest land allocation (FLA) to individuals and
households along with landuse titles (50 years and
renewable), focusing on non-forested forest land
(for reforestation purpose)
• Forest contracting to individuals and households,
focusing on natural forest for protection purpose
(natural regeneration). No landuse title. Contracts to
be renewed annually.
Forest land allocation to villages
Legal framework:
• 2003 Land Law: recognizing the legal status of village
communities in land tenure
• 2004 Forest Protection and Development Law:
recognizing legal status of village communities in
forest management
Process:
• FLA to communities piloted since late 90s.
• National CFM project phase 1 in 2006-2009, phase 2
planned for 2011-2012
Outputs of forest tenure changes
Involvement of multi-stakeholders in forest management
Outputs of forest tenure changes…
Contribution to increased forest cover
Outputs of forest tenure changes…
Contribution to local livelihoods: In midland area with
access to market, change in forest tenure:
o creates legal access to forestland
o offers contribution to secure returns from
investment
o contribute to the increased livelihoods from forest
income (e.g. plantation woods)
Shortcomings
Large area of forest (18% of total forest area) is yet
to be allocated
FLA results are unclear in the remote upland with
poor market access.
FLA mainly focuses on timber production, little
attention to other forest products and services, which
are closely connected to local life
Allocation of forest rights to individual households is
not appropriate to customary practice of collective
forest management in the upland
Weak capacity of local authorities (in the upland
area) to provide support after FLA
Opportunities
REDD+ and PES programs in preparation –
potentials for more income from forests
Community forest management as one of the
priorities for forestry sector
State commitment to further allocate forestland to
households and villages
Challenges and key remaining issues
• Review FLA experiences nation-wide
• Acknowledge diverse outputs -> need to revise
management planning and benefit-sharing
procedures
• Recognize multiple management traditions -> Expand
FLA to villages & support local forest governance
• Improve capacity for supporting forestry
• Expand support to community forestry
• Make FLA (more) pro-poor
Forest tenure reform is not the means
to an end
It is just the beginning.
Thank you for your attention!
For more information, please email: tan@recoftc.org
ANNEX 11:
Forest Tenure Reform: Experience
from Nepal
Keshav Kanel
Main
Message
Reforming Forest Tenure, and
Devolving Authority to Accountable
Community Organizations Leads to
Better Forestry Outcome
Introduction
Rational for Forest Tenure Reform
Formulation of Reform and Institutional
Arrangements
Key Attributes of Community Forestry
Major Outcomes and Achievements
Some Lessons and Challenges
•
•
•
•
•
Mostly mountainous, high diversity in ethnic
composition and biodiversity
About 85 % rural and highly dependent on
remittance, agriculture and forests
Population now about 27 million, per capita
income about $ 800
Department of Forests is the largest Land
Management agency covering all of the 75
districts
Presently forests and shrubland cover about
40% (5.8 million ha) of land area
India
China
Ind
High Himal
High Mountain
Middle Hills
Churia Hills
Terai
India
Vertical Cross Section of Nepal
Nationalization of Forests (1957) alienated the
local people from forests
Forest Agency as a big land lord – Principle
Agent Problem
Accelerated Deforestation and Degradation
Dilemma in forest management
◦ Who Can better produce both goods and
public Services from forests?
◦ Who has the access and control over the
forest?
◦ How to regulate the extraction of forest
products?
Tragedy of Deforestation
•
•
•
•
External Explanation:
– “Fuel Wood Crisis” Losing Ground (Echolm, 1976)
– “Gap Analysis” World Bank (1978) Malthusian
Drama in Nepal?
External Solution:
– Technical quick fix or massive plantation Forestry
Internal Explanation:
– First Conference of Nepalese Foresters (1975)
– Who are the Knowledge and Right holders in
Forestry?
Internal Solution: Lateral Thinking
– Nepal Forestry Plan 1976,
– Revision of Forest Act and incorporation of PF, PPF,
and Leasehold forestry in 1978
•
•
•
•
Panchayat Forest – Plantation forests, assigned
to Village Panchayat, All the benefit to local
Panchayat, Area limit 125 ha
Panchyat Protected Forest- Degraded forests,
assigned to Village Panchayat, Revenue sharing
75% Local Panchayat, and 25% Government,
Area limit to 500 ha
Leasehold Forest- Degraded forest on lease to
produce forest products
District Forest Officer to execute these
Provisions
Master Plan for Forestry Sector 1988
Local Institutions recognized as the foundation of forest
management
◦ Concept of Users Group from Decentralization Act
1982
◦ Entrusting the forest users with rights to manage
forests, and receive all the income from Forests
◦ Recognizing CFUGs as autonomous and selfgoverning institutions
◦ Changing the role of forest agency staff to advisors
and extensionists and retraining them for their new
role
Reorganization of forest agency
Crafting of new forest act 1993 and Forest regulations of
1995
•
•
National Forest classified based on Tenure and
Management.
Land Belongs to the State but management or
forest tenure rights is assigned to different entities
– Community Forest Users Group as Community Forest
– Poor Households formed in groups as Leasehold Forest
– Religious entities as Religious Forests
– National Forest assigned as Protection Forest
– Government as Government Managed Forests
•
Forestry Federations and NGOs proliferating
Community Forest is the part of the
National Forest handed over to the
Community Forest User Group (CFUGs)
for its development, protection and
utilization.
•Land belongs to the government
•Use and management of CF by the CFUG
•Regulation by CFUG and Forest Agency Staff
•CF is the highest priority program
CFUGs are Registered at the District Forest
Office
Group of forest users (HHs) adjoining a forest
It has a charter of association
CFUGs are autonomous, self-governing
and independent organizations
Users have Access, Withdrawal, Use and
Management Rights, but not the right over the
land (Alienation)
General Assembly of the Users makes decisions to
be implemented by Exe. Committee
Operation Plan (OP) of CF is Prepared by CFUG
with the Support of Forest Agency Staff
The OP is a legal Contract Between CFUG and
DFO. It is of 5 to 10 Years Duration.
Sales and Distribution of Forest Products Done by
CFUG
Product Sales for Subsistence use – Simple
Product Sales for Commerce – Complicated
Who owns the Carbon – not clear
CFUG has a Fund from the sale of Forest
products and others. It is used for forest
management (25%), livelihood promotion
(35%), and community development.
Annual Report has to be given to DFO.
DFO is the Gate Keeper of forest. Can take
various actions against the CFUG and Its
members.
FECOFUN is strong in advocating the rights
of Forest Users
Total number of CFUG = 16,937
Households involved = 2.1 mill. HH (over 40 %
of the total population )
Total area of community forests handed over =
1.57 mill. Ha.
Community Forest generates more income
than the remaining National Forests
Out of total forest area of 5.8 million ha,
–CF is 27%, LF 0.6%, PA 16% and GMG 57%
No of Community Forestry User Groups
18000
16000
N
o
14000
12000
o
f
C
F
U
G
s
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Community Forestry Area in ha. (‘00)
18000
16000
T
o
t
a
l
14000
12000
10000
8000
A
r
e
a
6000
4000
2000
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Changes in forest cover over time
1968
2000
Jiri after 32 years
All types
Biomas
s
Sal forest
Katus-chilaune
forest
Carbon
Biomas
s
Carbon
Biomass
Pine forest
Carbon Biomas
s
Carbo
n
1994
193
91
242
114
199
93
143
67
2008
232
109
260
122
249
117
190
89
+ 21%
+ 21%
+ 7%
+ 7%
+ 25%
+ 25%
% change
+ 33% + 33%
Notes:
• )ncludes only tree carbon above and below ground i.e. not shrubs/litter and soil organic C
Conclusions
• All forest types have increased their biomass (and carbon) significantly from 1994-
2008
• Large differences between forest types e.g. Pine>Katus-chilaune>Sal
Forest
Product
83%
Membership
Fee
1%
Other Income
13%
Entrance Fee
1%
Fine/
Punishment
1%
GO/NGO
Grants
1%
Infrastructure
Development
36%
Harvesting and
Silvicultural
Operation
18%
Miscellaneous
17%
Training/Study
Tour
2%
Pro-poor
Program
3%
Forest
Watcher
10%
Operational
Cost
14%
Institutional Innovation has to precede Technical
Innovation.
Devolving rights on resources to local people is necessary.
Detraining and retraining of forest agency staff is essential.
Piloting and practice should inform policy formulation.
Working closely with political masters and other
stakeholders.
Achievement in terms of and empowerment and better
forests in the hills, difficult in the commercial forests.
Complexities in Commercial Harvesting – Iron triangle of
rent capture.
Fatigue Forest Administration.
Major Political Transition/State Restructuring Process .
The process of muddling through in policy reform is still
continuing.
Most challenging is to change the belief system.
Kanel, Keshav: So Far So Good: Next Steps in
Community Forestry. In Ghate Rucha, et. al (eds.)
Promise, Trust, and Evolution: Managing the
Commons of South Asia. Oxford University Press
Inc. New York. 2008.
Kanel, Keshav, et. al: Re-inventing Forestry
Agencies: Institutional Innovation to Support
Community Forestry in Nepal. In Patrick Durst, et.
al (eds.) Reinventing Forestry Agencies:
Experiences of Institutional Restructuring in Asia
and the Pacific. Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission.
FAO Regional Office For Asia and the Pacific.2008.
Bangkok. Thailand. 2008.
ANNEX 12:
Experience of Brazil in
Forest Policy Reform and
Forest Tenure
National Workshop on
Forest Tenure and Policies in Lao
PDR
28-29 November 2011
Vientiane, Lao PDR
Suggested subjects
• Why forest tenure reform happened
• How was reform enacted and
implemented in relation to policy, legal and
institutional arrangement, funding and
capacity building
• What is the current status and what are the
outcomes of tenure reform on the ground for
different stakeholders such as government,
local communities, and business people
• Key consideration for successful tenure
reform (key principles, challenges, pitfalls etc)
Changes in forest tenure and policy
• 23 years process
• Landmarks
– Democracy -1985
– 1988 Constitution
• Environment + indigenous people rights
– Death of Chico Mendes - 1988
– Rio 1992 and international context
• Perception by public, media and government
of the need to stop deforestation and protect
native Brazilian and traditional population
rights
Initial Changes
• Increase in the area alocated to native
Brazilians and traditional populations
• New approaches to conservation areas
and settlements to allow for sustainable
use
• Creation of a single environmental agency
• Deforestation control as policy focus
• Remote sensing of deforestation
Indigenous Brazilian Lands
Area (1,000 sq
km)
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1989
1992
1994
YEAR
2002
2009
160
800
140
700
120
600
100
500
80
400
60
300
40
200
20
100
0
0
Year
Area (1,000 sq km)
Protected areas
National protected areas in the Amazon
Deforestation inside and outside
protected areas
inside
outside
proportion
Percentage of deforested area - 2003
Source:Ferreira et al, 2005
Recent changes
• Deforestation increase in 2003
• Integrated policy approach to control deforestation
(2004)
– 14 ministries working together
• The positive agenda
–
–
–
–
Creation of Brazilian Forest Service (2006)
Concession of public forests (2008)
Community Forestry
National Plan and Policy on Climate Change
• Legal Land Program
Strategies
Institutional Reform of the Forest Apparatus
1.
To include forests in the Presidential agenda
2.
To establish a committee where government, civil society and
business can work together on the definition of guidelines for
forests
3.
To create rules and regulations for public forests management
4.
To create a specific institution to deal with forests at the central
government level
5.
To create a funding mechanism for forest activities
6.
To decentralise forest management
National Program For Community Forestry
• Coordinated by Forestry Service and
Ministry of Agrarian Reform
• Other agencies are members of the
council
• First concept presented at Acre in 2007
• First plan launched in 2009
• Strong civil society participation
National Program For Community Forestry
Potential for forest management
Type of
tenure
Indigenous
lands
Agency
Ministry of Justice
Private
Use
Non-timber
Area (ha)
105,672,003
Multiple,
standard intensity
48,000,000
Settlement
Ministry of Agrarian
Reform
Multiple,
standard intensity
16,839,313
Conservation
area
Ministry of
Environment
Multiple, low intensity
19,378,923
Deforestation rates in the Amazon
km2/year
Deforestation rates
in 3 Amazonian States
Climate change
• National Plan for Climate Change (2008)
– reduce deforestation through
• Command and control
• Support sustainable forest use
– Promote reforestation (2x present area by
2020)
• Amazon Fund
– Reduction in deforestation rate as base for
calculating donations
Programa Terra Legal
(Legal Land Program)
• Ministry of Agrarian Reform
• Large number of people were attracted to
the Amazon by settlement projects, official
and private.
• Many settlers are not legally entitled to the
land they occupy
• As a result, they can’t access bank credit
and government programs
Programa Terra Legal
(Legal Land Program)
• Terms for access
– Land occuppied before 2004
– Cannot have another rural property
– Land cannot be inside conservation area,
indigenous peoples lands, settlement, etc
– Up to 1,500 ha
– Free - if land is smaller than 1 module (80/100
ha)
Present situation
• Slow progress and a couple of setbacks
• Political forces grouped around traditional
view on the use of natural resources
– geographical area where agriculture is main
economic activity
– agribusiness production chain
– Conservatives
• Changes in the Forest Code
• Increase in deforestation?
Luiz Carlos Joels
lcjoels@yahoo.com
1/25/2012
ANNEX 13:
Chinese Reform of the Collective
Forest Tenure System
——For Grassroots' Benefits From Forestry
Department of Rural Forestry
Reform and Development, SFA,
China
Xinghong
outline
• 1.Background
• 2.Core content
• 3.Chief measures
• 4.Initial achievements
1
1/25/2012
Background
39.94%
60.06%
state-owned
collectiveowned
182million ha.
304million ha.
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Since the founding of the People’s
Republic, especially the launching of
reform and opening up collective
forestry has gotten remarkable
achievements and made great
contribution to our society.
2
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Rural poverty
Forest inadequate supply
Low forest quality
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Rural poverty
By the end of 2010, the rural
peoples average per person net
income reached ¥5919 yuan ,less
than 1/3 of the city peoples
average per person may control
the income.
3
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Forest inadequate supply
China's per-capita forest area and
stocking volume lag far behind the
worlds average level. Forest
coverage rate is just 2/3 globe
average,row in the 139th, per
person forest area is 0.145ha, less
than 1/4 world average, stocking
volume is 1/7 world average.
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Low forest quality
Per hectare arbor volume is 85.9
cubic meters, only 78% of the
world average and artificial
arbor per hectare only 49 cubic
meters
4
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Low forest quality
The contradiction between supply and
demand of wood intensifies, forest
resources growth cannot meet the
demand for the economic and social
development.
1.2Problems
vaguely defined ownership
unspecified operational entity
inflexible operation mechanism
irrational distribution of benefits
5
1/25/2012
In order to free and develop the
productive forces in the forestry
section, promote modern forestry,
increase farmers' income and advance
the ecological civilization, Chinese
government has launched reform of
the collective forest tenure system.
Background
The reform first took
place in Fujian and
Jiangxi provinces,
focusing on clarifying
forest rights, giving
individual more
management freedom,
regulating forestland
transfer, and reducing
tax burden.
6
1/25/2012
1.3 The reform has significant and profound strategic
meaning
The reform is upon the request to stabilize and improve the fundamental
management system in rural areas.
The reform is the strategic measure to increase the employment and income
of rural people.
The reform is the driving force to promote the modern forestry
development.
The reform significant to accelerate the transformation of national economic
development mode
The reform promotes the balancing and coordinating development between
urban and rural area.
2.core content
On the premise of the collective forestland
ownership, the implementation of forestland
contractual management rights and ownership
of trees according to the law to farmers of
the collective economic organization by way
of household contract so as to establish the
main body position of farmers as forestland
contractors.
7
1/25/2012
2.core content
There are five main areas of reforms:
the clarification of property rights
the demarcation and certification
the devolution of power of management
the implementation of disposal rights.
the protection of the right to earnings
2.core content
mountains remain
stable on rights,
trees on roots and
farmers on hearts.
8
1/25/2012
2.core content
2.1 the clarification of property rights
To contract forestland use rights and ownership of trees to farmers mainly by division of
forestland to households supplemented by
division of shares and benefits.
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Tailor measures to suit local conditions,
and conduct diversified guidance
Forestlands suitable
for contracting
Forestlands not suitable
Household Contract
Management System
Equal Shares,
Equal Benefits
for contracting
9
1/25/2012
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Group Discussion on Forest Reform
Schemes among villagers
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Forest Lands Contracts
10
1/25/2012
2.core content
2.2the demarcation and certification
To issue the forest warrant of the nationwide
uniform pattern to ensure that the chart and
the warrant holder match well up with the
warrant respectively, based on the
investigation of four boundaries (referring
to the boundaries between a piece of land and
its adjacent land).
11
1/25/2012
δ15.4%ε
δ72.9%ε
2.core content
2.3the devolution of power of
management
For the commercial forests, farmers can be
independent in management according to the law.
For the public-benefit forests, without destroying
ecological functions, farmers can rationally use
forest resources by law.
12
1/25/2012
2.core content
2.4the implementation of disposal rights.
Without a change of collective land
ownership and forestland uses, forest
ownership and forestland use rights
are allowed for rental, shares,
mortgage and transfer.
2.core content
2.5the protection of the right to earnings
Earnings belong to farmers and business
operators, except for payments
according to national regulations and
contracts.
13
1/25/2012
3.Measures
To pay great attention to forest reforms.
To provide a strong guarantee for the
forest reforms.
To push the forest reform and serve the
reform
To carry out the reform in an open by
the laws
3.Measures
3.1To pay great attention to forest
reforms.
Five-level secretaries of the communist
party committee grasp forestry
Five leading groups are engaged in
forest reforms for secretaries of the
communist party committee of
provinces (regions and cities) and
governors of provinces personally
make investigations and plans.
14
1/25/2012
The central forestry working conference
15
1/25/2012
According to the Document 10. Party
Committees and governments at all
levels must take this reform as a
priority item in their agenda and make
every effort to ensure its success
through careful organization and
arrangement.
16
1/25/2012
3.Measures
3.2To provide a strong guarantee for
the forest right reform.
A working mechanism featuring county
(city) exercising direct leadership, township
organizing the implementation, village and
group going about the execution and
departments providing services should be
established, while giving full play to the role
of grassroots party organizations in the
countryside.
.
17
1/25/2012
35 thousands
forestry reform
offices at all levels
had been
established.
Great efforts have
been made in
guidance, publicity
and training by
forest departments
Measures
Training materials
and practice
cases are
compiled and
over 38 million
forest reform
backbones have
been trained.
18
1/25/2012
Measures
Forest reform staffs
members take pains to
explain and publicize
policies from door to
door, help formulate
programs, answer
questions, deal with
disputes about forest
rights, survey and
delimit boundaries,
standardize file
management and thus
have strengthened
guidance and service on
some key issues.
19
1/25/2012
3.Measures
3.4To push the forest reform and serve
the reform
A powerful force has been established
owing to the departments’
implementation of policies that support
the forest reform.
The General Office of CCCPC and
General Affairs Office of the State
Council carry out supervision over the
implementation of the No.10 document
of CCCPC and the decisions of the
central forestry working conference.
3.Measures
The State Development and Reform
Commission, and the Ministry of Finance,
etc. actively support and implement
forest reform.
3.6billion RMB yuan (1-1.5yuan /mu) from
center government aided reform, start
middle-aged forest and young forest
cultivation and forest insurance premium
subsidies pilots, improve the central
financial interest subsidies for forestry
loan, lower the proportion of forest
cultivation levy fund, and increase forest
ecological benefit compensation
standards.
20
1/25/2012
3.Measures
The People’s Bank, the Ministry of
Finance, China Banking Regulatory
Commission, China Insurance
Regulatory Commission, etc have
jointly issued guiding opinions to
strengthen financial services.
3.Measures
To carry out the
reform in an open by
the laws
In strict accordance
with Forest Law, Law
of Contracting Land in
rural areas, Property
Law, Villager
Committee
Organization Law.
21
1/25/2012
Relating laws
To operate according to the procedure of
“six signatures” and “four bulletins”
22
1/25/2012
Signatures are required for notice of
villager group meetings; check in for
villager group meeting; villager
group’s implementation programs;
woodland boundary confirmation;
contracts, villager committee’s
resolution on villager group’s
implementation program.
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Signatures of Villagers on villager
group’s implementation programs
23
1/25/2012
Bulletins of villager group’s
implementation programs, forest
reform procedure, forest reform
current situation, forest reform
results.
24
1/25/2012
3.Measures
So far,There are 164 million ha collectiveowned forestland contracted to farmers,
accounting for 92% of the total.
The license area covers 141 million ha，
accounting for 86% of the total. There
are 82 million farmers who have
obtained forest right certificates, and
over 300 million of farmers have
benefited directly from the reform.
4.Initial achievements
Farmers’ zeal and potential are
released
The forestry industry investment
increases rapidly.
Farmers receive a great deal of benefits
A large number of forest ownership
disputes has been mediated.
Relations between the cadres and
masses in rural areas close.
25
1/25/2012
4.Initial achievements
4.1Farmers’ zeal
and enormous
potential are
released for they
are treated as the
master of the
forestland.
In the past the farmers were asked to
plant trees, but now they are voluntary
to plant trees by themselves.
26
1/25/2012
Initial achievements
Because they ‚regard mountains as
their farmland, think of trees as
vegetables‛, they are willing to
invest and operate, and thus benefit
more and more from the forestland.
The national woodland direct yield
has increased from RMB￥5.6 per ha.
in 2003 to RMB￥13.2 per ha. in 2010.
4.Initial achievements
The scale of planting trees has reached
a new high record in Fujian, Jiangxi,
Liaoning, Zhejiang provinces, etc. The
survival rate and preserving rate have
been up to over 90%.
27
1/25/2012
Initial achievements
4.2 The forestry
industry has
become a popular
investment spot
with the devolution
of forestland
managerial rights
and ownership of
trees .
4.Initial achievements
Numerous industries have been shooting up,
such as seedling cultivation, fruit of
economic forest, bamboo & rattan, flowers;
forest tourism; woody grain and oil, etc.;
planting fungi, mushrooms, herbs,
vegetables in the forests; raising chickens,
pigs, rabbits, frogs, etc.
The total output of forestry had increased
from RMB￥107 trillion in 2006 to RMB ￥209
trillion in 2010, which has doubled in five
years.
28
1/25/2012
Raising chickens
Forest touring
29
1/25/2012
Initial achievements
According to statistics, 36 million jobs were
created in 19 provinces that had launched
the forest reform, which made an important
contribution to maintaining social stability
in response to the international crisis.
“One family contract has created
employments for the whole family.”
4.Initial achievements
4.3Farmers receive a great deal of
benefit
With the division of forestland, the
average household has nearly
RMB￥100,000 of assets of forest
resources.
the forest right system reform has also
opened up new opportunities for
farmers to increase their production
income.
30
1/25/2012
Farmers receive a great deal of benefit
Currently, there are 26 provinces
carrying out forest ownership
mortgage. The total of forestry loans
has exceeded RMB￥10 billion, which
reached a total size of forestry
investment of the central government
in 2010.
31
1/25/2012
Loan by forest ownership
mortgage
32
1/25/2012
Planting understory ginseng,
Initial achievements example
in Benxi City, Liaoning province,a
three-dimensional business model
has come into being with a
combination of planting trees in the
mountain, breeding bees in the
woods, planting understory ginseng,
and keeping frogs among the ginseng.
As a result, there appears that there
are 16,000 households whose income
has passed RMB￥100,000,more than
3,000 households whose income is
RMB￥ one million, 120 households
whose income is RMB￥10 million and
3 households whose income is
RMB￥100 million.
33
1/25/2012
According to statistics, per capita
annual income in forestry for farmers
accounted for 14.6% of their annual
income in over 2,550 counties that
have carried out forest reform, while
more than 60% of countries with
forestry as its dominant business.
4.4A large number of forest
ownership disputes has been
mediated, and thus instable elements
in rural areas have been effectively
kept under control.
Statistics shows that a total number of
forest ownership dispute mediated
was more than 800,000 cases, with a
mediation rate of 97%, a satisfaction
rate of 98% which has promoted
social harmony in rural areas.
34
1/25/2012
4.5 This reform is helpful to establish
closer ties between the cadres and
masses in rural areas.
Forest reform is a process of democratic
decision-making, management and
supervision, a process of promoting
policies, popularizing laws and
resolving conflicts, also a process of
strengthening the leadership of the
Chinese Communist Party , changing
their work style, and building closer
relations between the cadres and the
masses.
Thank you!
35
ANNEX 8:
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494,98
519,02
1.601,89
2.043,18
2.014,57
7.085,63
110,12
223,63
375,84
604,92
283,16
1.430,08
733,50
431,47
1.961,23
351,03
381,49
1.602,89
243,61
694,82
1.715,59
3.152,10
2.013,93
1.492,90
6.658,93
1.129,62
603,19
460,62
2.193,43
407,79
395,27
239,88
1.042,94
341,21
403,18
າ າັ
613,60
441,36
482,89
1.537,85
ະ
659,88
170,93
205,11
1.035,92
9.544,55
8.271,66
5.863,79
23.680,00
40,3
34,9
24,8
ົ້
່
້ ວ
ວ
304,79
ະ າ
668,52
ົ ວ ັ
451,20
ະ ລ
587,89
າ
3.027,88
າ
ະ
ຽ
ວ ວຽ ັ
42,09
ວາ
542,00
ວຽ ັ
796,26
ິລ າ
870,37
າ່ ວ
777,16
າ
້
ະ ວັ
ະ
າລະວັ
ັ
່ ່ າ
ລວ
້
່ [
]:
ະ ລ
່ [%]:
104,40
848,79
100.0
້
່ ່
ັ ່
ັ
້
າົ
ັ
3
້
ວ
່
້
]
່ ລວ
າລ
205,17
256,89
177,04
639,10
ວ ້ າ າ
88,61
196,78
74,17
359,56
103,90
165,28
91,57
360,75
77,11
151,32
63,51
291,94
291,47
442,16
298,07
1.031,70
115,06
365,98
102,95
583,99
ະ ລ
200,47
257,39
269,89
727,75
າ
1.162,09
1.168,84
1.187,20
3.518,13
8,17
70,59
143,35
222,11
175,07
217,17
101,65
493,89
438,74
511,25
300,73
1.250,72
ິລ າ
326,39
234,14
254,45
814,98
າ່ ວ
213,72
135,69
387,02
736,43
1.180,91
975,93
723,02
2.879,86
719,57
434,30
331,64
1.485,51
108,47
138,74
84,20
331,41
80,87
163,29
42,28
286,44
າ າັ
190,83
213,62
233,72
638,17
ະ
81,17
25,980
31,18
138,33
3,424,79
3.980,57
2.987,42
10.392,78
້ ວ
ະ າ
ົ ວ ັ
າ
ະ
ຽ
ວ ວຽ ັ
ວາ
ວຽ ັ
າ
້
ະ ວັ
ະ
າລະວັ
ັ
້
່ າ [ ົ ວ ່ ວ 1000
3.994,79
ວ
ັ
່ າ
່ າ
3 ະ
1.077,20
່
ັ
ັ
ັ
1.835,80
ົ
່ ່ າ ້ ັ
ົ
າ) ່ ັ ່ ັ
້
3 ະ
່ າ
້
້ າົ
່ າ
1.081,79
ົ້
້
່ ່ ັ ່ ັ
່ າ ້
າ
35,9%
(9,5 ລ
້ າ
າົ
ະ
ລວ
້
່ [
]:
ະ ລ
່ [%]:
35,9
40,1
50,9
xxx
ະ ະລວ
ັ
1. ້
່
ະ ັ ່ ້
າ ົ
້
(9.550.000
)
່
່ າ
້ າ ັ
່ າ ້
ລະ າ ິ ລ າ
້ າ
່ າ ້ ່ າ ້ (
່ າ າ ົ
ວ ລ
)
້
ວ ົ
ະ
າ ້
ັ ັ ່ າ ້ ັ ວຽ
ະ
ລະ າ ິ ລ າ ່
າ
າ
ລະ ົ
ວາ ້
າ
າວ າ
້ ວ ົ
່ າ ່ ່
ະ າ
າ ັ
ະ າ່ າ ້
ວາ ົ
ຽວ ົ ້ າ
້
າ ັ
ະ າ້ າ ່
( ່ັ : າ ັ ັ
ລະ
ະ າ່ ິ , າ ົ
ະິ ິ
າ
າ
ະລ
ະິ
າ, )
ິ
າົ
ະ່
ວາ າ ັ ່ ັ
ົ
າລາ
2. ້
3.
່ິ
4. ົ າ
ົ
ັ
5. ະ ົ
ັ
ັ
6. ້
ັ
ັ
າ່
ວ າ (1)
.
າ
(ັ
ັ
[1] ່ າ ະລ
ິ
ະ
3
າ ່
• ່ ະ າ ້
່ ່ ັ
• ້ າ
ັ
່
່ າ
ົ
່
ະ ັ
້ ່
່
• ້
້
ວາ ົ
• ົ າ ະ າົ
ະ າົ
ັ
•
າ ້
ລະ
າ ັ້
້
( າ ວ
(3,1 ລ
້ າ
ັ
ັ
າ່
າ
້
່ າ
ັ
່ າ
ລະ ່ າ
ົ້
ລະ ົ
ັ
້
; ້
່ ລະ
າ):
ລະ ັ
ັ
າ
່ ຽ ່ ິ
້ າ ລ
ັ ;
ລະ ະ ັ ັ້
່ າ)
່ າ
່
ົ້
້
ລະ
າ
າ ະ າ ( ັ
າ ້
ັ ) ລະ
ະິ
່ າ
າ
າ ິ
່
່ າ ະລ
ິ
ັ
ັ
ົ້ າ ່ ວ ້
ະົ
ລະ າ ້ າ ະ ັ
ະ ຽ າ າ
ະ າ
າ ັ້
່ າ ້ (forest certification),
າ
(Controlled wood) ລະ າ ັ້
່ ່
າ ່
້ າ ) (Chain of Custody)
້ ວ
ລະ
ວ າ (2)
[2] ່ າ ້
ັ
(່
າົ
ລ
້ ວ 7,2 ລ
້ າ
ັ
າ):
• ້
ລະ ະ ັ ັ້
າ
ລ , ັ ່ ຽ
ລະ າ
ັ
່
າົ
ລ
້ າ ວາ ່
້ ່ າ
້ ວ
•
າ
າ ່ ້ າົ
່ າ້
່
ິ ິ
ັ
ັ
ລ
້ ວ
າ ່ ິ
າ
• ້ າ
ັ
ັ
ັ ັ ້
່ ັ
້ າ ະັ
ະ ຽ າ າ
( ັ້
າ
້ າ ລ
່
ັ
າ ົ
39,5%) ລວ ັ
ລະ
້
ັ
ັ
ະົ
າ ະ າ
າ
່ າ້
່
ັ
ົ
່ ່
່
່
່ລ
• ້ REDD+ ລະ PES ັ
ະ
້
່
ັ
ົ
( າ
າ ່
້ າ້ າ ົ , ່
່ ,້ າ ະ າ ່
າົ
ລະ ົ ິ ວ / ິ ລ າ
່ າ ິລ າ
່ິ
ວ ລ
, ້ າ ິ ິ
າ ລະ າ ົ ລະ
້
ວ າ (3)
[3] ່ າ ະ
•
•
•
•
ວ
(4,7 ລ
້ າ
ັ
າ):
່ ້ າ
່ າ
ັ ັ ້
ວ າ
າ ະ ລັ
ະົ
ະ າ
າ ້
ະ ັ ັ້
າ ້
າ
ະ າິ
າ , ້ REDD+
ົ
ະ
້
້ າ ວາ າ າ
( າ ່ ວ
ະ າ າ ້
ະ ວ
າ
າ
່
າ ັ
ະ າ ້ າ ລ
ັ
າລາ ່
ລະ
ົ
ລະ PES ັ
ົ
) ລະ ວ
່ າ
າ /້ າ
າ
ວ າ (4)
່ າ ້
່
າ):
່ າ ້ ົ
້ (2,9 ລ
້ າ ັ
າ້ ່ ່
ວ
າລາ
ລະ ່ ້
່ າົ
້ ່ ້
່ າ າ ້ ່ ິ ່
ັ ່ ຽ
່
•
າົ
າ
ລະ
າ
່ າ້
່
ິ ິ
ັ
ັ
່ ້ າ 1 ລະ 2)
້ າວ ( ້ ່ ັ້
ະ າ
• ັ້
າ ັ ັ
້
່ າ ້ ້ າ (
ັ
າ
າ ້ ່ ິ
ລະ ່ ້ າ ິ
ັ
ັ
ັ້ ້ າ
ະລ
ະ າ
າ
ະລ
ະິ
າ ລະ າ ້ ົ
ິ
ິ
່ ັ : REDD+; PES; າ ັ ັ ່ າ ລະ
າະ ົ
່ ່ າ
ລະ ້ ່
າ າລະ ະ ່
່
ລະ ່ າ
ລະ ົ
ະ
; agroforestry (
້ າ 3);
່ ່
້ ່
•
າ ້
່ າ ້
່
ົ
.
[1]
• ັ
່
3
ະ
ັ
ົ
າ ວາ
້
ັ້
້ ່
່
ວ າ (5)
[2]
່
ັ
າ
າ ົ
້
່ າ ້
່
່
່ ະ້
າົ
ລະ ່ າ
ັ
ລ ະ່
ະ
ລະ ້ ິ ລ ະິ
າລັ ່
່ ້ ່ ່
້ ່ ່ າ ້ ( ່ ່
າະ່
າ
ະລ
ະິ
າ-ິ ,
ິ
ລະ ່ ັ້ ລວ ັ ້ ່ ່ າ ່
ັ້
ລະ 2)
່ ິ
່
•
າ
ະ ະ າ
( າ
້
500.000
)(
າ ົ າ
້ ົ
່ າ
່ ິ
າ
່ າ ້ າ ິລ າ
ັ
່
າ ລ
ະ້
ັ
່ ລຽ ່ າ າ ຽ ່ ິ
ິ ວ
່
າ
າ ້ ່
່ າ ິລ າ
່
ັ
່ິ
່ າ).
ວ ລ
້
•
່ າ ້ ້
າ ັ
ວາ ັ
່ ້ າ1
າ
ະລ
າ
ິ
ລະ ົ
າ
້
ວ າ (6)
າ າ ະ າ ່ ິ
(
ລະ ົ
າ ້
າ ົ າ
ະລ
າ
າ
້ ົ
່ າ
ິ
ັ
ລະ ົ ິ ວ
າ ລ
ັ
່ າ ້ າ ິລ າ
່ ລຽ
ິ
່
່
າ ັ
າ ຽ ່ ິ
ະ້
່ າ ້ ່
້
່ າ).
ວ ລ
່ າ ິ ລ າ ່ິ
້
້ າ, າ
າ
າ , ້ ່
າ າລະ ະ,
້
້
່
ລະ
(່
າ ່ າ ້ )
ົ ວ
່
່ ່ າ
້
້ າ
່
ລະ ົ
ະ
.
່ າ
ະ ະ າ
ະົ
ະ າ ັ
າ
ະິ
້ າ
້
ລະ ັ ົ ວ
ລະ ະ າ
່
ັ
າ ້
, າ ້ ວະ າ ັ
ະິ
າ
້ ວຽ
• ົ
•
•
•
•
ະິ
ິ
າ
່
່ າ
າ
້ າ
ລະ
າ
ວ າ (7)
[3]
າ
ະ າ ່
າ ັ
• ້ າ ວາ
ະ າ ່
ລະ ັ
່ າ ້ ລວ
•
າົ ົ
າ
ລະ
ລະ ່ ລະ າ ່ ວ
າ ິ
າ
ວ
• ້ າ ິ ິ
າ່ າ ັ
່
່ ິ
ລະ ້
ວາ
• ້
ວາ ັ ິ
າ ,
່
າ ້ ່ ິ
ລະ
າ
ວ
ວາ
່ ຽວ ້
າິ ັ
າ
ັ ິ
າ ັ
ັ
ິວ
ັ
າ
້
ິ
າ
ະິ
.
ະ ້
າ
່ ິ
ະິ
້
້
ະິ
ັ
ິ ິ
່ າ ້
ັ
າ
ລະ
່ ລະ ັ້
ວ
ັ້
າ
າ ້
ANNEX 9:
Current Status of Community
Based Forest Management
in Lao PDR
( in collaboration with RECOFTC)
Presented by Phomma Pathoummavong
25 November, 2010
1
ິ ວວັ
ະ າ າ
ລ ະ ວລາ
່
1975
1975-91
າ
າ ້
າ ົ
- າ ້
.
້
່ິ
ະ
ົ້
່
ລະ
ະ
າ ້
າ ົ
າ
່
ລະ່ິ
້ າ
່
ັ ັ
ລະ ັ
າັ
້ ວາ
ັ
່ າ ້
່ າ ້
່ າ ້ ົ ວິ
;່
າ
້
້
າ
ລະ
້ າ
່ າ ້
-ິ
1991 –
ັ
າ
-
-
າ ້
ັ
າ
ລະ າ ່ົ
າ ົ
າ
າ ,
ລະ
າ
າ ວາ
າ
.
, ລັ ິ ວ າ
ັ
ະ
ລັ
ັ
້
ວ
າ
,
ັ
້
.
- ່ິ ້ າ
້
່ າ ້
ລ
ົ
້
ລັ
,
າ
່
ັ
ລະ ່ົ
ະ າ
ັ
້
ວ
່ ວ ່ ວ
2
ະ
າ
ລະິ ິ
າ ່ າ ້
ະ າ ່ າ
ລະ ຽ
າ
່ ັ
0204
ະ າ ັ
າ່ າ
າ ັ
ັ້
າ
່ າ (ລັ ,
ະລະ
ົ
າ ະ ັ
້
ະ
CBFM
2020
ົ
ະ
ະັ
ລະ ວ
່ າ ້ າ
/້
ະ ັ
ະ
ລ
ລະ
່ າ
).
ະ
າ ັ
າ ັ
ລະ
ັ ່ ັ
່ າ
່ າ
າ ັ
,ລັ
້
່ າ ້
່ າ ້
ັ
ັ
ະ ະ ລະ ະ າ
າ
ະ ັ
່ າ ້
າ
າ
ະ
່
(
ະ າ ິ
ະ າ)
ົ ,
ົ ວ
າ ັ
າ: 2+3, 1+4
່
າ
ັ ່ າ ້
ົ
່ ວ ່ ວ
ັ ່ ັ
ັ
ັ
(PSFM)
້
່
່ ຽວ: ້ າ, ້ າ ົ
ັ
ັ
ລະ ົ
າ
ັ
່ າ ້
ັ
່ ວ
່ າ ້ ່ ລັ ້
1.
ລະ
ົ
້ ່
່
້ າ,
່ າ ະ
າ ວາ
າ
ະ ລັ
3
ວ :
າ ້ ່ ິ
ົ ວ ້
າົ
ະ
່ ວ
່ າ:
່ າ ້ ້ າ
ັ
, ່ ິ
່
າ ້ (PLUP)
ລະ າ ້ ່
້
້ າ ່
້ ້ າ ັ ັ
ົ າ ວາ , ້ າ
າ
ັ
-
ັ
່
ົ
ລ ,້ າ າ
່ າ
າ
່
ົ
,
່ ຽວ: ້ າ
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
ັ
ັ
2.
-
້
-
ລະ
່
າ ວາ
າ
ັ
າົ
ະ ລັ
າ ວາ
່ າ ້
່ ວ
(SUFORD):
່ າ ະລ
ິ
າ ້ ່ ິ , ່ ິ
່ ່ າ ້ ້ າ
າ ້ (PLUP).
ົ ວ ້
ລະ າ ້ ່
້
່ າ
ົ ,
້ າ ,
ັ ັ
າ
ົ
າ
່
່ ວ ່ ວ
, ້
ັ
່ ຽວ າ ວັ
າ ລະ ົ
າ ັ
(PSFM):
…. ່ 9
ະ ະ າ….
ິ
ັ ່ າ ະລ
ົ້
, ້
ວ , 16 PFA
່ າ,
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
3.
າ ັ
(່ )
້ າ :
- ົ້ າ ່ ວ
ວ
າ
່
- 6
້
ະ
ະິ
FSC
81.000
- ັ
າ້ າ
ັ
່ ວ
ິ
ົ້ າ
່ າ ້
ັ
ະ ວ
າ
ົ້
ັ
ັ
, າ ວ
່
າ
ັ
ັ
າ
່ າ ້ : າ ວ
ລະ າ
າ
້ 10.000
້
້ າ
້
່
າ ່ ວ
ັ
າ ົ້
ັ
ວ າ່ ວ
ົ້
,
່ ວ
າ
່
າ
, າ
ລະ ະ ວັ
າ
3/
່
ັ
ັ້
າ
ົ້
້ 25% (0204)
້
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
ັ
່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
າ
SUFORD 9
ວ , 16
່ າ ະລ
ິ ,
310 ້ າ
າ
າ ວ
້ ັ ິ
້ າ າ
4.000 ລາ ະ ະລັ / ້ າ
ລະ 411 ້ າ
້ ັ ິ
າ ວ 8.000 ລາ ະ ະລັ ( ັ
ວ
້ າ
ລະ
ວ ່ົ າ)
່
-
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
່ າ ້
ັ
3
-
ວາ
າ ວາ
ົ ວ ້
າ
າົ
ັ
ັ
າ
ະ
່ າ:
າ ້ ່ ິ , ່ ິ
າ ້ (PLUP).
ລະ າ ້ ່
້
:
-4 ້ າ
າ
້ ່
ະ ລັ
ວາ
20.000 ັ້ ່ າ, າ
ະ
່ າລາ
ັ 4 ້ າ
ວ
ະ າ 250 ລ
້ າ
່
່ ວ
່ າ ້ ້ າ
ລະ
່ າ
ລະ
ົ
,
ວ ິລ າ
າ ັ້
້ ັ
,
ວາ
້ າ 1.142
ົ້
າ ່ົ
2640
,
່ າ ່
ລະ
ັ
້ າ
ັ
ົ ວ າ
(2010-2011).
ລະ ົ
່ ວ
າ ັ
(່ )
ັ
່ າ ້
- ້ າ ້ າ
,
າ້
ວ
ັ
່
່ າ່
້ ົ
້ າ 600
ັ
ະ າ ້ າ 20-30 ລ
ລະ ັ
້ າ /
).
ົ ວ( ະ າິ
າ
່ ວ
ະິ
ົ
້ າ
ັ
່
ລາ
ັ
ັ
ິ
ັ
າ
ັ
ວາ
ັ ິ
ວາ
ັ
້
າ
ັ
າ
້
ັ້
າ
ັ້
້ າ
່
ັ
ະິ
ັ
ລະ ວາ
ະ າັ
ະ ະ
າ າ
ວາ າ
ັ :
ະ າ ້ ່ , ະ າ
້
ະ າ້ າ ົ
ັ
ະ າ
່ າ ້
ິ ິ
າ, ິ
າ າ
າ
ລະ ວາ
ະັ
າ ່
ຽ
າ າ ້ ່ າ ະ າ
້ າ ລະ
າ ັ
ະ າ ່ ັ ່ າວ ່
ຽ
ົ້ າ
ວາ ້
າ ່ ິ
ວາ ົ
ັ
າ ້
, ັ້
ລະ່
່ິ
ວາ
າ
າ
າ າ
້ າ
າ ່ ້ າ ລະ ່ົ
ະ າ າ
່ ິ
່ ່ ້ ັ
ັ
ັ
າ
້ ່
່ ້
ວ
້ າ
າ ່ ຽ
...
ົ
ະ າ
ັ
ັ
າ ່ົ
່
ວາ າ
ະ າ້ າ ົ
່ ວ .
ັ
ະ າ, ່
ະິ
ວາ , ່ົ ວ ິ
າ
າ ່ າ ັ
ວາ
ົ
ະິ
້ າ າ
ະົ
ະ ັ
່
ະ
່ ັ
າ
ະ
ັ
າ ລັ
າ ລ
ັ .
ະ່
າ າ
້
າ
ະັ
າ
ະ າ
ລະ າ
າ
າ ້ ິ
ລະ າ
ັ
້
ັ
່ າ ້ ັ
່
ັ
ຽ
ັ້
ົ້ າ
້ າ
ະ ັ
ັ
້ ລະ ຽ
າ
່ ຽ ່
ະ ້
ລະ
ວ
້ າ
ົ
ລ
້ ວ ະ ັ
ະ
ະ
ວາ : າ ະ າ
າ
າ ລັ
ANNEX 10:
Forest Tenure Reform in Vietnam:
Some Considerations
Nguyen Quang Tan, PhD
RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests
28 November 2011
Vientiane, Laos PDR
Background to Vietnam
Population: 86 million (2009)
Rural upland population: est.
25 million
Forest area: 13.3 million ha
(39.1% coverage)
Successful agricultural land
reform placed VN among top
rice exporters in the world
Forest tenure reform taken
place since early 1990s in the
form of forest land allocation
Drivers of forest tenure reform
• Quick decline in forest area after reunification in 1975
• State forest enterprises (SFE) mainly focused on
timber logging, had weak capacity to manage forest
• Poor participation of non-state actors, particularly
local communities, in management of forest
resources
• Poor livelihoods of forest dependent communities
• Trends in forest devolution and decentralization
around the world
• Success in agricultural land tenure reform in 80s.
Forest land allocation to households
Legal framework:
• 1991 Forest Protection and Development Law:
participation of individuals, households and different
economic sectors in forest management
• 1993 Land Law: rights to lease, inherit, exchange,
mortgage, and transfer land-use titles
• 1994 GOV Decree 02/CP on allocation of forest land
• 1995 GOV Decree 01/CP on contracting of land for
agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture purposes
• 1999 GOV Decree 163 on leasing of land for forestry
purposes
Forest land allocation to households…
Process:
• Forest land allocation (FLA) to individuals and
households along with landuse titles (50 years and
renewable), focusing on non-forested forest land
(for reforestation purpose)
• Forest contracting to individuals and households,
focusing on natural forest for protection purpose
(natural regeneration). No landuse title. Contracts to
be renewed annually.
Forest land allocation to villages
Legal framework:
• 2003 Land Law: recognizing the legal status of village
communities in land tenure
• 2004 Forest Protection and Development Law:
recognizing legal status of village communities in
forest management
Process:
• FLA to communities piloted since late 90s.
• National CFM project phase 1 in 2006-2009, phase 2
planned for 2011-2012
Outputs of forest tenure changes
Involvement of multi-stakeholders in forest management
Outputs of forest tenure changes…
Contribution to increased forest cover
Outputs of forest tenure changes…
Contribution to local livelihoods: In midland area with
access to market, change in forest tenure:
o creates legal access to forestland
o offers contribution to secure returns from
investment
o contribute to the increased livelihoods from forest
income (e.g. plantation woods)
Shortcomings
Large area of forest (18% of total forest area) is yet
to be allocated
FLA results are unclear in the remote upland with
poor market access.
FLA mainly focuses on timber production, little
attention to other forest products and services, which
are closely connected to local life
Allocation of forest rights to individual households is
not appropriate to customary practice of collective
forest management in the upland
Weak capacity of local authorities (in the upland
area) to provide support after FLA
Opportunities
REDD+ and PES programs in preparation –
potentials for more income from forests
Community forest management as one of the
priorities for forestry sector
State commitment to further allocate forestland to
households and villages
Challenges and key remaining issues
• Review FLA experiences nation-wide
• Acknowledge diverse outputs -> need to revise
management planning and benefit-sharing
procedures
• Recognize multiple management traditions -> Expand
FLA to villages & support local forest governance
• Improve capacity for supporting forestry
• Expand support to community forestry
• Make FLA (more) pro-poor
Forest tenure reform is not the means
to an end
It is just the beginning.
Thank you for your attention!
For more information, please email: tan@recoftc.org
ANNEX 11:
Forest Tenure Reform: Experience
from Nepal
Keshav Kanel
Main
Message
Reforming Forest Tenure, and
Devolving Authority to Accountable
Community Organizations Leads to
Better Forestry Outcome
Introduction
Rational for Forest Tenure Reform
Formulation of Reform and Institutional
Arrangements
Key Attributes of Community Forestry
Major Outcomes and Achievements
Some Lessons and Challenges
•
•
•
•
•
Mostly mountainous, high diversity in ethnic
composition and biodiversity
About 85 % rural and highly dependent on
remittance, agriculture and forests
Population now about 27 million, per capita
income about $ 800
Department of Forests is the largest Land
Management agency covering all of the 75
districts
Presently forests and shrubland cover about
40% (5.8 million ha) of land area
India
China
Ind
High Himal
High Mountain
Middle Hills
Churia Hills
Terai
India
Vertical Cross Section of Nepal
Nationalization of Forests (1957) alienated the
local people from forests
Forest Agency as a big land lord – Principle
Agent Problem
Accelerated Deforestation and Degradation
Dilemma in forest management
◦ Who Can better produce both goods and
public Services from forests?
◦ Who has the access and control over the
forest?
◦ How to regulate the extraction of forest
products?
Tragedy of Deforestation
•
•
•
•
External Explanation:
– “Fuel Wood Crisis” Losing Ground (Echolm, 1976)
– “Gap Analysis” World Bank (1978) Malthusian
Drama in Nepal?
External Solution:
– Technical quick fix or massive plantation Forestry
Internal Explanation:
– First Conference of Nepalese Foresters (1975)
– Who are the Knowledge and Right holders in
Forestry?
Internal Solution: Lateral Thinking
– Nepal Forestry Plan 1976,
– Revision of Forest Act and incorporation of PF, PPF,
and Leasehold forestry in 1978
•
•
•
•
Panchayat Forest – Plantation forests, assigned
to Village Panchayat, All the benefit to local
Panchayat, Area limit 125 ha
Panchyat Protected Forest- Degraded forests,
assigned to Village Panchayat, Revenue sharing
75% Local Panchayat, and 25% Government,
Area limit to 500 ha
Leasehold Forest- Degraded forest on lease to
produce forest products
District Forest Officer to execute these
Provisions
Master Plan for Forestry Sector 1988
Local Institutions recognized as the foundation of forest
management
◦ Concept of Users Group from Decentralization Act
1982
◦ Entrusting the forest users with rights to manage
forests, and receive all the income from Forests
◦ Recognizing CFUGs as autonomous and selfgoverning institutions
◦ Changing the role of forest agency staff to advisors
and extensionists and retraining them for their new
role
Reorganization of forest agency
Crafting of new forest act 1993 and Forest regulations of
1995
•
•
National Forest classified based on Tenure and
Management.
Land Belongs to the State but management or
forest tenure rights is assigned to different entities
– Community Forest Users Group as Community Forest
– Poor Households formed in groups as Leasehold Forest
– Religious entities as Religious Forests
– National Forest assigned as Protection Forest
– Government as Government Managed Forests
•
Forestry Federations and NGOs proliferating
Community Forest is the part of the
National Forest handed over to the
Community Forest User Group (CFUGs)
for its development, protection and
utilization.
•Land belongs to the government
•Use and management of CF by the CFUG
•Regulation by CFUG and Forest Agency Staff
•CF is the highest priority program
CFUGs are Registered at the District Forest
Office
Group of forest users (HHs) adjoining a forest
It has a charter of association
CFUGs are autonomous, self-governing
and independent organizations
Users have Access, Withdrawal, Use and
Management Rights, but not the right over the
land (Alienation)
General Assembly of the Users makes decisions to
be implemented by Exe. Committee
Operation Plan (OP) of CF is Prepared by CFUG
with the Support of Forest Agency Staff
The OP is a legal Contract Between CFUG and
DFO. It is of 5 to 10 Years Duration.
Sales and Distribution of Forest Products Done by
CFUG
Product Sales for Subsistence use – Simple
Product Sales for Commerce – Complicated
Who owns the Carbon – not clear
CFUG has a Fund from the sale of Forest
products and others. It is used for forest
management (25%), livelihood promotion
(35%), and community development.
Annual Report has to be given to DFO.
DFO is the Gate Keeper of forest. Can take
various actions against the CFUG and Its
members.
FECOFUN is strong in advocating the rights
of Forest Users
Total number of CFUG = 16,937
Households involved = 2.1 mill. HH (over 40 %
of the total population )
Total area of community forests handed over =
1.57 mill. Ha.
Community Forest generates more income
than the remaining National Forests
Out of total forest area of 5.8 million ha,
–CF is 27%, LF 0.6%, PA 16% and GMG 57%
No of Community Forestry User Groups
18000
16000
N
o
14000
12000
o
f
C
F
U
G
s
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Community Forestry Area in ha. (‘00)
18000
16000
T
o
t
a
l
14000
12000
10000
8000
A
r
e
a
6000
4000
2000
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Changes in forest cover over time
1968
2000
Jiri after 32 years
All types
Biomas
s
Sal forest
Katus-chilaune
forest
Carbon
Biomas
s
Carbon
Biomass
Pine forest
Carbon Biomas
s
Carbo
n
1994
193
91
242
114
199
93
143
67
2008
232
109
260
122
249
117
190
89
+ 21%
+ 21%
+ 7%
+ 7%
+ 25%
+ 25%
% change
+ 33% + 33%
Notes:
• )ncludes only tree carbon above and below ground i.e. not shrubs/litter and soil organic C
Conclusions
• All forest types have increased their biomass (and carbon) significantly from 1994-
2008
• Large differences between forest types e.g. Pine>Katus-chilaune>Sal
Forest
Product
83%
Membership
Fee
1%
Other Income
13%
Entrance Fee
1%
Fine/
Punishment
1%
GO/NGO
Grants
1%
Infrastructure
Development
36%
Harvesting and
Silvicultural
Operation
18%
Miscellaneous
17%
Training/Study
Tour
2%
Pro-poor
Program
3%
Forest
Watcher
10%
Operational
Cost
14%
Institutional Innovation has to precede Technical
Innovation.
Devolving rights on resources to local people is necessary.
Detraining and retraining of forest agency staff is essential.
Piloting and practice should inform policy formulation.
Working closely with political masters and other
stakeholders.
Achievement in terms of and empowerment and better
forests in the hills, difficult in the commercial forests.
Complexities in Commercial Harvesting – Iron triangle of
rent capture.
Fatigue Forest Administration.
Major Political Transition/State Restructuring Process .
The process of muddling through in policy reform is still
continuing.
Most challenging is to change the belief system.
Kanel, Keshav: So Far So Good: Next Steps in
Community Forestry. In Ghate Rucha, et. al (eds.)
Promise, Trust, and Evolution: Managing the
Commons of South Asia. Oxford University Press
Inc. New York. 2008.
Kanel, Keshav, et. al: Re-inventing Forestry
Agencies: Institutional Innovation to Support
Community Forestry in Nepal. In Patrick Durst, et.
al (eds.) Reinventing Forestry Agencies:
Experiences of Institutional Restructuring in Asia
and the Pacific. Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission.
FAO Regional Office For Asia and the Pacific.2008.
Bangkok. Thailand. 2008.
ANNEX 12:
Experience of Brazil in
Forest Policy Reform and
Forest Tenure
National Workshop on
Forest Tenure and Policies in Lao
PDR
28-29 November 2011
Vientiane, Lao PDR
Suggested subjects
• Why forest tenure reform happened
• How was reform enacted and
implemented in relation to policy, legal and
institutional arrangement, funding and
capacity building
• What is the current status and what are the
outcomes of tenure reform on the ground for
different stakeholders such as government,
local communities, and business people
• Key consideration for successful tenure
reform (key principles, challenges, pitfalls etc)
Changes in forest tenure and policy
• 23 years process
• Landmarks
– Democracy -1985
– 1988 Constitution
• Environment + indigenous people rights
– Death of Chico Mendes - 1988
– Rio 1992 and international context
• Perception by public, media and government
of the need to stop deforestation and protect
native Brazilian and traditional population
rights
Initial Changes
• Increase in the area alocated to native
Brazilians and traditional populations
• New approaches to conservation areas
and settlements to allow for sustainable
use
• Creation of a single environmental agency
• Deforestation control as policy focus
• Remote sensing of deforestation
Indigenous Brazilian Lands
Area (1,000 sq
km)
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1989
1992
1994
YEAR
2002
2009
160
800
140
700
120
600
100
500
80
400
60
300
40
200
20
100
0
0
Year
Area (1,000 sq km)
Protected areas
National protected areas in the Amazon
Deforestation inside and outside
protected areas
inside
outside
proportion
Percentage of deforested area - 2003
Source:Ferreira et al, 2005
Recent changes
• Deforestation increase in 2003
• Integrated policy approach to control deforestation
(2004)
– 14 ministries working together
• The positive agenda
–
–
–
–
Creation of Brazilian Forest Service (2006)
Concession of public forests (2008)
Community Forestry
National Plan and Policy on Climate Change
• Legal Land Program
Strategies
Institutional Reform of the Forest Apparatus
1.
To include forests in the Presidential agenda
2.
To establish a committee where government, civil society and
business can work together on the definition of guidelines for
forests
3.
To create rules and regulations for public forests management
4.
To create a specific institution to deal with forests at the central
government level
5.
To create a funding mechanism for forest activities
6.
To decentralise forest management
National Program For Community Forestry
• Coordinated by Forestry Service and
Ministry of Agrarian Reform
• Other agencies are members of the
council
• First concept presented at Acre in 2007
• First plan launched in 2009
• Strong civil society participation
National Program For Community Forestry
Potential for forest management
Type of
tenure
Indigenous
lands
Agency
Ministry of Justice
Private
Use
Non-timber
Area (ha)
105,672,003
Multiple,
standard intensity
48,000,000
Settlement
Ministry of Agrarian
Reform
Multiple,
standard intensity
16,839,313
Conservation
area
Ministry of
Environment
Multiple, low intensity
19,378,923
Deforestation rates in the Amazon
km2/year
Deforestation rates
in 3 Amazonian States
Climate change
• National Plan for Climate Change (2008)
– reduce deforestation through
• Command and control
• Support sustainable forest use
– Promote reforestation (2x present area by
2020)
• Amazon Fund
– Reduction in deforestation rate as base for
calculating donations
Programa Terra Legal
(Legal Land Program)
• Ministry of Agrarian Reform
• Large number of people were attracted to
the Amazon by settlement projects, official
and private.
• Many settlers are not legally entitled to the
land they occupy
• As a result, they can’t access bank credit
and government programs
Programa Terra Legal
(Legal Land Program)
• Terms for access
– Land occuppied before 2004
– Cannot have another rural property
– Land cannot be inside conservation area,
indigenous peoples lands, settlement, etc
– Up to 1,500 ha
– Free - if land is smaller than 1 module (80/100
ha)
Present situation
• Slow progress and a couple of setbacks
• Political forces grouped around traditional
view on the use of natural resources
– geographical area where agriculture is main
economic activity
– agribusiness production chain
– Conservatives
• Changes in the Forest Code
• Increase in deforestation?
Luiz Carlos Joels
lcjoels@yahoo.com
1/25/2012
ANNEX 13:
Chinese Reform of the Collective
Forest Tenure System
——For Grassroots' Benefits From Forestry
Department of Rural Forestry
Reform and Development, SFA,
China
Xinghong
outline
• 1.Background
• 2.Core content
• 3.Chief measures
• 4.Initial achievements
1
1/25/2012
Background
39.94%
60.06%
state-owned
collectiveowned
182million ha.
304million ha.
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Since the founding of the People’s
Republic, especially the launching of
reform and opening up collective
forestry has gotten remarkable
achievements and made great
contribution to our society.
2
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Rural poverty
Forest inadequate supply
Low forest quality
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Rural poverty
By the end of 2010, the rural
peoples average per person net
income reached ¥5919 yuan ,less
than 1/3 of the city peoples
average per person may control
the income.
3
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Forest inadequate supply
China's per-capita forest area and
stocking volume lag far behind the
worlds average level. Forest
coverage rate is just 2/3 globe
average,row in the 139th, per
person forest area is 0.145ha, less
than 1/4 world average, stocking
volume is 1/7 world average.
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Low forest quality
Per hectare arbor volume is 85.9
cubic meters, only 78% of the
world average and artificial
arbor per hectare only 49 cubic
meters
4
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Low forest quality
The contradiction between supply and
demand of wood intensifies, forest
resources growth cannot meet the
demand for the economic and social
development.
1.2Problems
vaguely defined ownership
unspecified operational entity
inflexible operation mechanism
irrational distribution of benefits
5
1/25/2012
In order to free and develop the
productive forces in the forestry
section, promote modern forestry,
increase farmers' income and advance
the ecological civilization, Chinese
government has launched reform of
the collective forest tenure system.
Background
The reform first took
place in Fujian and
Jiangxi provinces,
focusing on clarifying
forest rights, giving
individual more
management freedom,
regulating forestland
transfer, and reducing
tax burden.
6
1/25/2012
1.3 The reform has significant and profound strategic
meaning
The reform is upon the request to stabilize and improve the fundamental
management system in rural areas.
The reform is the strategic measure to increase the employment and income
of rural people.
The reform is the driving force to promote the modern forestry
development.
The reform significant to accelerate the transformation of national economic
development mode
The reform promotes the balancing and coordinating development between
urban and rural area.
2.core content
On the premise of the collective forestland
ownership, the implementation of forestland
contractual management rights and ownership
of trees according to the law to farmers of
the collective economic organization by way
of household contract so as to establish the
main body position of farmers as forestland
contractors.
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2.core content
There are five main areas of reforms:
the clarification of property rights
the demarcation and certification
the devolution of power of management
the implementation of disposal rights.
the protection of the right to earnings
2.core content
mountains remain
stable on rights,
trees on roots and
farmers on hearts.
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2.core content
2.1 the clarification of property rights
To contract forestland use rights and ownership of trees to farmers mainly by division of
forestland to households supplemented by
division of shares and benefits.
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Tailor measures to suit local conditions,
and conduct diversified guidance
Forestlands suitable
for contracting
Forestlands not suitable
Household Contract
Management System
Equal Shares,
Equal Benefits
for contracting
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Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Group Discussion on Forest Reform
Schemes among villagers
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Forest Lands Contracts
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2.core content
2.2the demarcation and certification
To issue the forest warrant of the nationwide
uniform pattern to ensure that the chart and
the warrant holder match well up with the
warrant respectively, based on the
investigation of four boundaries (referring
to the boundaries between a piece of land and
its adjacent land).
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δ15.4%ε
δ72.9%ε
2.core content
2.3the devolution of power of
management
For the commercial forests, farmers can be
independent in management according to the law.
For the public-benefit forests, without destroying
ecological functions, farmers can rationally use
forest resources by law.
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2.core content
2.4the implementation of disposal rights.
Without a change of collective land
ownership and forestland uses, forest
ownership and forestland use rights
are allowed for rental, shares,
mortgage and transfer.
2.core content
2.5the protection of the right to earnings
Earnings belong to farmers and business
operators, except for payments
according to national regulations and
contracts.
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3.Measures
To pay great attention to forest reforms.
To provide a strong guarantee for the
forest reforms.
To push the forest reform and serve the
reform
To carry out the reform in an open by
the laws
3.Measures
3.1To pay great attention to forest
reforms.
Five-level secretaries of the communist
party committee grasp forestry
Five leading groups are engaged in
forest reforms for secretaries of the
communist party committee of
provinces (regions and cities) and
governors of provinces personally
make investigations and plans.
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The central forestry working conference
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According to the Document 10. Party
Committees and governments at all
levels must take this reform as a
priority item in their agenda and make
every effort to ensure its success
through careful organization and
arrangement.
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3.Measures
3.2To provide a strong guarantee for
the forest right reform.
A working mechanism featuring county
(city) exercising direct leadership, township
organizing the implementation, village and
group going about the execution and
departments providing services should be
established, while giving full play to the role
of grassroots party organizations in the
countryside.
.
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35 thousands
forestry reform
offices at all levels
had been
established.
Great efforts have
been made in
guidance, publicity
and training by
forest departments
Measures
Training materials
and practice
cases are
compiled and
over 38 million
forest reform
backbones have
been trained.
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Measures
Forest reform staffs
members take pains to
explain and publicize
policies from door to
door, help formulate
programs, answer
questions, deal with
disputes about forest
rights, survey and
delimit boundaries,
standardize file
management and thus
have strengthened
guidance and service on
some key issues.
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3.Measures
3.4To push the forest reform and serve
the reform
A powerful force has been established
owing to the departments’
implementation of policies that support
the forest reform.
The General Office of CCCPC and
General Affairs Office of the State
Council carry out supervision over the
implementation of the No.10 document
of CCCPC and the decisions of the
central forestry working conference.
3.Measures
The State Development and Reform
Commission, and the Ministry of Finance,
etc. actively support and implement
forest reform.
3.6billion RMB yuan (1-1.5yuan /mu) from
center government aided reform, start
middle-aged forest and young forest
cultivation and forest insurance premium
subsidies pilots, improve the central
financial interest subsidies for forestry
loan, lower the proportion of forest
cultivation levy fund, and increase forest
ecological benefit compensation
standards.
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3.Measures
The People’s Bank, the Ministry of
Finance, China Banking Regulatory
Commission, China Insurance
Regulatory Commission, etc have
jointly issued guiding opinions to
strengthen financial services.
3.Measures
To carry out the
reform in an open by
the laws
In strict accordance
with Forest Law, Law
of Contracting Land in
rural areas, Property
Law, Villager
Committee
Organization Law.
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Relating laws
To operate according to the procedure of
“six signatures” and “four bulletins”
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Signatures are required for notice of
villager group meetings; check in for
villager group meeting; villager
group’s implementation programs;
woodland boundary confirmation;
contracts, villager committee’s
resolution on villager group’s
implementation program.
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Signatures of Villagers on villager
group’s implementation programs
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Bulletins of villager group’s
implementation programs, forest
reform procedure, forest reform
current situation, forest reform
results.
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3.Measures
So far,There are 164 million ha collectiveowned forestland contracted to farmers,
accounting for 92% of the total.
The license area covers 141 million ha，
accounting for 86% of the total. There
are 82 million farmers who have
obtained forest right certificates, and
over 300 million of farmers have
benefited directly from the reform.
4.Initial achievements
Farmers’ zeal and potential are
released
The forestry industry investment
increases rapidly.
Farmers receive a great deal of benefits
A large number of forest ownership
disputes has been mediated.
Relations between the cadres and
masses in rural areas close.
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4.Initial achievements
4.1Farmers’ zeal
and enormous
potential are
released for they
are treated as the
master of the
forestland.
In the past the farmers were asked to
plant trees, but now they are voluntary
to plant trees by themselves.
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Initial achievements
Because they ‚regard mountains as
their farmland, think of trees as
vegetables‛, they are willing to
invest and operate, and thus benefit
more and more from the forestland.
The national woodland direct yield
has increased from RMB￥5.6 per ha.
in 2003 to RMB￥13.2 per ha. in 2010.
4.Initial achievements
The scale of planting trees has reached
a new high record in Fujian, Jiangxi,
Liaoning, Zhejiang provinces, etc. The
survival rate and preserving rate have
been up to over 90%.
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Initial achievements
4.2 The forestry
industry has
become a popular
investment spot
with the devolution
of forestland
managerial rights
and ownership of
trees .
4.Initial achievements
Numerous industries have been shooting up,
such as seedling cultivation, fruit of
economic forest, bamboo & rattan, flowers;
forest tourism; woody grain and oil, etc.;
planting fungi, mushrooms, herbs,
vegetables in the forests; raising chickens,
pigs, rabbits, frogs, etc.
The total output of forestry had increased
from RMB￥107 trillion in 2006 to RMB ￥209
trillion in 2010, which has doubled in five
years.
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Raising chickens
Forest touring
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Initial achievements
According to statistics, 36 million jobs were
created in 19 provinces that had launched
the forest reform, which made an important
contribution to maintaining social stability
in response to the international crisis.
“One family contract has created
employments for the whole family.”
4.Initial achievements
4.3Farmers receive a great deal of
benefit
With the division of forestland, the
average household has nearly
RMB￥100,000 of assets of forest
resources.
the forest right system reform has also
opened up new opportunities for
farmers to increase their production
income.
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Farmers receive a great deal of benefit
Currently, there are 26 provinces
carrying out forest ownership
mortgage. The total of forestry loans
has exceeded RMB￥10 billion, which
reached a total size of forestry
investment of the central government
in 2010.
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Loan by forest ownership
mortgage
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Planting understory ginseng,
Initial achievements example
in Benxi City, Liaoning province,a
three-dimensional business model
has come into being with a
combination of planting trees in the
mountain, breeding bees in the
woods, planting understory ginseng,
and keeping frogs among the ginseng.
As a result, there appears that there
are 16,000 households whose income
has passed RMB￥100,000,more than
3,000 households whose income is
RMB￥ one million, 120 households
whose income is RMB￥10 million and
3 households whose income is
RMB￥100 million.
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According to statistics, per capita
annual income in forestry for farmers
accounted for 14.6% of their annual
income in over 2,550 counties that
have carried out forest reform, while
more than 60% of countries with
forestry as its dominant business.
4.4A large number of forest
ownership disputes has been
mediated, and thus instable elements
in rural areas have been effectively
kept under control.
Statistics shows that a total number of
forest ownership dispute mediated
was more than 800,000 cases, with a
mediation rate of 97%, a satisfaction
rate of 98% which has promoted
social harmony in rural areas.
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4.5 This reform is helpful to establish
closer ties between the cadres and
masses in rural areas.
Forest reform is a process of democratic
decision-making, management and
supervision, a process of promoting
policies, popularizing laws and
resolving conflicts, also a process of
strengthening the leadership of the
Chinese Communist Party , changing
their work style, and building closer
relations between the cadres and the
masses.
Thank you!
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