The analysis of post-feminism theory applied In the language used by Margaret Thatcher in the Iron Lady Movie.

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vii

ABSTRACT

Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.

Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.

This undergraduate research analyses the post-feminism theory applies in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Therefore, there are two problems discussed in this research. The first one is how Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with other gender. The second one is about the reactions of people around to her political decisions.

This research is a qualitative and document analysis research. The data source of which was the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie’s transcript. The researcher used check-list as the instrument of the data gathering technique to analyse and categorize the language used by Margaret Thatcher to answer the problems formulation. Based on the analysis, there are two findings that can be used to answer the problems formulation.

The first finding describes the four Post-feminist Characteristics found in Margaret’s languages used in The Iron Lady movie. Those characteristics are; General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism, Female Identity Crisis, Focus on the Individual, and Revival of Traditional Femininities. The second finding reveals the people reactions on Margaret’s political decisions. There were two types of people reactions founded. The first reaction is internal reactions that emerged from the closest people around her; her family and the members of her party. The second reaction is external reactions that emerged from her oppositional party and wide public rebellion. Both of the reactions; internal and external appears in words and actions of the people, which are publish through mass media; newspaper, TV, radio.

The researcher also provides some suggestions for English lecturers and future researchers. The lecturers in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) can use this movie to teach in Movie Interpretation class. While for the future researchers, they can analyse some other aspects of this movie which have never been discussed.

Keywords: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People Reaction.

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viii ABSTRAK

Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.

Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.

Skripsi ini menganalisa penerapan teori postfeminis dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Oleh karena itu, ada dua umusan permasalahan pokok yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan pokok yang pertama tentang bagaimana Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady menerapkan teori posfeminis melalui caranya berinteraksi dengan kaum pria. Permasalahan pokok yang kedua tentang reaksi dari orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik dari Margaret.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan analisis dokumen. Sumber utama penelitian ini adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Peneliti menggunakan check-list sebagai instrumen penelitian dan mengkategorikan bahasa yang digunakan Margaret untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan. Berdasarkan analisa tersebut, ada dua temuan yang dapat digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan.

Penemuan pertama menjelaskan keempat karakter posfeminis yang diterapkan dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady. Keempat karakterikstik itu adalah; penolakan umum terhadap feminisme gelombang kedua, krisis identitas ke-wanitaan, fokus pada kesenangan pribadi, dan membangkitkan kembali tradisi kewanitaan awal. Penemuan kedua mengungkapkan tentang reaksi orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. penulis menemukan ada dua jenis reaksi yang muncul terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. Reaksi pertama adalah reaksi intern yang muncul dari orang terdekat Margaret sendiri; keluarga dan partainya. Reaksi kedua adalah reaksi ekstern yang muncul dari partai oposisi dan dari masyarakat pemberontak. Kedua jenis reaksi tersebut; baik intern maupun yang ekstern, muncul dalam bentuk kata-kata dan aksi, baik yang positif maupun negatif dan di publikasikan lewat media massa; Koran, Televisi, dan Radio.

Penulis juga mempersiapkan beberapa saran untuk para dosen dan para peneliti selanjutnya. Untuk para dosen yang mengajar di Pendidkian Bahasa Inggris dapat menggunakan film ini dalam mengajar kelas Movie Interpretation. Sedangkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya, dapat menggunakan film ini untuk membahas topic-topik lain yang kiranya belum pernah didiskusikan sebelumnya

Kata Kunci: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People

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THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY

APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY

MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY

MOVIE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Agustina Rante Allo Student Number: 111214148

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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Not

all of us

can do

great things

. But we can do

small things

with

great love

.

(Mother Teresa)

So do not fear, for I am with you; do not

be dismayed, for I am your God. I will

strengthen you and help you; I will

uphold you with my righteous right

hand. (Isaiah 41:10)

With the

Lord

of the

World

for the

World

of the

Lord.

(Constitution of the Congregation of JMJ)

Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam

(St. Ignatius OF Loyola)

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of other people’s work, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, March 10th, 2016 The Writer

Agustina Rante Allo 111214148

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Agustina Rante Allo

NIM : 111214148

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY

MOVIE

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat sebenarnya Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 10 Maret 2016 Yang menyatakan:

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vii

ABSTRACT

Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.

Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.

The first finding describes the four Post-feminist Characteristics found in

Margaret’s languages used in The Iron Lady movie. Those characteristics are; General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism, Female Identity Crisis, Focus on the Individual, and Revival of Traditional Femininities. The second finding reveals the

people reactions on Margaret’s political decisions. There were two types of people

reactions founded. The first reaction is internal reactions that emerged from the closest people around her; her family and the members of her party. The second reaction is external reactions that emerged from her oppositional party and wide public rebellion. Both of the reactions; internal and external appears in words and actions of the people, which are publish through mass media; newspaper, TV, radio.

Keywords: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People Reaction.

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viii ABSTRAK

Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.

Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.

Kata Kunci: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to deliver my greatest gratitude to the Almighty God and

Lord Jesus Christ. I thank Him for being with me in all my ways of life. I

present this thesis to my beloved Congregation of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. To all my fellow nuns of Jakarta Province, to my fellow nuns of Trimargo Convent, and especially to my provincial Sr. Vinsensia Siunta, JMJ and provincial councils, Sr. Francinetty Manua, JMJ and Sr. Yulita Dammen, JMJ. I present this thesis also to the Rev. Mathias Wolff, SJ, the founder of my congregation, for only by his continuously prayer in the presence of God that I can finish this thesis well.

Foremost, I would like to express my special gratitude to my thesis advisor, Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd., who has become a great supporter as I struggle to finish this thesis. I am very blessed for her encouragement, support, guidance, ideas, suggestions, her times, and patience that becomes great helps in completing this thesis. I also express my most gratitude to all my lecturers in PBI who guide and help me during my study, especially to my academic advisor, Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed.

My gratitude is also for my mother and my loving departed father, my

brother, my younger brother, and both of their family, because of their prayer

and support I can finish this thesis well. My most special thanks also goes for my entire classmates, class C 2011; especially for Cici, Helmy, Ria, Desca, Sr.

Mikaela, KYM, and all of those who I cannot mention their name one by one. I

am so blessed to be in this class with all of you. I stay young and strong because of you all.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1

B. Research Questions ... 5

C. Research Objectives ... 5

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E. Definition of Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 10

1. Post-feminism Theory ... 10

2. Post-feminist Characteristics ... 14

a. General Rejection on Second Wave Feminism ... 14

b. Female Identity Crisis ... 15

c. Focus on the Individual ... 15

d. Revival of Traditional Femininity ... 16

3. Social Reactions Theory ... 16

4. Language and Gender Theory ... 18

5. The Explanation of the Subject ... 20

B. Theoretical Framework ... 21

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 22

B. Research Setting ... 23

C. Data Source ... 23

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ... 24

E. Data Analysis Technique ... 25

F. Research Procedures ... 27

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Postfeminist Characteristics in Margaret Thatcher’s Language ... 30

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xii

1. Focus on the Individual ... 31

2. Revival of Traditional Femininities... 34

3. General Rejection on Second Wave Feminism ... 37

a. Margaret’s Personal Life ... 38

b. Margaret’s Political Life ... 39

4. Female Identity Crisis... 41

B. People Reactions on Margaret Thatcher’s Political Decisions ... 41

1. Internal Reactions... 42

2. External Reactions ... 45

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions ... 48

B. Recommendations ... 51

REFERENCES ... 53

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 3.1 ... 26

Table 3.2 ... 27

Table 4.1 ... 30

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xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices Page

The Iron Lady Movie’s synopsis ... 56

Appendix A Post-feminist Characteristics in Margaret’s Language ... 63

Appendix B Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s Decisions ... 85

Appendix C Motivation Words that Affects Margaret’s Decisions ... 102

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into six sections. The first section is the research background. This section explains the descriptions of the research and the reason for the topic chosen. The second is the research questions, this section presents the formulation of questions discussed or analyzed in the research. The third is the research limitation that explains the focus and the limit scope to discuss in the research. The fourth is the research objectives. This section will cover the goal of the research. The fifth is the research benefits. It discusses the advantages of this research. The sixth is the definition of terms which contains the important key terms mentioned in this research to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

A. Research Background

Movies are made to be watched and listened. Movies appeal to

human’s visual and aural senses. Like any art forms, movies are also

meant to be felt and understood, to appeal to human emotions and minds. Movies are open to the world for being interpreted. By watching movies, people can have the better understanding of how to deal with life. They

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can also think critically about other’s personality and analyze the ideology

of each character in a particular action.

Movies are also considered as the representative of human life in reality. Through movies, people can learn the different representation of

human’s characters, emotions, struggles, feelings, and philosophy of life.

Movies can drive people to be critical about their aspect of life and how to live their life. Also, through movies, people will not only see the

representation of one’s character but also will see what life is and how it

works from different perspectives. Even in religious aspects, movies are also playing its role. In prayer, human creativity combines with divine creativity through imagination. The same thing happens when people use film as a prayer (J. Pungent, SJ & M. Williams, SJ, 2004). By the time people watch a movie, they are not only entertained, but they are also being formed (Y. Iswarahadi, SJ in rohani, 2012). In other words, movie is a way for people to see their own world through the story and the characters which are represented in it.

Since movies are rich in valuable lessons of life, many researchers work on the analysis of movies from all aspects of life. This research is going to analyze ideology revealed in Margaret Thatcher character’s through the language used in The Iron Lady movie.

In this research, researcher is going to analyze the language used

by Margaret Thatcher’s character in The Iron Lady movie because the

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3 movie and focus on how the character of Margaret Thatcher in that movie used the language; spoken, body language, idea, and expression in order to interact with other gender, especially on her political decision. Also, the researcher used The Iron Lady movie because of the female actress of this movie is reflected the true story of The Iron Lady itself; Margaret Thatcher portrayed by Meryl Streep.

Margaret Thatcher (MT) is the first woman of Prime Minister who served in the United Kingdom and the longest-serving Prime Minister in the modern era of England. She is known as the Woman's of Baja or the

Woman’s of iron (Iron Lady) hooked up with a nickname given by the USSR (Soviet) to her. In her policy Margaret Thatcher is always true to her views and cannot accept other people's opinions. She will perform with a firm decision despite many rumors against it. Based on Margaret Thatcher real life background, the researcher wants to focus on post-feminism value in the way she thinks and leads the country as a Prime Minister.

Language is considered as one of the most important elements of human society since the language is used to communicate and to express the human ideas. Aitchison (2003) states that humans can communicate in numerous ways, for instance; they can wink, wave, smile, and even tap someone on the shoulder which is also considered as the way of communication. Brown (2005) emphasizes on language as a system of arbitrary conventionalized vocal, written or gestural symbols that enable

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4 members to communicate intelligibly between one and another. Wibowo (2001:3) adds that language is a system of symbols that are meaningful and articulate sound which are arbitrary and conventional. Schipper (2003) also states that language is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbol, whether it is spoken, written, or signed. Communication itself means a behavior that is directed at another member of the same

species and may affect the recipient’s behavior and the initiator subsequent

behavior.

Coates (1998), states that the most affecting social factor in the communication is gender. Gender is the biggest influence among all of the social factors of how people interact. In some areas, the society treats a certain behavior towards men and women. It is based on how culture interprets the biological differences in terms of sex, include expectation on how man and woman behave and speak. Through language used, people

can show their status level in the society. Someone’s ideology of life can

be represented through the language used. People can also judge one another personality through the language they used.

Feminism is the movement and ideology that attain women’s rights to create the world for women beyond social equality (Humm: 406).

Feminism’s ideology is fighting for the women to gain their opportunity to have a higher education and to do male’s jobs. They also get their

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5 Feminism itself has some varieties movements, e.g. Radical Feminism, Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Socialist Feminism and Post-feminism. Post-feminism has the different manifestation of feminism. Post-feminism is often judged as anti-feminism movements because most of the characteristics of Post-feminism are about rejecting some concepts of feminism. The simplest idea of post-feminism represents pluralism or respect differences (Brooks, 1997). In post-feminism, there is more differences or gender gap between man and women because they are people.

B. Research Questions

Departing from the background, there are some questions formulated. The questions are as follows:

1. How does Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with another gender? 2. How are the reactions of people to her political decisions?

C. Research Objectives

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6 1. To investigate how does Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with another gender.

2. To investigate how are the reactions of people around to her political decisions.

D. Research Benefits

This research aims to give benefits to English lecturers and future researchers to enrich their knowledge on Post-feminism. The purpose also might get some information about the proper roles and behavior of women in the society. In extras, the readers might learn how well a woman named Margaret Thatcher is able to be equal with man in her political position.

For the English lecturers, this research is expected that the English lecturers can use it to develop interactive teaching-learning activities in Movies Interpretation Class. In addition, the lecturers can increase the

students’ interest and creativity in interpreting a movie. They can also help

the students to make a comparison between the roles of women in

Margaret Thatcher era and women in today’s era.

For the future researchers, this research aims to give a meaningful contribution to other researchers who want to conduct further studies in the same field. The researcher also expects that this research can provide the researchers an additional reference on how to change the conservative mind of the society towards the feminist movement.

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E. Definition of Terms

Some specific terms will be used in this research. In order to make a better understanding and get the same idea from the research, this section will represent some definition of terms that are used in this research.

1. Post-feminism Theory

Brooks (1997), she states that post-feminism today is not about what comes after feminism, but it is about the conceptual shifts within feminism. In addition, Braithwaite (2004), states that post-feminism is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses.

2. Margaret Thatcher

Margaret is the first woman to hold the position as Prime Minister in the United Kingdom. During her three terms, she cut social welfare programs, reduced trade union power and privatized certain industries. She has served the United Kingdom as a Prime Minister for eleven and a half years, from May 4th, 1779 until her resignation on November 28th, 1990. She died on April 8, 2013, at age 87.

3. The Iron Lady Movie

This movie is a surprising and intimate portrait of Margaret Thatcher (Meryl Streep), the first and only female Prime Minister of the

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8 United Kingdom. One of the 20th century's most famous and influential women, Thatcher came from nowhere to smash through barriers of gender and class to be heard in a male dominated world. Much more than a biographical epic, the film is also the surprisingly intimate journey of a "common" grocer's daughter whose social ambition and steel will -- along with the love of her husband and confidant, Denis (Jim Broadbent) — propelled her to unprecedented power. Combining fact, fiction and poetic flight of imagination – as well as flashbacks -- director Phyllida Lloyd creates a portrait that reveals the many faces of Thatcher: the hard-nosed conservative; the woman who demolished the barriers of gender and class in a male-dominated world; the spirited wife and mother who longed to change her country for the better.

This movie was made in London, 2008. The story began with the elderly former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher prepares breakfast for her husband Denis, as she has every morning of their married life. Denis is alive only in her imagination.

Once described in life as “always present, never there”, Denis is

still present for Margaret. Is he a loving memory made flesh? A manifestation of her grief? Or perhaps her conscience, taking her to the task?

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9 Locked in the infuriating inaction of retirement and battling ill health, Margaret is ambushed by memories. Fragments of her private life and of her premiership crowd into her mind and she relives them in vivid detail. As she struggles to maintain her equilibrium, Denis teases and needles her. The struggle, the triumphs, the betrayals – in the end, what did she achieve? When all is said and done, was it worth it?

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is the Theoretical Description which consists of two theories. Those theories are the theory of Post-feminism and theory of People Reaction. The second section is the Theoretical Framework which presents how the theories will be used in the research to answer the questions formulation.

A. Theoretical Description

This section consists of five theories, namely: the development of Post-feminism Theory, Post-feminist Characteristics, Social Reaction Theory, Language and Gender Theory, and the explanation of the subject;

The Iron Lady movie.

1. Post-feminism Theory

Feminism is a movement which is fighting for the rights of

women so that women get out of injustice. Feminism is a political movement that reviews various aspects of life. Feminism itself has been through several stages of development. Recently, feminism is still as a hot issue to be discussed. The history of feminism is divided into three waves.

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The first wave of Feminism has been revealed in 1792 until 1960. It has been known by the writer Wollstonecraft in The Vindication of the

Rights of Women. There is some feminism flows in this era. Some of them

are; Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Anarchist Feminism, Marxist Feminism, and Socialist Feminism. All of those flows are fighting for the development of the rational side of women. They are focused on individuals’ autonomy practice, but still do not eliminate discrimination against women (Sanders, 1999).

The second wave of Feminism was revealed in 1960-1980. It is marked by the publication of “The Feminine Mystique” (Freidan, 1997) and was followed by the establishment of National Organization for Woman. This wave appears as a reaction to the dissatisfaction of women on various discriminations they experienced. They are fighting for the universalism. Feminism flows of this era are; Existential Feminism and Gynocentrism Feminism.

The third wave of Feminism is revealed in 1980 up to nowadays. This movement is well known as Post-feminism. It emerges as the result of varieties criticism of feminism universalism in the second wave. Pilcher (2004), states that to comprehend post-feminism, it is a must to state that there is no agreement about how post-feminism can be described; the definition or terms is usually “essentially contradict” (Pilcher, 2004, p: 105). It means that there is a pro and against towards post-feminism. The pro-state that post-feminism is a different manifestation of feminism”,

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while the contra said that post-feminism is an anti-feminist movement (Pilcher, 2004, p: 106).

Brooks (1977), argues that “it is not a question of depoliticizing feminism, but of marking the conceptual shift from the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ form of debates around the revivified and theorized concept of difference”. The conceptual shift means here is about accepting pluralism to shape equality than create equality. In addition, Brooks states that post-feminism represents post-feminism’s maturity, a development into a confident body of theory and politics, representing pluralism and difference.

Mills (1989), notes that the frame of post-feminism is useful to signify how feminism becomes rewritten, depoliticized and incorporated into media accounts of contemporary culture. Furthermore, Brooks states that feminism is not necessarily anti-feminist. Based on this border perspectives, Braithwaite stated that post-feminism are not simply reactions against or anti-feminism as cited in Brooks (1977: p. 27).

In addition, Gill (2007) states that post-feminism should be thought of as "a sensibility". Besides, post-feminism also should be acknowledged to be the cultural mood regarding gender that pervades Western countries in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.

Post-feminism itself has some flows with their own uniqueness. The first is Postmodern Feminism (known as Posmo). The idea of Posmo is antiabsolute and antiauthority. This flow found that ‘gender’ does not mean as significant identity or social structure automatically. Posmo

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Feminism illustrates that the differences between men and women need to be accepted and nurtured. More specifically, this flow rejects the authority.

The second flow is Multicultural Feminism. Multicultural feminism focused on the view that not all women are created or constructed equally in a country. They are different in all aspects of life; not only on races and ethnicities differences’, but also different from sexual identity, gender identity, age, religion, education level, occupation, and marital status. This flow is generally identifying as the social-intellectual movement that promoting the value of diversity as a principle key. Multicultural also emphasize that all cultural groups must be respected and treated equally.

The third flow is Global Feminism. Global Feminist claimed that the oppression of women can also be caused by an unfair system. The global feminist highlights the inequality between first world countries and third world countries which have a different system of government. Thus extending the global feminist agenda into a cross-country-women’s liberation and nation.

The fourth flow of post-feminism is Ecofeminism. This flow is a movement that seeks to create and preserve nature and the environment with based femininity. Baxter (2006), tried to arouse and knock the heart of feminist to pay more attention to their natural environment.

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Ecofeminism assumes that this natural phenomenon occurs because the act of masculine hegemonic and exploitative.

2. Post-feminist Characteristics

As an ideology of life, post-feminism also has some

characteristics. This research found some characteristics of post-feminism from some writers. Here, the researcher chose feminist characteristics by Faludi’s: backlash theory, Grant’s: advice manual and some addition from Braithwaite Journal. There are four characteristics of post-feminism found.

a. General Rejection on the Second Wave of Feminism

Braithwaite’s theory states that woman of this characteristics are grateful for the freedoms and equalities made possible by the feminist movement, but at the same time blame it for making them miserable with pressures and high expectations. Women feel forced to apply what feminism won for them; juggling a bona fide career and a family (Braithwaite, 2004, p; 21-22). In addition, Grant asserts that woman who focuses her energy to shape her career has her time left over to improve her relationships, to support her man, and to raise her children. Besides, Faludi (1992) in her book said that many contemporary women are supposedly angry that feminism has weighed them down with high expectations, specifically with balancing a career and home or family life.

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b. Female Identity Crisis

This characteristic states that women today are not familiar with the term womanhood, because ‘feminism did not prepare them for the roles as women’ (Friedan, 1997, p: 75). Feminism has promised her -‘women’-a stronger sense of her own identity. Feminism also has given her little more than an identity crisis, the best-seller advice manual being a Woman asserts. Grant asserted that contemporary women have a real course because feminism placing so much emphasis on career and taking not enough attention on marriage and motherhood. In addition, Grant explained that the dilemma of the contemporary woman is shown when she tries to decide whether she want to be a single career girl or to be a mother/housewife. It happens because the price she has had to pay in order to gain the whole world often feels like the loss of her very soul.

c. Focus on the Individualism

The third character of post-feminism is focused on the individual for personal pleasure. These may include fashion, beauty, sexiness, fun, pleasure, and even include self-existence; “Look…! I am a woman, and I can do it better than men’s!”. This also signifies of indulgence that considers ‘a rebellion against the old regime of feminism’ and ‘lifestyle choices and personal consumer pleasures’ (Braithwaite, 2004, p: 23 and 24).

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d. Revival of Traditional Femininity

In this last but not least characteristics of feminism, post-feminism’s eagerness to participate in the revival of traditional femininity. It can be shown through motherhood and domesticity-men, children, family, and life at home, which is not in the plot of feminism. This characteristic is also fighting for a normal family life as it should be. On one side a mother could have had a brilliant career outside the home, but on the other hand, she also became a brilliant mother and wife inside home as befits a traditional woman. Faludi (1992) mentioned that women had enough of the need for equality and they started claiming that they only wanted to be the guardians of motherhood and domesticity, the housekeepers of national politics (Faludi, 287). Besides, feminists failed women by promoting the Equal Rights Amendment, pushing for no-fault divorce laws, and ignoring motherhood. Women today are now realizing that this is considered as one of the alternative lifestyles.

3. Social Reactions Theory

Labeling is a definition when given to a person will become the

identity of that person, and explain how the type of particular person. By labeling a person, people tend to see him as a whole personality and not the behavior one by one. Lemert (in Sunarto, 2004) states that labeling theory is the deviation caused by the labeling of society to someone who then tends to continue these deviations. The labeling theory inspired by

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symbolic interactionism perspective and has evolved in such a way to research and testing in various fields such as criminology, mental health, health, and education. Labeling theory has started by Lemert and symbolic interactionism of Herbert Mead (in Sunarto, 2004). Later, this theory develops by Becker in 1963. Initially, the Structural Theory deviant or deviation understood as behavior that exists and is a character as opposed to social norms. Devian is a form of behavior.

Mead (1934) states that people act together. They do what they do with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the future. Furthermore, one tries to fit his own line of action into the actions of others, just as each of them likewise adjusts his own developing actions to what he sees and expects others to do.

Labeling theory states that the more often and more people who label to a particular person or group, the person or the group will resemble and even be transformed into a label that is given to him or her. This reaction arises because someone labeled felt caged in label given to him (Hikmat, 2008).

Labeling is one of the most reasons for someone to do secondary deviation. Someone who labeled tends to perform other actions which also include actions primary irregularities, especially in defending themselves from granting that label. Someone who labeled is trying to eliminate the label granted, but eventually they are likely to commit

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irregularities the others because it cannot maintain the attitude of the label given (Martine, 2008).

Labeling theory stresses the idea that deviance is a relative term. Under this perspective, people become deviant not because of the act itself, but how people react to that act. As part of this theory, there are two types of deviance. Primary deviance refers to episodes of deviant behavior that many people participate in. Secondary deviance is when someone makes something out of that deviant behavior, which creates a negative social label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity. People call this negative label a stigma.

4. Language and Gender Theory

Eckert and Mc.Gonell-Ginet (2003, p: 13), gender is the process of categorizing characteristics based on social interpretation of biological similarities and differences. This categorization is the social decision (Fausto & Sterling, 1998) to label one is a woman and the other one is a man. The labeling then focuses on what society expects somebody to perform (Butler, 1990) based on their sex. Gender is defined broader as the social constructions of the characteristics, responsibilities, and roles for women and men, boys, and girls (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012).

Language is one of the systems of communication in speech and writing used by people in a particular country or area. Language is

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19 people’s identity that differentiates one with other. The language style used by someone can show which social group someone belongs to. There are many sociolinguists have made some research about the influence of gender and language in society, such as; Lakoff (1975), Spender (1980), Coates (1998), and Cameron (2003). Wood (1997) also explains that the research about gender and communication have been done by many researchers for decades. The research that is done by Jhonson (1997) shows that men and women actually have different assumptions in communication. He states that both men and women live in two different worlds that became great evidence why both of them have the different form of communication in the society.

The differences between men and women are also found in the form of discrimination in society. Women are always expected to talk like a lady. Women need to talk politely, gracefully, and courteously. If they do not do that, they will be considered as unfeminine-women. However, when women talk gracefully and courteously they will also be judged as a weak person. On the contrary, it is normal for men to angry and acts aggressively. Besides, men have never been criticized when they talk rudely. People in the society accept it as a common thing and it is men’s nature act like that.

Even in the politics, the difference in the way men and women talking do not bring any benefit for women in the politics life. Women language or feminine language is considered too passive in politics field.

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Larner (2009, p.5) states that it can be seen that although women work in politics field, they are still considered to be unimportant just because of the way they use language.

5. The Explanation of the Subject; The Iron Lady Movie

The Iron Lady movie is a biographical movie. This movie tells the

life of a woman named is Margaret Thatcher who fought very hard to reach her position in parliament. In order to achieve her goals, Margaret got various challenges and obstacles, one of which is gender discrimination.

In the very beginning, the struggle of Margaret Thatcher was not well received by the public of her Country. People’s rejections occur because, at that time, people still think that women’s duty in the ‘kitchen.’ However, Margaret Thatcher is a strong woman, due to all her hard work and struggle; she finally managed to sit on the benches of parliament. After she becomes a prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher still must confront all forms of reaction emanated both from society and other Member of Parliament against all her wisdom and political decisions.

This is a very inspiring movie. In addition, this movie can also be a lesson to continue to fight and work hard for the sake of the country. By watching this movie, someone’s nationality is considering increasingly and triggers to provide the best for the nation and homeland. In addition,

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women are expected to increasingly have the confidence to perform, fought and have good competition with men in the political field.

B. Theoretical Framework

This research provides some theories to support the analysis and to answer the two questions presented in the questions formulation in the first chapter. They are; theory of Post-feminism and Post-feminist Characteristics, Social Reaction Theory, and Language and Gender Theory.

The first is the theory of Post-feminism and Post-feminist Characteristics. Those theories are used to answer the first research questions, which is to identify how Margaret Thatcher is being presented in The Iron Lady movie. In addition, this theory will help the researcher to find out whether Margaret Thatcher represents any post-feminism ideology in the way she interacts with other genders or not. The theory of Post-feminist characteristics is used to find out what sort of character Margaret Thatcher is.

The second is the theory of social reaction and theory of language and gender. In this research, the researcher uses the theory of social reaction to finding out the pro and contra-reactions on the political decisions’ of Margaret Thatcher during her political career. The theory of language and gender is used to find out whether Margaret Thatcher used the language based on her life’s ideology or based on her gender.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into six parts. The first part is research method. This section explains the type of research chosen. The second part is research setting. The third part is the data source. The fourth is instruments and data gathering techniques. This section describes kinds of instruments being used in this research. The fifth is data analyzing technique. The section describes how the findings are analyzed. The last part is research procedure that explains the steps of the research.

A. Research Method

This is a document analysis, since some of the researchers, such as Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002, p. 442) define document analysis as a research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of identifying specified characteristic of materials. Ripley and Flick (2007)

state that, “analyzing conversation has a long tradition in the history of qualitative research.” The material was usually in the form of scripts,

textbooks, advertisement, and any other types of document. The data of this research were found in The Iron Lady movie’s script that contained the conversation of the characters. The data were analyzed based on

Brook’s theory about post-feminism.

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B. Research Setting

The analysis of The Iron Lady movie was started from February 9th, 2015 in Yogyakarta until September 25th, 2015. The researcher spent half a year in analyzing the script in order to gain the answer for the research questions that found in the transcript.

C. Data Source

The data of this research is Margaret Thatcher’s language and behaviors that are presented in the English movie entitled The Iron Lady. The sources were in the form of movie’s transcription. This movie is a surprising and intimate portrait of Margaret Thatcher (Meryl Streep), the first and only female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. One of the 20th century's most famous and influential women, Thatcher came from nowhere to smash through barriers of gender and class to be heard in a male dominated world. Much more than a biographical epic, the film is also the surprisingly intimate journey of a "common" grocer's daughter whose social ambition and steel will -- along with the love of her husband and confidant, Denis (Jim Broadbent) — propelled her to unprecedented power. Combining fact, fiction and poetic flight of imagination – as well as flashbacks -- director Phyllida Lloyd, produced by Damian Jones, and written by Abi Morgan.

This movie creates a portrait that reveals the many faces of Thatcher: the hard-nosed conservative; the woman who demolished the

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barriers of gender and class in a male-dominated world; the spirited wife and mother who longed to change her country for the better.

The researcher chose this movie because of some criteria that the researcher needed to be analyzed. Some of those criteria are; the character has applies post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with other gender in the movie, the character also has social interaction with various

social status, the character’s ideology of life, and the movie also represents social reaction.

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In this research, there were two instruments used by the researcher.

Those instruments are human instrument and document. “The human

instrument has the unique capability of summarizing data on the spot and feeding it back to an informant for clarification, correction, and amplification. Moreover, human instrument is the main instrument for

gathering the data from the documents”. (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p.194). The other instrument was the document. This instrument can help

the researcher in doing the research; it can be similar to the sources’

books. The researcher made an observation on the script in order to accomplish the research questions. After gathering the data needed, the data would be presented in the analysis. Documents can be a personal document, such as diaries, files, or books (Ary, Jacobs, and Rasavieh, 2002). In this research, the researcher employed the script of The Iron

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Lady movie to collect the data from Margaret Thatcher’s language and

actions. The movie’s transcript consisted of 96 pages and was taken from

http://goodinaroom.com/wp-content/uploads/Iron-Lady-screenplay.pdf. The script that was found and the dialogue in the movie transcript were not as much as the dialogue in the movie. That is why the researcher combined both the script and the movie’s subtitle when gathering the data needed.

However, most of the data were taken from the movie’s transcript.

The researcher selected the language of Margaret Thatcher that will be used to find out the answer of the first research question. However, for the answer of the second research question, the researcher selected all the reactions of people around to her political decision; both in the form of actions and words. Besides the used of human instrument and document, the researcher also used checklist and table in order to categorize the data needed.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The data collected in this research were analyzed to answer the questions formulation. The first research question in this research was to present the post-feminism’s ideology through Margaret Thatcher’s interaction with another gender. The language used and the action done by the character will be classified based on Braithwaite’s theory of post -feminist characteristics. Those characteristics are; General rejection to

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the second wave feminism, female identity crisis, focus on the individual, and revival of traditional femininity.

The second research question was to present the factors that affect

the social reaction to the Margaret Thatcher’s political decisions. The

language used and the action done by the character will be analyzed

according to Howard Becker’s theory.

There were two tables made by the researcher to gain the data from

the movie’s transcript. The first table is used to analyze the post-feminist characteristics represent in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. The second table is used to analyze the social reaction by the people around to her political decisions.

Table 3.1 Post-feminism Characteristics Applies in Margaret’s Languages

No Margaret’s Language

Setting

of Place Context

Post-feminism Characteristics General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism Female Identity Crisis Focus on the Individual Revival of Traditional Femininities

1 How much is

the milk? Shop

Old Margaret going out to buy

some milk  2 Too much. Much too much butter. Kitchen Old Margaret having breakfast with her husband



3 Milk’s gone

up. 

4 49p a pint. 

5 Eat your egg! 

6 No no no no. The grey!

Bedroom Old Margaret is standing in front

of a wide cupboard and

Denis’ hand

reaches across, wavering between

jackets of brown tweed and grey

twill



7 Yes. Definitely the grey.



TOTAL Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences

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Table 3.2 Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s Political Decisions.

N o

People Reaction

Setting of

Place Context

Types of Reaction Internal

Reaction External Reaction Family Party Words Actions Mass

Media Wide Rebellion Action 1 CAROL'S utter disappointment on seeing she has lost MARGARET already. CAROL: Silly me! CAROL storms out of the kitchen. Kitchen. Flood Street. 1974 Carol’s response to Margaret’s decisions to run for the

leader of the party    2 DENIS You're insufferable, Margaret, do you know that?

Kitchen. Flood Street. 1974 Denis’ response to Margaret’s decisions to run for the

leader of the party   3 MARGARET Denis, you married someone who is committed to public service, you knew that. And it is my duty

4 DENIS Don't call it duty. It's ambition which has got you this far. Ambition. And the rest of us, me, the children, we can all go to hell! Don't worry about me, I'll be fine!

 

TOTAL

In gathering the data needed, the researcher was supported by some supporting instruments, such as electronic devices, that consisted of laptop and speaker, also media player used to play the movie. The researcher

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listed the expressions needed and matched those expressions with the movie transcript.

F. Research Procedure

There were several steps the researcher did in order to finish this research. The first step was watching the movie for several times, and then finding the official transcript on the internet. The second step was the

researcher make sure whether the movie’s transcript are similar with the

movie’s subtitle or not, then the researcher collecting all the languages

used by Margaret Thatcher in that movie. The third step was the researcher understanding the language used by Margaret Thatcher, understanding the four characteristics of post-feminism, and the researcher categorizing the language used by Margaret Thatcher into four post-feminist characteristics. After the categorization, the researcher has some discussions with some colleagues about the categorization part. The researcher also has some consultations with the thesis advisor. Besides, the researcher also has some discussion with the social media friends (Face

Book’s friends) in order to validate the data gathering. The discussion was done to gain the same perception of post-feminism characteristics that revealed in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie.

After the post-feminism characteristic’s categorization, the researcher would analyze the types of social reactions of the people around

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to her political decisions. In this analysis, in order to gain all the data needed, the researcher has done the same steps with the post-feminist categorizations.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the discussion of research that had been done by the researcher. The analysis firstly focuses on how post-feminism theory through the post-feminism characteristics applied in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Secondly, the analysis concentrates on the social reaction of Margaret Thatcher’s decisions.

A. Post-feminist Characteristics in Margaret Thatcher’s Language

Through the language used by Margaret in the The Iron Lady movie, the researcher has found that Margaret was indeed applied post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with others gender. The researcher found that Margaret applied the post-feminism theory through fourth characteristics of post-feminist; general rejection of second wave feminism, female identity crisis, focuses on the individual, and revival of traditional femininities. The table below will explain the founding.

Table 4.1. Number of Occurrences of Post-feminist Characteristics

Number of Occurrences

Post-feminism Characteristics General

Rejection of Second Wave

Feminism

Female Identity Crisis

Focus on the Individual

Revival of Traditional Femininities 21 Occurrences 3 Occurrences 36 Occurrences 23 Occurrences

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31 The researcher will explain the characteristics according to the

occurrences’ frequencies.

1. Focus on the Individual

Through The Iron Lady movie, Margaret Thatcher showed that positive ambition can drive people to reach their destiny of life. Everybody knows that Margaret Thatcher was the grocer’s daughter only, but her ambition drives her to be the first female Prime Minister of the Great United Kingdom for eleven and a half years. She won the election on May 4th, 1979 until her resignation on November 28th, 1990. According to Braithwaite (2004), ambition, persistence, courage and firmness as a woman was one of the characteristics of post-feminist.

The characteristic was well known as focus on the individual characteristic. This characteristic was also emphasizing on lifestyle choices and personal consumer pleasures. These may include fashion, beauty, sexiness, fun, pleasure, and even include self-existence; “Look…! I am a woman, and I can do it better than men’s!” (Braithwaite, 2004, p: 23 and 24). This characteristic was the very often occurred in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. There were 36 occurrences of focus on the individual that found by the researcher in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in that movie. It proved that Margaret applied post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with others gender.

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The bravery of Margaret Thatcher has seen since she was young. It

clearly shown in the movie that when everybody in the family’s shop; her

father and mother, her sister, and a shop man were hiding under the table because of the air raid on 1943, when her father Alfred Roberts asked somebody to cover the butter that still open on the table, Margaret spontaneously volunteer herself to go. “I’ll go,” she said, she did not afraid of her own self (App. A, p. 50, no. 10). She always braves to take the risk of every single action that she took, even when she has to lose her popularity because of her controversial decisions.

Scene : 1056

Time : 01:31:46,655 - 01:31:56,647

“Don’t they know if you take the tough

decisions, yes people will hate you today but

they’ll thank you for generations.”

The Iron Lady movie was not only showed Margaret’s bravery but also shown her ambition clearly. It can be seen when she wanted to run for the leader of Conservative Party. She considers that none of the men in her party has enough guts. Even though her husband reminds her how loyal the Prime Minister to her, but Margaret was unstoppable.

Scene : 386

Time : 00:38:58,731 - 00:39:06,681

“But he’s weak, and he’s weakened the party.

One must know when to go”.

She considers other people cannot do everything as best as she could do. This assumption drives her far and further pursues her ambition

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33 to be able to prove to the world around her that she could. In addition, Margaret proved her capability in the real action she did during her lifetime as a Prime Minister. She did her duty in totality. All that she seeks the most was the best thing for her lovingly country and her people. She wanted all people were happy with her party services.

Scene : 695

Time : 01:01:18,272 - 01:02:05,667

“Gentlemen, if we don’t cut spending we will be

bankrupt. Yes the medicine is harsh but the patient requires it in order to live. Shall we withhold the medicine? No! we are not wrong.

We didn’t seek election and win in order to

manage the decline of a great nation.

The people of this country chose us because they believe we can restore the health of the British economy and we will do just that! Barring a failure of nerve”.

Margaret’s bravery and ambition were equipped with her unwavering firmness. She holds the basic principle of her party tightly. Her decisions were unshakeable. This can be seen in some of her controversial decisions. One of them is when the Falkland War happened in 1982. One of her most trusted man, namely Geoffrey Howe asked her to think twice about the cost of sending 28,000 men and a hundred ships twelve thousand miles, almost to Argentina. He said that it will be absolutely crippling. However, Margaret over unpredictable answer,

Scene : 795

Time : 01:10:24,614 - 01:10:28,173

“I don't think we should be worrying about

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In the same time, without any doubt, Margaret publicly announced that;

Scene : 799

Time : 01:10:37,744 - 01:10:47,294

“The government has now decided that the large task force will sail, as soon as all preparation are complete”.

That quotation proved that Margaret Thatcher applied post-feminism theory through the focus on the individual characteristic of the theory of Braithwaite (2004). Margaret never stops at the one point of achievement. She is a woman that always focuses on the goal of her life.

2. Revival of Traditional Femininities

The Iron Lady movie begins with the elderly Margaret in a

department store near to her house buying some milk. In the next scene, she was having breakfast while having a warm conversation with her husband Denis. It seems that they live in a real life. In fact, Denis is alive in her imagination only. However, in her elderly time, Margaret looks like ordinary women in general. The greatness of a Prime Minister that admired by the people in the entire of the world disappeared in her simplicity of life. She took care of her family with love. She did housework like every wife or mothers do.

Those attitudes shown by the elderly Margaret were known as one of the post-feminist characteristics. The characteristic was namely revival of traditional femininities. There were some aspects of the revival of

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35 traditional femininities. Those aspects are motherhood and domesticity-men, children, family, and life at home, which is not in the plot of feminism (Faludi, 1992, p.287). This characteristic was also fighting for a normal family life as it should be. On one side a mother could have a brilliant career outside the home, but on the other hand, she can also become a brilliant mother and wife inside the home. Those aspects were applied in Margaret language used in The Iron Lady movie.

Almost the entire time of her elderly life was spent in fantasy. She lived as an ordinary woman who went to the store to buy her own need. Doing everything for her husband, even to choose what clothes fit her husband. The warm family’s conversation between Margaret and her daughter were also proved her traditional femininities character. It can be seen on the scene when her daughter Carol came to visit Margaret. One of her house assistances told Carol that Margaret went out herself to buy some milk. Carol told Margaret that if she needs something, she could ask one of her assistance for help. However, Margaret told that she did not for the knackers yet, she can still do many things by herself.

Scene : 131

Time : 00:14:06,485 - 00:14:36,272

“If I can’t go out to buy a milk then what is the world coming to. Really Carol, please don’t fush about it. You’ve always been like this, fuss

fuss fuss. You must find something better to do

with your time. It’s most unattractive in a

woman. When I was your age the last thing I

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Through this language, Margaret looks happy to live as a traditional woman; wife and mother. She actually can just ask one of her family assistances to buy some milk for her, but she was happy to do it herself. Besides, Margaret was also shown through The Iron Lady movie that her status as Prime Minister cannot be an obstacle for her to be a good wife. This can be seen in the most touching words she said to Reece and Airey when they wanted Margaret to change some of her appearances. They asked Margaret to let her hat go and also the pearls wear in her neck.

Scene : 462

Time : 00:43:51,226 - 00:44:09,203

“Gentlemen, I am in your hands. I may be persuaded to surrender the hat. But the pearls were a gift from my husband on the birth of our twins and they are absolutely non-negotiable”.

Through this language, Margaret proved to everybody that for her, the family was as important as the political career. Her motherly attitude did not appear in her family only but also shown in her political decision. She felt that she was not only a mother of her own children; Carol and Mark, but she was also a mother of every Britain’s citizens. This was proved by her action to Falkland. She did not care about the thousands of miles distance from the mainland of Britain. She did not care also about how many citizens were there in Falkland, even General Haig told her about the insignificant of Falkland both politically and economically. Her cabinet also asked her to think of the peace negotiation.

Scene : 809

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“1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour. Did America go cap in hand and ask Tojo for a peaceful negotiation of terms? Did she turn her back on her own citizens there because the islands were thousands of miles from mainland United States? No, no, no! We will stand on

principle or we shall not stand at all”.

Another most touching scene about her relationship between the citizens of Britain was shown when she has to encourage the families of the armies sent to Falkland. She wrote a handwriting letter for all the families of the armies.

Scene : 867

Time : 01:15:37,249 - 01:15:50,356

“As the only Prime Minister in the history of our country who is also a mother with a son of my own, I can imagine your agony, and your grief”.

At the end of The Iron Lady movie, Margaret in her imagination conversation’s with her husband said that all she wanted in her life was to make a difference in the world and to make her family happy. Margaret was a real and great Prime Minister and also a real and great mother.

3. General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism

The general rejection of second wave feminism is also well known as the critique on the second wave ‘old-fashion’ feminism. Based on the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie, Margaret showed that she was applied post-feminist figure. The second wave of feminism movement is fighting for gender equality between men and

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women in all aspects of life. The second wave of feminism movement assumes everything that can be done by men can also be done by women. While in post-feminism, particularly the general rejection of the second wave of post-feminism characteristic still admit that as human beings people can have different gender; men and women, but they can still work together without having forgotten or even abandon the original identity of each gender (Faludi, 1992 & Braithwaite, 2004, p; 21-22). This kind of characteristic was applied by Margaret through the language used in The

Iron Lady movie. There were two aspects of life that she applied the

post-feminist characteristics in the way she used the language.

a. Margaret’s Personal Life

General rejection of the second wave feminism was applied in Margaret Thatcher’s language on the dialog between young Margaret and her husband; Denis:

Scene : 268

Time : 00:26:09,246 - 00:26:24,140

“I love you so much but...I will never be one of those women Denis - who stays silent and pretty on the arm of her husband. Or remote and alone in the kitchen doing the washing up for that matter.

No –one’s life must matter, Denis. Beyond the cooking and the cleaning and the children,

one’s life must mean more than that – I cannot die washing up a teacup”.

This dialogue happened in the Town Hall between young Margaret and young Denis when Denis proposed Margaret. As an ordinary woman,

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39 Margaret was happy with the proposal of her lover Denis. She told Denis her feeling. However, with a firm (she didn’t impose her will) she made a deal with her husband so that she could pursue her goal: not only to be a wife who stays at home and spends all her time in taking care of her children and husband.

Another occurrence when she accompanies her daughter Carol in her driving practice. Margaret showed that even though she was a career woman, but still she can have quality time with her family especially her children. She proved that her career did not stop her from being a good mother, and vice versa that her status as a wife and mother did not hinder her career. She could work together with her husband and children in the household.

b. Margaret’s Political Life

General rejections on the second wave feminism were applied also in Margaret Thatcher’s language on her political life.

Scene : 313

Time :

00:33:59,534 - 00:34:13,105

“If the right honorable gentleman could perhaps attend more closely to WHAT I am saying, rather than HOW I am saying it, he may receive a valuable education in spite of h imself”.

Through this language, Margaret wanted the audience to understand that even though she was among the men, she is still a woman

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with the way of speaking as all women do in general. It was better to pay attention only on the WHAT rather than on HOW she delivered her speech. Margaret was always highly aware of her femininity. Although she worked together with men, it does not mean that she becomes the same as men.

On the other occasions, Margaret has also shown her proud of being the woman among men.

Scene : 434

Time :

00:42:03,388 - 00:42:30,088

“It’s all very well to talk about changing my voice, Mr. Reece, but for some of my colleagues to imagine me as their leader would be like imagining, I don’t know, being

led into battle by their chambermaid. It’s my background and my sex. No matter how I’ve tried, and I have tried, to fit in, I will never

be truly one of them”.

This conversation occurred when she and her colleagues discussed the prospect or possibility to become the leader of the party. Her colleagues gave advice on attributes or clothing worn by Margaret. All those attributes need to be changed. They also needed to change the tone

and intensity of Margaret’s voice because a high female voice was considered as not charismatic voice. Margaret tried to attend voice practices, but she still realizes that no matter how hard she tried to change her voice tone, she certainly could not change her sex and femininity background.

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c. Female Identity Crisis

This characteristic is the characteristic of a woman who has the dilemma when she tries to decide whether she wants to be a full career woman and become the breadwinner of her family or to be a good mother/housewife (Friedan, 1997, p: 75). As a true post-feminist figure, Margaret has a strong character. The characteristic of post-feminist characteristics, namely Female Identity Crisis is the fewest appear in the language used by Margaret. The researcher has found only tree occurrences of this characteristic in the language used by Margaret in The

Iron Lady movie.

Scene : 1045

Time : 01:31:12,851 - 01:31:19,226

“All those years of taking the tough decisions,

does any of it matter now?”

This language has occurred when Margaret decided to offer her resignation after eleven and a half years as a Prime Minister. However, this language did not strongly proved that Margaret live-out the female identity

crisis’ characteristic. For the researcher herself, she thinks that this kind of language is about a deep reflection after a great and gentle decision on her resignation.

B. People Reactions on Margaret Thatcher’s Political Decisions

There were some factors that affected people reaction. Based on

“The Iron Lady” movie, the researcher has found two general factors that can cause people reactions. Those factors were namely the doer of

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reactions and how were the reactions performed. The researcher has decided to analyze two general groups of the doer; internal and external. The internal reactions were divided into two types of doer; family and the

members of Margaret’s party, so do with the external reactions; opposition

party and wide rebellion. The two types of people reactions appeared in several occurrences that were found by the researcher.

Table 4.2. Number of Occurrences of People Reactions

Number of Occurrences

Types of Reaction Internal Reaction

Mass Media

External Reaction Family Party Words Actions Opposition

Party

Wide Rebellion

Action

6 Occurrences

21 Occurrences

40 Occurrences

15 Occurrences

19 Occurrences

3 occurrences

9 Occurrences

1. Internal Reactions

The Iron Lady movie is a biographical movie of Margaret

Thatcher, the first female Prime Minister of Britain. In this movie, most of the life stories of Margaret were shown. It told great stories of Margaret as a great Prime Minister who worshiped and admired throughout the world, but it also told the stories of her suffering; have been rejected and hated by many people, even the closest people to her.

Through The Iron Lady movie, people could see the relationship between Margaret and her family; husband and children. The elderly Margaret lives alone with her house assistance and her husband in her

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43 imagination. Some people may ask; did she have children? And some may answer; today, people may not live with their children in their elderly life. However, after watching this movie the researcher found some facts why the great Margaret has to live alone in her elderly. Even though her daughter Carol coming by to visit her, but still she lives in loneliness.

People could see in the scene when Carol and Mark were still kids and Margaret has to leave them at the Parliament House for the first time. The scene clearly showed how hard the little Carol and Mark ran after their mother’s car to stop Margaret not to go and leave them. However, Margaret still has to go.

Another scene also showed the less harmonious of Margaret and Carol relationships. The scene told that Margaret has accompanied her adult Carol in her driving practice. People could see how happy Carol was with her mother. However, after the short and great togetherness, when Carol asked her mother to take her for the test drive, Margaret answers it by telling her decision to run for the leader of the party. At that moment, people could see Carol’s reaction. She utters disappointment on seeing that

she has lost her mother already. “Silly me!” Carol said and leaves the kitchen with the storms in her heart (Scene: 378, Time: 00:38:30,053 - 00:38:31,834).

Another reaction from her family on Margaret’s decision to run for the leader of the party has come from her husband, Denis. Denis told

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99

People

Reaction Time Scene Setting Context

Types of Reaction Internal Reaction

Mass Media

External Reaction

Family Party Words Actions Opposition

Party

Wide Rebellion

Action

the party. 01:27:56,971

37 MINISTER 4: _{One must know} when to go.

01:27:57,006 - 01:27:58,927 1011   38 MINISTER 1: The question is, how does anyone put it to her? 01:27:58,962 - 01:28:01,359 1012 Drawing Room. Chester Square The signal of her ministers that they do not want her to

lead the party anymore

 

MINISTER 2 : If you were to stand, I of course would vote for you Prime Minister- - of course would vote for you Prime Minister but I don't think you can win. 01:28:02,600 - 01:28:12,831 1013   40 Minister 3: The loyalty of my colleagues cannot be counted upon. 01:28:10,123 - 01:28:12,831 1015  

41 Speaker (v.o.):

(2)

100

People

Reaction Time Scene Setting Context

Types of Reaction Internal Reaction

Mass Media

External Reaction

Family Party Words Actions Opposition

Party

Wide Rebellion

Action

Northern Voice (v.o.):

This is a naked strategy of closing some coal mines and then selling off

Commons sits alone on the

front bench, while a stream of

voices from the past came

through.

  

Irish Voice (v.o.): This is the woman who's watched ten men on hunger strike starve themselves to death and never flinched!

  

Male Voice (v.o.): Cynical Falklands war

 

Minister (v.o.): More

homeowners, more shareholders, more savings -

 

46 Popularity seekers

Bedroom. Chester

Denis’

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101

People

Reaction Time Scene Setting Context

Types of Reaction Internal Reaction

Mass Media

External Reaction

Family Party Words Actions Opposition

Party

Wide Rebellion

Action

Square Margaret’s hesitation on all her actions for

years.

TOTAL 6

Occurrences

21 Occurrences

40 Occurrences

15 Occurrences

19 Occurrences

3 occurrences

9 Occurrences

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102

Appendix C

Motivation Words that Affect Margaret’s Political Action and Decision. N

o Types of Words/Language Time

The Person Who give the word/language

When the words/language

was given

1 We on this island are strong.

We're self-reliant.

Sometimes we're plain bloody minded.

But we also believe in helping each other.

And I don't mean by state hand-outs...

Alfred Roberts

(Margaret’s Father) Grantham 1943

2 Never run with the crowd,

Margaret. Go your own way.

00:09:15,753 -

00:09:19,323

Alfred Roberts

3 Don't let me down Margaret. ‘’

4 We on this island are strong.

We're self-reliant. Napoleon called us a nation of shopkeepers.

‘’ Town Hall.1949

5 He meant it as an insult but to me it's a compliment. That's why he couldn't beat us, and that's why Hitler can't beat us.

We Conservatives believe in giving people the freedom and opportunity to fulfil their own potential,especially the young. There's no good in pretending we're all equal, we're not all the same, never have been, never will be. We should encourage our children to aspire to achieve more than we have, for our children today will be the leaders of tomorrow.

6 Respectfully, Margaret, I

disagree. If you want to change this party, lead it. If you want To change the country, lead it. What we're talking about here today is surface. What's crucial is that you hold your course, and

Airey Neave Reece’s Office.

London. 1975

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103

o Types of Words/Language Time

The Person Who give the word/language

When the words/language

was given stay true to who you are. Never

be anything other than yourself.

7 Give `em hell!

You look magnificent. Next stop Prime Minister.

“ Backstage.

Conference Hall.Brighton.1979

(6)

104

Appendix D

Underestimated Words on Margaret’s Background and Gender

No Types of Words/Languages The Person Who Give

The Words/Languages

When the Words/Languages was

given

1 Margaret, do you want to come to the

pictures?

Pretty young woman 1 Grantham. Street. 1943

2 She can't come, she's got to study.

Miss Hoity Toity!

Pretty young woman 1

3 So was your father a political man, too, Miss Roberts?

And a grocer as well!

Portly Host Dining

Room.Dartford.1949. When she attends Cabinet’s Dinner

4 And did you help, err, in the...shop? Hostess ‘’

5 A very good starting point for the

political life, I'm sure.

Grey Suited Man ‘’

6 I'm not sure a home economics

lesson is quite what the Dartford constituents need. They see industry being nationalized, the unions on the up, the pound on the slide...whoever can sort that lot out - he's my man.

Male Guest ‘’

7 So, Margaret, how would you have

dealt with this if you'd been Prime Minister?

Michael Dining Room. Chester

Square.London

8 Methinks the Right Honourable lady

doth screech to much. If she wants us to take her seriously she must learn to calm down!

Shadow Minister House of Commons

The analysis of post-feminism theory applied In the language used by Margaret Thatcher in the Iron Lady Movie.

THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY

APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY

MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY

MOVIE

Not

all of us

can do

great things

. But we can do

small things

with

great love

.

(Mother Teresa)

So do not fear, for I am with you; do not

be dismayed, for I am your God. I will

strengthen you and help you; I will

uphold you with my righteous right

hand. (Isaiah 41:10)

With the

Lord

of the

World

for the

World

of the

Lord.

(Constitution of the Congregation of JMJ)

Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam

(St. Ignatius OF Loyola)

00:33:59,534 - 00:34:13,105

00:42:03,388 - 00:42:30,088

99

100

101

102

103

104

Parts

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