9 Locked in the infuriating inaction of retirement and battling ill
health, Margaret is ambushed by memories. Fragments of her private life and of her premiership crowd into her mind and she relives them in vivid
detail. As she struggles to maintain her equilibrium, Denis teases and needles her. The struggle, the triumphs, the betrayals
– in the end, what did she achieve? When all is said and done, was it worth it?
10
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is the Theoretical Description which consists of two theories. Those theories are
the theory of Post-feminism and theory of People Reaction. The second section is the Theoretical Framework which presents how the theories will
be used in the research to answer the questions formulation.
A. Theoretical Description
This section consists of five theories, namely: the development of Post-feminism Theory, Post-feminist Characteristics, Social Reaction
Theory, Language and Gender Theory, and the explanation of the subject; The Iron Lady movie.
1. Post-feminism Theory
Feminism is a movement which is fighting for the rights of
women so that women get out of injustice. Feminism is a political movement that reviews various aspects of life. Feminism itself has been
through several stages of development. Recently, feminism is still as a hot issue to be discussed. The history of feminism is divided into three waves.
10 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 The first wave of Feminism has been revealed in 1792 until 1960.
It has been known by the writer Wollstonecraft in The Vindication of the Rights of Women. There is some feminism flows in this era. Some of them
are; Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Anarchist Feminism, Marxist Feminism, and Socialist Feminism. All of those flows are fighting for the
development of the rational side of women. They are focused on individuals’ autonomy practice, but still do not eliminate discrimination
against women Sanders, 1999. The second wave of Feminism was revealed in 1960-1980. It is
marked by the publication of “The Feminine Mystique” Freidan, 1997 and was followed by the establishment of National Organization for
Woman. This wave appears as a reaction to the dissatisfaction of women on various discriminations they experienced. They are fighting for the
universalism. Feminism flows of this era are; Existential Feminism and Gynocentrism Feminism.
The third wave of Feminism is revealed in 1980 up to nowadays. This movement is well known as Post-feminism. It emerges as the result
of varieties criticism of feminism universalism in the second wave. Pilcher 2004, states that to comprehend post-feminism, it is a must to state that
there is no agreement about how post-feminism can be described; the definition or terms is usually “essentially contradict” Pilcher, 2004, p:
105. It means that there is a pro and against towards post-feminism. The pro-state that post-
feminism is a different manifestation of feminism”, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 while the contra said that post-feminism is an anti-feminist movement
Pilcher, 2004, p: 106. Brooks 1977, argues that “it is not a question of depoliticizing
feminism, but of marking the conceptual shift from the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ form of debates around the revivified and theorized concept of
difference”. The conceptual shift means here is about accepting pluralism to shape equality than create equality. In addition, Brooks states that post-
feminism represents feminism’s maturity, a development into a confident body of theory and politics, representing pluralism and difference.
Mills 1989, notes that the frame of post-feminism is useful to signify how feminism becomes rewritten, depoliticized and incorporated
into media accounts of contemporary culture. Furthermore, Brooks states that feminism is not necessarily anti-feminist. Based on this border
perspectives, Braithwaite stated that post-feminism are not simply reactions against or anti-feminism as cited in Brooks 1977: p. 27.
In addition, Gill 2007 states that post-feminism should be thought of as a sensibility. Besides, post-feminism also should be acknowledged
to be the cultural mood regarding gender that pervades Western countries in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.
Post-feminism itself has some flows with their own uniqueness. The first is Postmodern Feminism known as Posmo. The idea of Posmo
is antiabsolute and anti authority. This flow found that ‘gender’ does not
mean as significant identity or social structure automatically. Posmo PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
