Noun phrases of Jace Wayland`s utterances in mortal instruments : City of Bones.

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ABSTRACT

PRATAMA, DIMAS INDRA. Noun Phrases of Jace Wayland’s Utterances in Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

A noun phrase is one of the important elements in building a sentence. Every noun phrase has its own head of the phrase. The structure of the noun phrase can be different according to the modification of the head. There are two kinds of modification to the head of the phrase: pre-modification and post-modification. The main function of the modification is to give additional information or to specify the head of the noun phrase. According to the structure, there are simple and complex noun phrases. Simple noun phrase is for the noun phrase without any modifier in the form of anything unlike the complex noun phrase that needs modifiers to the head of the phrase. The noun phrase can also have several function in a clause. It can be the subject, object, or complement of the clause. The distribution is various depending on where the noun phrase is needed.

The object of this study is a novel by Cassandra Clare entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The noun phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances are the main focus of the analysis. This study aims to identify the structure types of the noun phrases, the distribution, and the function of the noun phrases revealing the character of Jace Wayland found in the utterances.

The writer uses population study in order to collect the data. All of the noun phrases in the utterances of Jace Wayland are sorted into the ones containing more than one word. After collecting the data, the noun phrases are again sorted depending from their structure and function in order to analyze. The Stylistic approach is used in conducting this analysis.

Based on the data collection, there are several results of the analysis. First, there are seven types of noun phrase structure found in the utterances of Jace Wayland. Those types include the use of determiner, pre-modifier, and post-modifier to the head of the phrase. Second, there are four main functions of a noun phrase in a clause: subject, object, prepositional complement, and predicative complement. Third, the noun phrases also has significant role in revealing the character of Jace Wayland: descriptive and direct character.

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ABSTRAK

PRATAMA, DIMAS INDRA. Noun Phrases of Jace Wayland’s Utterances in Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

Sebuah frasa nomina adalah salah satu elemen yang penting dalam membentuk sebuah kalimat. Setiap frasa nomina mempunyai inti dari frasa itu sendiri. Struktur dari frasa nomina dapat menjadi berbeda berdasarkan modifikasi terhadap inti dari frasa. Ada dua macam modifikasi inti frasa yaitu pre-modifikasi dan pos-modifikasi. Fungsi utama dari modifikasi adalah untuk memberikan informasi tambahan atau membuat inti menjadi spesifik dari suatu frasa nomina tersebut. Berdasarkan strukturnya, terdapat frasa nomina sederhana dan kompleks. Frasa nomina sederhana adalah frasa nomina yang tidak memiliki modifikasi dalam bentuk apa pun, tidak seperti frasa nomina kompleks yang memerlukan modifikasi pada frasa intinya. Frasa nomina juga memiliki fungsi tertentu di dalam sebuah klausa seperti sebagai subjek, objek, atau pelengkap dari klausa tersebut. Penyebaran dari frasa nomina bergantung pada di mana frasa nomina tersebut diperlukan.

Obyek dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah novel karya Cassandra Clare yang berjudul Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. Frasa nomina yang digunakan dalam percakapan Jace Wayland adalah fokus utama dari penelitian ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tipe struktur dari frasa nomina yg digunakan, penyebarannya, beserta fungsi dari frasa nomina tersebut dalam menunjukkan karakter dari Jace Wayland di dalam percakapannya.

Penulis menggunakan studi populasi untuk mengumpulkan data. Semua frasa nomina yang ditemukan dalam percakapan Jace Wayland dipisahkan menjadi frasa nomina yang terdiri lebih dari satu kata. Setelah data terkumpul, frasa nomina tersebut dipisahkan kembali berdasarkan struktur dan fungsi dalam melakukan analisis. Pendekatan Sintaksis dan Stilistika juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini.

Berdasarkan dari pengumpulan, terdapat beberapa hasil dari analisis. Pertama, terdapat 7 tipe struktur frasa nomina ditemukan dalam percakapan Jace Wayland. Tipe-tipe tersebut termasuk penggunaan determinator, pra-pewatas, dan pasca-pewatas dari frasa intinya. Kedua, terdapat empat fungsi utama dari frasa nomina di dalam sebuah klausa: subjek, objek, pelengkap preposisi, dan pelengkap predikatif. Ketiga, frasa nomina juga mempunyai peran tertentu dalam menunjukkan karakter Jace Wayland: deskriptif dan terus terang.

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NOUN PHRASES OF

JACE WAYLAND’S UTTERANCES

IN MORTAL INSTRUMENTS: CITY OF BONES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

DIMAS INDRA PRATAMA Student Number: 134214075

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

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NOUN PHRASES OF

JACE WAYLAND’S UTTERANCES

IN MORTAL INSTRUMENTS: CITY OF BONES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

DIMAS INDRA PRATAMA Student Number: 134214075

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

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vii

“When God shuts a door

,

He opens a window.”

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viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank God for His blessings and beautiful plans in my life. Because of Him, I can pass through all the obstacles in my life and solve my problems without any difficulties.

I also would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Arina Isti’anah S.Pd., M.Hum., and to my co-advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S., for the guidance and support so that I can finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also give my biggest gratitude to my mother and father. They are the reason of what I am today. I would like to thank my family especially my sister for always taking care of me and supporting me. I also would like to thank all the teachers and staffs of Sanata Dharma University for giving me my best chance to study and reach my goals in my life.

I would like to offer my biggest thanks for all of my friends in the university, especially my closest friends Sandra, Lizdha, and Devi for all the supports and happy memories that we share together. I will never forget that.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... x

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ... xi

ABSTRACK ... xii

ABSTRAK ... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 4

D. Definition of Terms... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ... 9

C. Theoretical Framework ... 23

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 24

A. Object of the Study ... 24

B. Approach of the Study ... 25

C. Method of the Study... 26

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ... 30

A. The Types of Noun Phrases ... 30

B. The Distributions of Noun Phrases ... 47

C. Noun Phrases Revealing Jace Wayland’s Character ... 64

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 70

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 72

APPENDICES ... 74

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 The Distribution of Central Determiners ... 14

Table 2.2 Summary of Parts of Noun Phrase ... 15

Table 3.1 The Types of Noun Phrase ... 28

Table 3.2 The Distribution of Noun Phrase Function ... 28

Table 4.1 The Types of Noun Phrase in Jace Wayland’s Utterances ... 30

Table 4.2 The Distribution of Noun Phrases in the Utterances ... 47

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Adj Adjective

App Appositive

Card Num Cardinal numeral D art Definite article F Clause Finite clause

H Head

I art Indefinite article

N Noun

NF Clause Nonfinite clause

O Object

O Comp Object Complement

Past Part Past Participle

PP Prepositional phrase

Poss Possessive

Prep Comp Prepositional Complement Pred Comp Predicative Complement Pres Part Present Participle

S Subject

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xii ABSTRACT

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xiii ABSTRAK

Penulis menggunakan studi populasi untuk mengumpulkan data. Semua frasa nomina yang ditemukan dalam percakapan Jace Wayland dipisahkan menjadi frasa nomina yang terdiri lebih dari satu kata. Setelah data terkumpul, frasa nomina tersebut dipisahkan kembali berdasarkan struktur dan fungsi dalam melakukan analisis. Pendekatan Sintaksis dan Stilistika juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini.

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

There are several ways for people to entertain themselves. One of the most common ways is through readings such as poem, short story, novel and drama. Nowadays novels are chosen by most people to be the means of fulfilling their needs of entertainment. Fiction novel is one of the examples. It is usually based on the full imagination of the author in order to create an interesting novel. Although authors can be different from one to others, they put their work in an unusual technique in specific words to achieve their purpose.

Fiction novels use the variation of certain linguistic features. Fiction novel is a popular work of art to the reader because of its ability to make the readers experience the fantasy life that they cannot have in the real life situation.Barnes in Greaney says that “Novel comes out of life not theories about either life or literature” (2006: 1). It is often written in several series with a connecting storyline. A novel can be considered as the medium for many authors to enhance their creativity in their writing skills. It can also be the perfect medium source for many criticisms and interpretations of people. It is obvious that many linguistic units are found in the novel.

In addition, Mortal Instruments: City of Bones tells us about an alternative world of a demon hunter to battle the evil on that world. One of the characters shown in this novel is Jace Wayland. He is an orphan demon hunter whose parents

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are killed by a demon. Clare often uses some of the linguistic features in order to enhance the atmosphere or the situation in the novel. The descriptions of the characters are also influenced by the existence of noun phrase. The conversation of the characters can also provide many noun phrases to be found such as in Jace

Wayland’s utterances throughout the story. The author may write the specific noun phrases to indicate some information related to the characters and the story of the novel.

Jace Wayland or Jonathan Christopher Wayland is one of the significant major characters in the novel Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The writer’s reason to focus on the character of Jace Wayland is because of some aspects. Although he is not the main character in the story, the length of Jace’s utterances throughout the story is mainly longer than the main character. Most of his dialogs

contain the explanation that contribute to the story line. Jace’s character in the novel

also has a special value to be examined because he is the key of the mysteries in the story. Furthermore, his character also creates a plot twist to the story that makes him important in the story of the novel.

A literary work can be affected by the authors in terms of their style of writing the story of the novel. This study will discuss a novel that was written by Cassandra Clare entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The reason why the writer analyzes this novel is because Cassandra Clare is best known for her bestselling series of Mortal Instruments. She has her own style of writing her works that differs from other best-known authors. Mentioning about styles, what is best to analyze the literary work is by using the stylistic approach.

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Stylistics is a critical approach of analysis of literary text using the methods and findings of the science of linguistics (Barry, 2002: 203). The approach gives the attention of the scientific study of the language and its structure in order to show how the linguistic features contribute to the meaning and influence of a literary work. According to Simpson, doing a stylistics is like exploring a language and specifically exploring the creativity in using the language (2004: 3).

The writer focuses on the noun phrases found in one of the character’s utterances in the novel. There is at least one noun phrase found in a sentence. It can have more than one different functions according to its forms. To be able to comprehend a sentence, there must be an adequate knowledge about the structure of verbs, adjectives, and noun.

Noun phrase comes in different forms and structures depending on its function in a sentence. Every noun phrase has the head that is modified and the central element in the phrase. Looking at structure of the noun phrase, it differs two kinds of noun phrase such as simple (e.g. jewel, corn, and trouble) and complex noun phrase (e.g. the colorful balloon). According to Maestre (1998: 3) the term simple is used because of the head of noun phrase is not modified by other phrases, whereas the term complex is used because the head is modified by other phrases as the pre-modifiers and post-modifiers.

Therefore, this study will be beneficial in order to help the readers to understand about noun phrase and its function in a sentence. Moreover, this study will also conjure the specific information and relation that are supported by the

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distribution of noun phrases in their different types and function through the

analysis of the character’s utterances.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background above, the problems of the study are formulated as follows.

1. What types of noun phrases are used in Jace Wayland’s utterances in Cassandra

Clare’s Mortal Instruments: City of Bones?

2. How are noun phrases in the utterances distributed?

3. How do the noun phrases reflect Jace Wayland’s character?

C. Objectives of the Study

According to the problem formulation, there are three objectives of the study that the writer would like to attain. First, this study is conducted in order to identify the noun phrase found in the novel. This identification of noun phrase includes the types of noun phrase provided by the author of the novel. Therefore, the first objective of the study facilitates the second and third problem formulation analysis.

The second objective of this study is to achieve the distribution of noun

phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances. In order to produce a sentence, noun phrases are needed as the part of the composition of the sentence. The noun phrases itself can be distributed according to each of their parts of speech in a sentence. This

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distribution of the noun phrases in a sentence can help the writer identify the function of the noun phrases in a sentence.

Third, based on the first and second objectives, the writer would like to show the readers how the noun phrase found in the novel reflect the character in the story and the way the words and sentences are used in literary work to define the character. The noun phrase used by the character can vary according to its structure

and occurrence in order to convey the character’s idea. Therefore, all the occurring noun phrases have the significance to reveal the character in the story.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on specific terminologies, the writer would like to explain about some terminologies that are used in the study. Based on the number of appearances of the terminologies in the study, this section is provided with the definition of each terminology.

Givón in Keizer (2007: 25) says that “Noun is the syntactic and semantic

head that determine the type of entity involved.” There are several types of nouns. They are distinct from each other in some conditions. Usually the more specified nouns fall to the further classification of subclasses. In every sentence of a language there is at least one noun which exists. Another supporting definition is stated by Crystal (2008: 359) that defines nouns as

ITEMS which display certain types of INFLECTION (e.g. of CASE or NUMBER), have a specific DITRIBUTION (e.g. they may follow PREPOSITIONS but not, say, MODALS), and perform a specific syntactic function (e.g. as SUBJECT or OBJECT of a sentence).

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The writer would frequently use this term in this study, for noun is the basis of the research. The examples of a noun are the word book, sky, and apple.

Crystal (2008: 393) states that a phrase is a grammatical term as the element of structure. It contains more than one word typically. Unlike a clause, a phrase has no subject-predicate structure. According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (1974: 127), a noun phrase is “element in the sentence which typically

functions as subject, object, and complement.” Based on its structural function, a

noun phrase has four elements that contribute to its forms such as determiner, pre-modifier, head, and post-modifier (Downing and Locke, 2006: 403). These elements could vary in the modification of the head, even the simplest form of noun phrase only consists of the head without any modification.

Utterance is a linguistic and phonetic term meaning a certain length of a speech which has no linguistic theory assumptions made as for example the notion of the definition of sentence derived from a theory of grammar (Crystal, 2008: 531). The writer would like to use the utterances of the character in the form of the

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7 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

There are several previous studies focusing on noun phrase as well. In the study that is conducted by Pratama (2012), noun phrase is studied in Edgar Allan

Poe’s “The Purloined Letter.” He tries to find the pattern and the proportion of the noun phrase found and its functions to the use of noun phrase in the short story. Pratama focuses on the analysis of noun phrases post-modified by the prepositional phrases and by the relative clauses. The study shows that the most frequent noun

phrase is the one that is modified by prepositional phrases. The finding of Pratama’s

study is that the prepositional phrases and the relative clauses as the post-modifier helps the author to avoid overwriting for the limited space in fulfilling the condition of the short story writing rules.

Another study of noun phrase is also conducted by Roberts (2003). The study focuses on the uniqueness in definite noun phrase. The noun phrases are analyzed for its meaning in the definite descriptions. Roberts tries to obtain the pattern of meaning of the uniqueness of English definites, including pronouns, with the additional factors that helps to uncover the interpretation of the pronouns. The finding of the study shows that the semantic uniqueness effects of definite noun phrase only arise when the definite descriptions fail familiarity in the context. The basis of special epictemic circumstances and a Quantity-based conversational implicature also have influences to the definites noun phrase.

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A study by Maestre (1998) also examines the noun phrase about its complexity as a style marker. Her study discusses the complexity of the noun phrase in a corpus of headlines of The Times newspaper during the period 1970-1990. The object of her study is the headlines in Front Page, Home News, The Arts, Business News, Sport and Letters to the Editor section in the newspaper. In her study, Maestre aims to explore the variation of structurally simple and complex noun phrases in this register and to establish possible differences between noun phrases in different types of headlines (verbal and nominal). Maestre’s study results that the differences between the noun phrases in verbal and nominal headlines show how much complexity related to stylistic and situational aspect of the context of situation in the variety of language.

There is a study that is conducted by Yudit (2005) about noun phrases also. This study tries to identify how the noun phrases reveal Hemingway’s style from his works using stylistic approach. Yudit identifies the noun phrases from two of

the famous author’s works, Ernest Hemmingway, short stories “Hills like White

Elephants” and “Indian Camp”. He collects the noun phrase and distinguish them

according to the structure and the occurrence.

The result of Yudit’s study is that the noun phrases and their function have crucial role in determining Hemmingway’s style. From the occurrence of the elements of the noun phrases, he concludes that the characteristics of

Hemmingway’s style are simplicity, directness, and emotional understatement. Referring to the first study above, this study has some similarities in terms of focus of the study. The noun phrases are studied for their types of structure

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composition in the study. This study also tries to find the structure composition of noun phrase in the utterances of one of the characters in the novel. Because this

study identifies the distribution of noun phrase, this study is similar to Pratama’s

study.

The three other studies are also relevant to this study. As in Maestre’s and

Yudit’s studies, this study discusses the use of noun phrase in its types using the stylistic approach in order to find the function of the noun phrase to the character.

This study finds the character’s reflection through the distribution of noun phrase from the conversational and circumstantial context in the story of the novel as in the study conducted by Roberts. Consequently, this study aims to identify the distribution and contribution of noun phrase found in the character’s utterances to the character of a literary work such as a novel.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Stylistics

The theory of stylistics can be used as the basis of analysis in examining literary works. One of the focus of the stylistic analysis is the style of language itself. In a literary work, an author puts their work in the most possible form of

language to appeal the senses used to appreciate the works. “Stylistics, the study of style, can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the

description of its purpose and effect” (Verdonk, 2002: 4).

The pattern of language used in a literary work can form a style that can

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through which a story is told constitutes an important stylistic dimension not only

in prose fiction but in many types of narrative text” (2004: 26). According to the

linguistic features that is analyzed in stylistic approach, the structure of language has four levels such as graphology, phonology, lexis, and syntax. Each of the level deals with different certain textual patterns that give the representational effects to the reader (2004: 58). The textual patterns are distinguished as follows,

a. Graphology  typographical features

b. Phonology  rhyme, metre, assonance, alliteration

c. Lexis  vocabulary, metaphor, and other figures of speech d. Syntax  grammatical structures

The purpose of the study is to identify the data collected, for instance the noun phrase, from one of the character to seek the patterns and style of language

feature through the contribution of the noun phrases of the character’s utterances.

2. Theory of Syntax

A word can be considered as the small unit of language. The larger units of language are phrase and sentence. Those units can deliver a property of meaning in the language. Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish state that the linear combination of words in many languages is an important role to determine the meaning of sentences (2010: 152). It can be understood that a group of words have the compositional structure, phrase structure. The combination of words delivers particular meaning to be observed based on its grammatical and structural aspects in a phrase or a sentence. From the observation, the question of whether the phrase or sentence is well-formed or not will make the lexical ambiguity appear.

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One of the most important ways to discover why and how sentences must be structured is by specifically stating the structural properties of the language (Akmajian, et.al, 2010: 154). This study aims to discover the compositional structure of a noun phrase. Therefore, belows are the definitions of the theories of noun, phrase, and noun phrase:

a. Noun

According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, nouns have certain characteristics that differentiate them from other word-classes (1974: 127). They mention that for semantic and grammatical reasons, nouns can have several types such as proper noun (e.g. John, Paris, and Mississippi), common noun (e.g. bottle, cake, and bread), count noun (e.g. apple, car, and egg), and mass noun (e.g. bread, experience, and beauty).

Count noun is the kind of noun that can be distinguished as separable entities or basically, it can be counted (e.g. one pig, two pigs, several pigs, . . .). Whereas mass noun is seen as continuous entities that cannot be counted because of the continuity (e.g. much pork, much information) (Quirk, et.al, 1974: 130). Therefore, mass nouns are also usually called as non-count nouns. Since the mass noun is continuous entities and unable to be counted, it has no plural form as in countable nouns with –s and –es. In some cases, a noun can be categorized to be in two classes at the same time such as count noun or mass noun yet they have certain differences in meaning (1974: 129). For example, there is a distinction of meaning of the noun lambs as in the sentence “I see the two little lambs” and “I eat New Zealand lamb”. The word lambs in the first sentence refers to a count noun that

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means animal whereas the word lamb in the second sentence refers to a mass noun that means meat of lamb.

b. Phrase

Radford (2004: 1) states that “phrases and sentences are built up of a series

of constituents (i.e. syntactic units), each of which belongs to a specific grammatical category and serves a specific grammatical function.” In order to be able to analyze the syntactic units of a certain type of sentence or phrase, the identification of each of the constituents in the sentence or phrase. For example, in

a sentence “Clare sings beautifully”, it can be understood that each of the three

words in the sentence have its own specific grammatical category (Clare being a singular noun, sings being a present tense verb, and beautifully being an adverb) and grammatical function (Clare as a subject, sings as a predicate, and beautifully as an adjunct).

In a phrase there must be a head word that determines the type of the phrase such as the expression students of Philosophy is a plural noun phrase because the head of the phrase is the plural noun students. The plural noun students is the head instead of the noun Philosophy because the phrase students of Philosophy denotes the kinds of student, not kinds of Philosophy (2004: 1).

c. Noun Phrase

Quirk and Greenbaum state that noun phrase serves the function as subject, object, complement of sentences, and as complement in prepositional phrases (1985: 59). For instance, there are different subjects in the following.

1) The girl is Mary Smith. 2) The pretty girl is Mary Smith.

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3) The pretty girl in the corner is Mary Smith. 4) The pretty girl who became angry is Mary Smith.

From the examples, all of the subjects are the noun phrases that function as a subject. Each of the noun phrases contains one head (girl) that stands alone or accompanied by the modifier. The head of a noun phrase can be found in the form of noun (e.g. book) or pronoun (e.g. it). Sometimes in a particular case, a substitute head is found instead of noun or pronoun (e.g. a good one/ good ones). Adjectival head also contributes to the structuring of the noun phrase (e.g. the poor/ the unemployed). The noun phrase’s head can be modified by determiner, pre-modifier, and post-modifier (Downing and Locke, 2006: 403).

Bellows are the definition of the types of modifier of a noun phrase according to its type:

i. Determiners

The first element to be shown in noun phrase structure is determiner. Its basic function is to particularise and identify the noun referent in the context of the noun phrase in a certain speech situation (Downing and Locke 2006: 423). According to Quirk and Greenbaum, there are three types of determiner such as central determiners, pre-determiners, and post-determiners (1985: 62). The explanation of those three types are as follows.

1) Central determiners

Definite article the and indefinite article a/an are the most common central determiners. Other types such as pronoun and possessive pronoun are another part of central determiners.

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Table 2.1 The Distribution of Central Determiners Central Determiners

Singular Count Noun Plural Count Noun Non-count Noun - The

- Possessive (my, our, etc.) - whose,

which(ever), what(ever) - some (stressed) - any (stressed) - no - this - that - a(n) - every - each - either - neither - the

- Possessive (my, our, etc.) - whose,

which(ever), what(ever) - some (stressed) - any (stressed) - no

- Zero article - some (unstressed) - any (unstressed) - enough

- these - those

- the

- Possessive (my, our, etc.) - whose,

which(ever), what(ever) - some (stressed) - any (stressed) - no

- Zero article - some (unstressed) - any (unstressed) - enough

- this - that - much

2) Pre-determiners

Certain pre-determiners (all, both, half) can be found before the articles or demonstratives but they cannot appear with the quantitative determiners (e.g. every, (n) either, each, some, any, no, enough) because the quantifiers of the noun phrase is the pre-determiners themself. Another type of pre-determiner (e.g. double, once, twice, three/four ... times, etc.) occurs with singular and plural count nouns, and with noun-count nouns (1985: 63). Three, four etc. times as well as once, twice can co-occur with central determiner (e.g. a, every, each) and less commonly with the use of per. The fractions one-third, two-fifth, three-quarters, etc. occurs with singular and plural count noun, and non-count noun. They also can co-occur with the central determiners with the use of alternative of-construction (1985: 65).

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3) Post-determiners

Numerals such as ordinal (e.g. fourth, twentieth, next, last, other, another, additional) and cardinal (e.g. one, two, three ...) and quantifiers (e.g. many, a few, few, several for countable plural nouns and much, a little, little for non-countable nouns) must follow the determiners but precede the adjective in the pre-modification structure. (1985: 65).

i. Pre-modifiers

The pre-modifiers are different from determiner in certain ways (Downing and Locke, 2006: 436). Pre-modifiers which are also called as pre-head modifiers help to classify the head. The pre-modifiers’ function is to describe or classify the

referent while the determiners’ function is to define and select the referent. Pre-modifiers are usually distinguished into epithet and classifier based on the function. The epithet that is usually indicated by the adjectives helps to characterize the referent by its quality (e.g. new room, a young man). The classifier which function to restrict the referent into a sub-class indicated by nouns (e.g. one Saturday morning, art lovers, top ten) or particular kinds of adjectives and participles (e.g. a political broadcast, general elections, leading articles) (2006: 404).

ii. Post-modifiers

The post-modifier is also known with the term qualifier. According to Downing and Locke the basic function of post-modifier is to either supply information in order to specify and identify the referent or add supplementary information about the referent. The post-modifiers can be in the form of finite and non-finite clauses, (e.g. the film we saw, a man reading a newspaper), PPs (e.g. in

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February 1893) and, other noun phrase (e.g. shoes that size) and adverbial phrase (e.g. the car outside) (2006: 404).

Table 2.2 below is the summary of the noun phrase constituents that is proposed by Quirk and Greenbaum.

Table 2.2 Summary of Parts of Noun Phrase

Determiner

Pre-Modifier

Post-Modifier

Pre-Determiner

Central Determiner Post-Determiner all, both, half

double, once, twice, three/four ... times, one-third, two-fifth, three-quarters (with of construction.)

For singular count noun:

The, possessive (my, our..), whose, which(ever), what(ever), some (stressed), any (stressed), no, this, that, a(n), every, each, either, neither

Cardinal numeral: one, two, three... Classifier: Noun art, Saturday, water Adjective political, general, green Qualifier: Finite clause we saw, Non finite clause reading a newspaper PP in February 1893, Other noun phrase that size For plural count noun:

the, possessive (my, our..), whose, which(ever), what(ever), some(stressed), any(stressed), no, some (unstressed), any (unstressed), enough, these, those, zero article Ordinal numeral: fourth, twentieth, next, last, other, another, additional.

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For non-count noun: The, possessive (my, our..), whose, which(ever), what(ever), some (stressed), any (stressed), no, some (unstressed), any (unstressed), enough, this, that, much, zero article.

Quantifier: many, a few, few,

several much, a little, little

d. The Functions of Noun Phrase in a Clause

Just like sentences can be complex sentences, noun phrases can also become complex noun phrases by reshaping the structure of the noun phrase (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 61). Those noun phrases also have distinctive properties as in the function in a clause or sentences. Huddleston and Pullum (2005: 82) propose that the main functions of noun phrases can occur are in the following.

1) In clause structure:

i. Subject

The first function of noun phrase to occur in a clause is as a subject. Typically, the subject of a clause is a noun phrase. The other form of subject in a clause is subordinate clause. For example, in a clause a student helped us, noun phrase a student is the subject of the clause since the basic position of a subject is before the verb helped.

ii. Object

Almost all of the object of a clause is in the form of noun phrase. In order

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characteristics. An object must be licensed by a verb since it is a special form of complement in the verb phrase. Sometimes the existence of an object is obligatory to certain verbs.

Intransitive and transitive verb are the ones responsible for the obligation of the object. An intransitive verbs do not need an object like the transitive verbs do. For example, in a clause they elected a student, the verb elected is a transitive verbs. Therefore, it needs an object such as a student. On the other hand, in a clause the children cry so loud, the word cry is an intransitive verbs that it doesn’t need an object.

In addition, there are two subtypes of an object, the direct and indirect one. Those two kinds may occur together in one clause such as in Sue gave Max the photo. The word Max is a proper noun that it functions as an indirect object and the noun phrase the photo is the direct object. The term direct and indirect are derived from the idea that in a clause, the referent of the direct object is more directly involved in being acted on than the indirect object’s referent in the situation. iii. Predicative complement

Predicative complement is the next kind of the verb dependent and commonly in form of noun phrases. It contrasts the direct object. For example: 1) She is a student.

2) She found a good speaker.

From the example 1) the noun phrase a student is a predicative complement because the noun phrase denotes a feature that is ascribed to the subject she. On the other hand, the noun phrase a good speaker is a direct object since it

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refers to participants in the situation. However, a predicative complement do not refer to the participants in the situation like the direct object does.

2) In prepositional structure: i. Complement

In order to be a preposition, a word has to have a complement in the form of noun phrases. It means that noun phrases has the function to complement the preposition to form a prepositional phrase structure. In a clause, we were talking [to a student], a phrase to a student is a prepositional phrase. It is indicated by the preposition to followed by the noun phrase a student.

Noun phrases are not limited to complete the clause and prepositional structure only. They can also fill the structure of adverbial adjunct, object complement, and appositive. The examples of each kind are as follow.

1) We saw her several times.

The noun phrase several times is adverbial adjunct because it modifies the entire clause by providing additional information about the time.

2) Our cousins always called my uncle a dictator.

The noun phrase a dictator is an object complement because it follows directly the direct object. It is different from indirect object because object complement describes the direct object not the other participant of the verb just like the indirect object.

3) Our friend, the mayor, lives here.

The noun phrase the mayor is the appositive because it renames or describes the noun right beside it.

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Quirk and Greenbaum (1985: 375) also give an example when the simple and complex sentences can be reconstructed into one simple sentence with the subject of a very complex noun phrase as follow.

1) The girl is Mary Smith. 2) The girl is pretty.

3) The girl was standing in the corner. 4) You waved to the girl when you entered.

5) The girl became angry because you waved to her.

The sentences 1) to 5) listed above can be reconstructed into the following.

1) The pretty girl standing in the corner who became angry because you waved to her when you entered is Mary Smith.

The examples before, show that noun phrases can be distributed in a certain function of part of speech of a sentence such as subject, object (direct and indirect), or complement.

3. Theory of Foregrounding

Verdonk states that in stylistics, foregrounding is a psychological effects that the readers get then rousing the readers interest or emotions (2002: 5). In a stylistic analysis, the focus of the analysis is not in every form and structure of a text but the features that stand out in every way instead. The foregrounding theory states that there is some sounds, words, phrases, and clauses in any text that is different from what surround them which are set into relief by this distinction and made prominent in the result (Jeffries and Mcintyre, 2010: 31).

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According to Verdonk, the example of foregrounding elements are a distinct patterning or parallelism in a text’s typography, sounds, word-choices, grammar, or sentence structures (2002: 6). There are other features that can be the style marker of a particular text which is often achieved by linguistic deviation and parallelism from the linguistic elements and the rules of language in general as the style is expected. Furthermore, these foregrounding features are seen as the memorable and highly interpretable features (Jeffries, et.al, 2010: 31).

Another supporting theory of foregrounding which is mentioned by Simpson (2004: 50) is that

Foregrounding refers to a form of textual patterning which is motivated spesifically for literary-aesthetic purposes. Capable of working at any levels of language, foregrounding typically involves a stylistic distortion of some sort, either through an aspect of the text which deviates from a linguistic norm or, alternatively, where an aspect of the text is brought to the fore through repetition or parallelism.

Simpson also considers that foregrounding should acquire a striking point of drawing attention that is motivated by literary considerations such as textual strategies in order to develop the images, themes, and characters. Thus, it stimulates

the effect and affect of the text’s interpretations (2004: 50).

Basically, the activity of foregrounding can be determine as finding a textual pattern that has a motivation in terms of style for artistic purposes intended by the author. Conducting foregrounding activity will also give an insight and deep interpretation in understanding literary works.

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4. Theory of Character

This study uses the theory of character in order to identify the contribution of noun phrase to the character in the novel. Abrams (1999: 33) states that characters are

the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue— and from what they do—the action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation.

According to Murphy, a writer using the ‘eye-of-god’ method or any

method that involves the ‘stream of consciousness’, can lay bare the innermost thoughts of the characters that people his books (1972: 161). The way an author present the character is called characterization.

Abrams (1999: 33) states that there are broad differences of the method of characterizing such as “showing” and “telling”. In “showing” method, the author just presents the characters by letting the reader infer their own interpretations of

the character’s acting and talking to find the character’s motives and dispositions

in what the characters say or do. In “telling” method, the author just directly

describes and evaluates the quality of character’s motives and dispositions.

This study uses the author’s “showing” method interpretation and

characterization through character’s speech in order to identify the character in the

novel since the object of this study is noun phrases found in character’s utterances.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories above are beneficial to help the writer conduct the analysis in order to answer the problem formulation of this study. The theory of stylistics is

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used as the basic guidance of this study due to the purpose of this study is to find out the style and patterning of language and its contribution in a literary work. Therefore, this study has its main focus on the noun phrase distribution and function in a novel. In order to be in the right path, the writer would like to apply the theory of syntax along with the theory of noun phrase as the more specific element in this study.

Theory of foregrounding is also applied in this study because the writer would like to point out the elements of language that stand out in the literary work. This theory also helps the writer examine the patterning and parallelism of language features found in the literary work.

Theory of character is used by the writer due to the analysis that requires a better understanding of the literary work in terms of character. This theory is also beneficial to identify the character of the novel to answer the second problem formulation concerning to the function of noun phrases found in the character’s utterances to the character itself.

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24 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The writer would like to focus on the noun phrases in a novel entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones by Cassandra Clare as the object of the study. The novel was published in 2007 and become one of the best seller fiction adventure book according to nytimes.com, The New York Times Best Seller List. It is a famous and successful best-selling book lists in the United States. Mortal Instruments: City of Bones was first addressed for the young-adult readers but later teenage readers are the majority fan of this novel because of the main character that happens to be teenagers.

Mortal Instruments: City of Bones is the first book of other upcoming books series such as City of Ashes, City of Glass, City of Fallen Angels, City of Lost Souls, and City of Heavenly Fire. The title Mortal Instruments itself is the part of trilogy book by the author, Cassandra Clare. It is an adventurous story about a demon hunter battling the evil force lurking in the world. Clarissa Fray, the main character, is not aware that she is actually the part of Shadowhunter World. It is a parallel world with the angel and demon half-breed inhabitants live in this very earth. With the assistance of Jace Wayland, she is introduced to that brand new world with some mysteries yet to be uncovered.

The linguistic elements from the novel to be analyzed in this study are noun phrases. Noun phrase can serve different functions in a sentence. This study

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tries to identify the function of noun phrase distributions along with the analysis of its type. In order to make the analysis comprehensible to the readers, the writer would like to limit the data of noun phrase found in the novel. The noun phrase that is going to be analyzed is taken from the complete sentences of one of the

character’s utterances throughout the story of the novel, in this case is Jace

Wayland’s utterances. Noun phrase can only consist of one word in terms of construction. However, in order to avoid ambiguity in the analysis, the writer only seeks the noun phrase that only consists of more than one word in this study.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to help the writer conduct this study, a stylistic approach is used in this study. According to Verdonk (2002: 3), style of language is the main concern in Stylistics. Stylistic approach explores the style and creativity used in the language. The approach is chosen because it is the most appropriate approach to analyze the data in order to conduct this study. Style of language is analyzed in this study by identifying the distribution of noun phrase not only its type but also its

function to one of a character in the character’s utterances in a novel.

Novel is the example of literary works. It contains many linguistic features and particular textual patterns. Stylistic analysis can give the insight about linguistic structure and function to understand literary texts. The structure of language studied in stylistic analysis consists of four levels such as graphology, phonology, lexis, and syntax (Verdonk, 2004: 58). Stylistics focuses on the significant features of

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language such as noun phrase. This study treats the data of noun phrases found in the novel as the part of syntax level of analysis.

C. Method of the Study 1. Data Collection

In conducting this study, the writer would like to apply a population study to collect the data of the analysis. Population study was the appropriate method because in collecting the data, the writer needed a group of thorough data that was taken from general population or the complete data collection to be studied. According to explorable.com, a research population is a well-defined data collection of individuals or objects which have similar, common, and binding characteristics or traits. In this study the group of noun phrase data found in Jace

Wayland’s utterances were studied because of the same reasons such as the sharing similarities or common characteristics of the data and later drawing the general conclusion applied to the entire population.

The data collection of this study was taken from Cassandra Clare’s novel

entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The data population to be studied in this study was noun phrases. However, in order to give a comprehensive analysis, the writer would like to specify the focus of the study with the limitation of data population into the noun phrase that consisted of more than one word found in one

of the character’s utterances in the novel.

The writer started to collect the data by conducting a thorough reading of

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utterances. Then writer collected the sentences from the utterances of Jace Wayland. In the utterances, some sentences did not have the complete form of one sentence. It could only consist of one word or one phrase with no subject, verb, or even object. Therefore, the writer limited the data collection by attaining sentences in the utterances which have the complete form of one sentence. In addition, the noun phrase collected from the sentences of the utterances would be analyzed by sorting them. In order to avoid ambiguity, this study only required a noun phrase that consisted of more than one word. When the data population of the analysis was collected, the writer then continued to analyze the data of noun phrase.

2. Data Analysis

The first analysis that the writer would like to conduct was figuring out the distribution of the noun phrase using the theory of noun phrase that was mentioned above. This analysis was meant to present the distribution of noun phrase that was

used in the character’s utterances in order to identify its patterns. The method that

was used by the writer was by separating the parts of each noun phrase according to grammatical function of the forms of different modification used in each noun phrase such as the determiner, pre-modifier, and post-modifier from the head.

After finding out the types of the noun phrase, the next analysis was figuring out the occurrence of certain noun phrase that appeared the most based on the type of its modifiers. Every example of the noun phrase is followed by the information of the page number where the noun phrases are found in the book. The

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occurrence of noun phrase would be presented in the form of percentage in order to ease the writer determine each of the type of noun phrases.

The amount of overall certain type of noun phrase would be transferred into a percentage based on the total amount of population data. The result of the

noun phrase’s occurrence throughout the story of the novel became the base that would lead to the next analysis. The result of this analysis would be presented in the form of table below.

Table 3.1 The Types of Noun Phrase

No. Structure Number Percentage

The second analysis aims to identify the distribution of the noun phrase In order to reveal the use of noun phrases in the sentences of Jace Wayland’s utterances. The data collection from the first analysis is used in order to proceed to the second analysis. The writer sorts the noun phrase found in the sentences of the utterances according to the part of speech those noun phrases are belong to. The occurrence of a certain noun phrases with certain part of speech function will be accumulated also with the percentage of each group of noun phrases. The result of this analysis can be summed up in the form of table below.

Table 3.2 The Distributions of Noun Phrase Function

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The results of first and second analysis are used in order to conduct the third analysis that aims to identify the function of the noun phrases found in the utterances of Jace Wayland to his character in the novel. A stylistic theory was applied in this study. Thus, theory of foregrounding was applied in this study to find the pattern of the noun phrase distribution significance in the story of the novel.

Certain use of linguistic features such as noun phrase in Jace Wayland’s utterances

played certain role and significance in stylistic analysis that provided specific effect and style to the characterization of character. Therefore, theory of character was also applied in the analysis that would be conducted in this study.

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30 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. The Types of Noun Phrases

This part of analysis uses the theory of syntax in order to identify the types

of noun phrases in Jace Wayland’s utterances. To begin with, the writer would like

to limit that the noun phrases analyzed in this part are the ones contain of more than one word. Downing and Locke propose that noun phrase has four primary parts such as determiner and pre-modifier in the pre-head position, head as the central element, and post-modifier in the post-head position (2006: 403).

The types of noun phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances are found in 7 distinctive types of structure based on the parts of the noun phrases such as the determiners, pre-modifiers and post-modifiers. Each of the structure has its own occurrence in some parts of utterances throughout the novel. Based on the finding of analysis, the types of noun phrase in the utterances are shown in table 5 bellow.

Table 4.1 The Types of Noun Phrases in Jace Wayland’s Utterances

No. Structure Number Percentage

1. Determiner + Head 339 48.9%

2. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head 117 16.9%

3. Pre-modifier + Head 86 12.4%

4. Determiner + Head + Post-modifier 76 11%

5. Head + Post-Modifier 38 5.5%

6. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head +

Post-modifier 26 3.8%

7. Pre-modifier + Head + Post-modifier 11 1.6%

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Table 2 shows that there are several different structures of noun phrases

found in Jace Wayland’s utterances. From the data collected by the writer, there is a total number of 693 noun phrases found in the utterances. Each of the structure has different percentages of occurrence in the utterances throughout the novel. The table also shows that are three structures with the most significant percentage such as determiner + head, determiner + pre-modifier + head, and pre-modifier + head. The structure of determiner + head is the highest percentage with 48.9% and the number of occurrence of 339. The structure of determiner + pre-modifier + head is the second highest noun phrase structure that occurs in the utterances with the number of occurrence of 117 and the percentage of 16.9%. The third highest percentage noun phrase structure is pre-modifier + head. It has the number of occurrence of 86 and the percentage of 12.4%. Those three structures are the most frequent in terms of occurrence in the utterances compared to the other types of structure. The analysis of each distribution is elaborated in the following parts in order to achieve better understanding of what the types of noun phrases in Jace

Wayland’s utterances are. 1. Determiner + Head

This type of noun phrase structure is the most frequent type found in the utterances of Jace Wayland in terms of occurrence. It has the percentage of 48.9% with the number of occurrence 339. The structure has at least one determiner that occurs before the head of the noun phrase. Determiner is used to determine the referential properties of the head of a noun phrase which follows them (Radford, 2004: 24). The occurrence of the determiner itself contains various types of

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determiners such as possessive, articles (definite and indefinite), quantifier, and demonstrative determiner. In some cases, these type of determiner can occur more than once in one noun phrase. The examples of each structures of determiner followed by the head of noun phrases are as follows.

(1) His + poetry (page 28) Poss H

The word his, my, and your are categorized as the possessive along with the other form such as her, its, their, our, and inflected ‘s possessive form. Noun phrase (1) shows that the word his is the determiner to the noun phrase head poetry. (2) The + ground (page 11)

D art H

The structure of noun phrase (2) consists of definite article and the head of the noun phrase. The definite article is commonly indicated by the use of the. The definite article in noun phrase (2) is the determiner to the noun phrase head ground. According to Downing and Locke, the definite article is used to identify the referent that can be identified within the text, outside the text from a certain situation as well as from general knowledge (2006: 419).

(3) A + girl (page 11) I art H

Indefinite article can be indicated by the use of a(n). Noun phrase (3) shows that the word A is the determiner to the noun phrase head girl. Indefinite article has a distinct function from the definite article. Indefinite article is used to identify the referent that has not already specified (Downing and Locke, 2006: 418).

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(4) These + frequencies (page 58) Demonstrative H

Noun phrase (4) contains one determiner these in order to modify the noun phrase head frequencies. Demonstrative determiner tells about the distance of a word it modifies, whether the object is close to the speaker in the context. The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative determiners. This and these are used to refer to close object while that and those are for farther object.

(5) Some + thoughts (page 119) Quantifier H

A quantifier also belongs to the determiner class in order to modify the noun phrase head. The words some, many, a lot of, (a) few and etc. are the examples of quantifiers (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 66). Quantifiers are usually used in order to indicate the amount or quantity. There is no distinct use of quantifier for both countable and uncountable nouns. Noun phrase (5) contains the word some as the quantifier and thoughts as the noun phrase head.

(6) One + Mark (page 62) Card Num H

Noun phrase (6) contains the word one as the determiner and Mark as the noun phrase head. Another kind of determiner that is used by the noun phrases found in the utterances is cardinal numerals. Similar with quantifier, the cardinal numerals are used to modify the quantity or amount of the head of noun phrases. The words one, two, three, four and so on are the examples of cardinal numerals. Different from one which can occur with singular count nouns, other cardinal numerals such as two, three, four and so on can only occur with plural count nouns (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 65).

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(7) All + witches (page 67) All H

The word all, both, and half also belong to the class of determiner. In noun phrase (7), there is the word all as the determiner to modify the noun phrase head witches. These determiners are called pre-determiners meaning that it can occur with other kinds of determiner such as articles and demonstratives. They are used as a quantifier to indicate the amount or quantity of the noun. Noun phrase (7) shows that all modifies the head witches which is plural noun with no other kinds of determiner such as articles or demonstratives.

(8) All + those + sandwiches (page 89) All Demonstrative H

As it is mentioned in the previous chapter, determiners are distinguished into three major classes such as pre-determiners, central determiners, and post-determiners. Noun phrase (8) shows that it has two kinds of determiners at the same time such as all and demonstrative those to modify the noun phrase head sandwiches which is plural noun. Determiner all belongs to pre-determiners and those to post-determiner.

(9) The + one + day (page 192) D art Card Num H

Similar to noun phrase (8), noun phrase (9) also contains two kinds of determiners to modify the noun phrase head day. The definite article the belongs to central determiners and one belongs to cardinal numerals that is post-determiner. The occurrence of each kinds of determiners is indicated as the name as an order.

They can’t be overturned. Pre-determiners always occur before central determiners then followed pos-tdeterminers after central determiners.

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2. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head

This type of noun phrase structure is the second highest in terms of percentage of occurrence in the utterances of Jace Wayland. The structure contains of determiners followed by pre-modifiers and the head. The use of determiners in this structure is various such as, articles, possessives, quantifier, and cardinal number. What follows after the determiner is pre-modifier such as adjective, noun, present participle, and past participle. The total number of this noun phrase structure type collected from the data is 117 with 16.9% percentage. The examples of each structure types are as follows.

(10) An + electric + eel (page 55) I art Adj H

Noun phrase (10) shows that the indefinite article an is the determiner to modify the noun phrase head eel which is singular count noun. This time the noun phrase has another property to modify the head. After determiners, there is pre-modifier to modify the noun phrase head. In noun phrase (10) the adjective electric functions as the pre-modifier of the phrase.

(11) The + beauteous + Isabelle (page 43) D art Adj H

In noun phrase (11), it has the similar structure type to noun phrase (10). The only distinct part is that the determiner of noun phrase (11) is definite article. The adjective beauteous is the pre-modifier to modify the noun phrase head Isabelle which is a proper noun.

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(12) My + best + friend (page 58) Poss Adj H

The possessive my in noun phrase (12) is the determiner to modify the noun phrase head friend. Preceding the head, the adjective best serves the structure as pre-modifier to modify the head.

(13) An + Eidolon + demon (page 36) I art N H

Noun phrase (13) uses indefinite article an as the determiner of the noun phrase. Similar to adjective, a noun can also modify the noun phrase head as the pre-modifier. The word Eidolon which is a proper noun is used in this structure to modify the singular head noun demon.

(14) Your + tea + leaves (page 68) Poss N H

Noun phrase (14) is similar in terms of structure as in noun phrase (13). The distinct feature is that noun phrase (14) uses possessive determiner in the noun phrase. The word your is the determiner followed by tea as the pre-modifier to modify the noun phrase head leaves which is a plural noun.

(15) A + healing + rune (page 62) I art Pres Part H

Pre-modification is not always done only by adjectives and nouns. Instead participles are also used to modify the noun phrase head. Noun phrase (15) shows that the pre-modifier is a present participle that is usually indicated by the existence of verb with –ing participles (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 396). The word healing is the pre-modifier of the singular noun head rune with indefinite article a as the determiner.

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(16) A + tired + bird (page 130) I art Past Part H

Another kind of participles as the pre-modifier of the noun phrase head is past participle. This kind of participle is often indicated by the use of verb with –ed participle. The indefinite article a is the determiner of this phrase. Following the determiner, it can be seen that the past participle tired serves as the pre-modifier in order to modify the noun phrase head bird which is a singular noun.

(17) This + holy + place (page 158) Demonstrative Adj H

Noun phrase (17) shows that the demonstrative determiners this is used in the structure along with adjective pre-modifier holy in order to modify the singular noun head place.

(18) Some + very + delicate + peace + negotiation (page 43) Quant Adj Adj N H

This type of structure is the most complex of all the Determiner + Pre-modifier Head structure examples mentioned before. Noun phrase (18) has three pre-modifiers along with the determiner which is quantifier some to modify the head of the noun phrase. It can be seen that the adjective delicate receives intensification by the indication of the adjective very in order to modify the head. The contribution of the noun peace also modify the noun phrase head negotiation. 3. Pre-modifier + Head

Another type of noun phrase structure in Jace Wayland’s utterances is pre -modifier followed by the head of the noun phrase. This type of noun phrase structure has the third highest number of occurrence with the total number of 86 and percentage of 12.4%. Pre-modifiers such as adjectives, noun, present participles

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and past participles are used in this type of structure. In certain conditions, more than one pre-modifiers can be used to modify the head of the noun phrase with no grammatical limit on the number (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 400). The examples of this type of noun phrase structure are as follows.

(19) Foreign + diplomats (page 43) Adj H

Noun phrase (19) only contains of pre-modifier and the head. The adjective foreign modifies the noun phrase head diplomats which is in the plural form of noun. For a pre-modifier and head structure, this type of structure commonly occurs with the adjectives or nouns as in noun phrase (20) as the pre-modifier.

(20) Ravener + demon (page 36) N H

Noun phrase (20) almost similar with noun phrase (19) in terms of structure types except for the distinct pre-modifier. It can be seen that noun phrase (20) has proper noun Ravener as the pre-modifier of the noun phrase head demon. (21) Most + Shadowhunter + children (page 30)

Adj N H

This type of noun phrase has two kinds of pre-modifier such as adjective and noun in order to modify the noun phrase head. In noun phrase (21), the adjective most and proper noun Shadowhunter is used in this structure to modify the head children which is plural noun.

(22) Wardings + protective + spell (page 44) N Adj H

Noun phrase (22) is almost similar to noun phrase (21) except for the occurrence of noun and adjective in distinct order. Noun phrase (22) has the plural

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noun wardings as the first pre-modifier then the adjective protective as the second pre-modifier. The singular noun spell serves as the head of the noun phrase structure.

(23) Talking + goldfish (page 55) Pres Part H

Present participle talking in noun phrase (23) is the pre-modifier to modify the head of the noun phrase goldfish that is in the singular noun form. The use of present participle indicates the characteristic of the head it modifies for example in noun phrase talking goldfish, it means a goldfish which can talk.

(24) Hallowed + ground (page 86) Past Part H

Noun phrase (24) uses past participle to modify the head. The use of past participle as a pre-modifier is often indicated by the verb + -ed construction structure. In noun phrase (24) the word hallowed is the pre-modifier to modify the noun ground which is the head of the noun phrase.

4. Determiner + Head + Post-modifier

Another type of noun phrase structure found in the utterances of Jace Wayland is the ones that contain determiner followed by the head and the post-modifier. There are total number of 76 with 11% of occurrence of noun phrases found in the utterances of Jace Wayland in the novel with this type of noun phrase structure. The types of determiner used in this type of structure are those like definite article, indefinite article, possessive pronoun, quantifier, cardinal number, and demonstrative. Precede the head, they modify the noun phrase head then

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527. A crime against the

Covenant 63 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

528. The children of demon

parents 68 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

529.

The result of diseases brought by demons

from their home dimensions

68 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

530. The offspring of

demons and angels 68 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

531. Hodge’s weapon of

choice 79 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

532.

The first mundane who has ever been inside

the Institute

86 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

533.

A part of the first generation of Clave

women who were trained as a matter of

course

91 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

534. All the life of this

world 112 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

535. The Shadowhunters of

the sky 129 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

536. The one destroyed 130 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

537. A thing as terminal

literalism 145 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

538. The time for idle

banter 163 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

539. A puzzler for the ages 190 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

540. A hit with the ladies 204 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

541. A matter of retrieving

it 214 Pred Comp Det + H + Post

542.

One of the most mundanes I’ve ever

encountered

29 Pred Comp H + Post

543. Much of a sting 36 Pred Comp H + Post

544. Forsaken in this house 63 Pred Comp H + Post

545. Levels of training 66 Pred Comp H + Post

546. Ones with exceptional

abilities 91 Pred Comp H + Post

547. One of the best

Shadowhunter 91 Pred Comp H + Post

548. One of our favorite

(2)

549. Warlocks with no

magic 121 Pred Comp H + Post

550. Anything important 129 Pred Comp H + Post

551. Subject to the Law 172 Pred Comp H + Post

552. Less of a threshold 183 Pred Comp H + Post

553. One of the clave 224 Pred Comp H + Post

554.

A perfect spot for Downworlders on the

run

70 Pred Comp Det + Prem + H + Post 555.

The greatest restaurant in Manhattan

124 Pred Comp Det + Prem + H + Post 556.

A fine line between sarcasm and outright

hostility

136 Pred Comp Det + Prem + H + Post

557. A cellar door behind

the trash bin 164 Pred Comp

Det + Prem + H + Post

558. A greater metaethical

purpose of the life 190 Pred Comp

Det + Prem + H + Post

559. The only girl in a

crowdof adoring boys 195 Pred Comp

Det + Prem + H + Post

560. The same men who

killed my father 202 Pred Comp

Det + Prem + H + Post 561.

Ravener poison coursing through your

veins

37 Pred Comp Prem + H + Post

562. Other living worlds

like ours 112 Pred Comp Prem + H + Post

563. Small demon invasions

into this world 112 Pred Comp Prem + H + Post

564. Many warlocks named

Magnus 125 Pred Comp Prem + H + Post

565. Parking lost on the

Upper East Side 296 Pred Comp Prem + H + Post

566. The thing 11 S Det + H

567. Your sister 11 S Det + H

568. The police 12 S Det + H

569. Your friend’s poetry 28 S Det + H

570. His poetry 28 S Det + H

571. The majority 30 S Det + H

572. The downworlders 30 S Det + H

573. Their parents 44 S Det + H

574. The runes 45 S Det + H

575. Your obstinacy 47 S Det + H

(3)

577. A radio 58 S Det + H

578. These frequencies 58 S Det + H

579. One Mark 62 S Det + H

580. The pain 62 S Det + H

581. The Forsaken 62 S Det + H

582. Some downworlder 62 S Det + H

583. The Marks 66 S Det + H

584. All witches 67 S Det + H

585. All Downworlders 67 S Det + H

586. Their powers 68 S Det + H

587. Your mother 70 S Det + H

588. The Law 70 S Det + H

589. Those men 84 S Det + H

590. The Lightwoods 91 S Det + H

591. Clary’s mother’s

friend 93 S Det + H

592. His followers 94 S Det + H

593. The Brotherhood 108 S Det + H

594. The Bone City 109 S Det + H

595. The archives 116 S Det + H

596. A warlock 120 S Det + H

597. Your problem 123 S Det + H

598. The High Warlock of _{Brooklyn’s name} 125 S Det + H

599. The boy 129 S Det + H

600. His father 129 S Det + H

601. The falcon 129 S Det + H

602. His wrists 130 S Det + H

603. Its beak 130 S Det + H

604. His falcon 130 S Det + H

605. The boy’s father 131 S Det + H

606. My heart 141 S Det + H

607. The Clave 144 S Det + H

608. My eyes 155 S Det + H

609. His intelligence 156 S Det + H

610. Their lair 156 S Det + H

611. The lair 157 S Det + H

612. The pews 159 S Det + H

613. All religions 159 S Det + H

614. The subway 164 S Det + H

615. Their hearts 165 S Det + H

616. Your feet 169 S Det + H

617. The Covenant 175 S Det + H

618. My shoulder 176 S Det + H

(4)

620. The bike 181 S Det + H

621. The sun 181 S Det + H

622. My birthday 192 S Det + H

623. All Shadowhunters 194 S Det + H

624. The answer 194 S Det + H

625. Our names 203 S Det + H

626. The demon 223 S Det + H

627. That code 224 S Det + H

628. The woman 274 S Det + H

629. The mirror 283 S Det + H

630. The Voudun priests 30 S Det + Prem + H

631. Our reading habits 45 S Det + Prem + H

632. The marked ones 62 S Det + Prem + H

633. Your last name 66 S Det + Prem + H

634. The dread hour 97 S Det + Prem + H

635. The council room 116 S Det + Prem + H

636. The torrid fantacies 129 S Det + Prem + H

637. Its sharp beak 129 S Det + Prem + H

638. Its bright eyes 130 S Det + Prem + H

639. A tired bird 130 S Det + Prem + H

640. Its slim wings 130 S Det + Prem + H

641. The stone walls 159 S Det + Prem + H

642. My one true love 213 S Det + Prem + H

643. The first thing 100 S Det + Prem + H

644. Most Shadowhunter

children 30 S Det + Prem + H

645. Ravener Demon 36 S Prem + H

646. Invisible people 29 S Prem + H

647. Demonic activiy 44 S Prem + H

648. Human beings 66 S Prem + H

649. Most myths 66 S Prem + H

650. Most demon diseases 68 S Prem + H

651. Such oath 75 S Prem + H

652. Real elves 77 S Prem + H

653. Human food 122 S Prem + H

654. Most belief systems 159 S Prem + H

655. Demon hunters 189 S Prem + H

656. Most Shadowhunters 194 S Prem + H

657. Mundane doctor 221 S Prem + H

658. Different Marks 30 S Prem + H

659. The existence of

Forsaken 63 S Det + H + Post

660. Your knowledge of

(5)

661. My oath to the

Covenant 75 S Det + H + Post

662.

The two men who claimed they were emissaries of Valentine

93 S Det + H + Post

663.

A Shadowhunter who kills another of his

brothers

112 S Det + H + Post

664. The scar of a little

burn 169 S Det + H + Post

665. The master of this

place 170 S Det + H + Post

666. The other of us 194 S Det + H + Post

667. All the paintings in

your apartment 201 S Det + H + Post

668. Declarations of love 122 S H + Post

669. Anyone with you 43 S H + Post

670. Most of them 68 S H + Post

671. One of the Silent

Brothers 104 S H + Post

672. Plenty of warlocks 112 S H + Post

673. Nothing from earth 112 S H + Post

674. More of them 112 S H + Post

675. Some of the runes 146 S H + Post

676. One of your guests 156 S H + Post

677. Something about his

behavior 193 S H + Post

678. Lots of people 275 S H + Post

679. The rune tattoos on my

skin 66 S H + Post

680. A personal escort to

the Bone City 109 S

Det + Prem + H + Post 681. A few hundred years of

the Accords 124 S

Det + Prem + H + Post 682. The first thought in my

mind 224 S

Det + Prem + H + Post

683. Only people with no

purpose 111 S Prem + H + Post

684.

Every rune the Angel Raziel wrote in the

original book of Covenant

146 S Prem + H + Post

685. All this time 119 Adjunct

(6)

686. A lot of times 112 Adjunct

Adverbial Det + H

687. One minute 122 Adjunct

Adverbial Det + H

688. The next minute 122 Adjunct

Adverbial Det + Prem + H

689. The second 103 Adjunct

Adverbial Det + H 690.

A small country between Germany and

France

44 O Comp Det + Prem + H + Post

691. A rubber duck 55 O Comp Det + Prem + H

692. The owner of the

sanctuary 203 App Det + H + Post

Noun phrases of Jace Wayland`s utterances in mortal instruments : City of Bones.

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JACE WAYLAND’S UTTERANCES

IN MORTAL INSTRUMENTS: CITY OF BONES

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JACE WAYLAND’S UTTERANCES

IN MORTAL INSTRUMENTS: CITY OF BONES

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,

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