means animal whereas the word lamb in the second sentence refers to a mass noun that means meat of lamb.
b. Phrase
Radford 2004: 1 states that “phrases and sentences are built up of a series
of constituents i.e. syntactic units, each of which belongs to a specific grammatical category and serves a specific grammatical function
.” In order to be able to analyze the syntactic units of a certain type of sentence or phrase, the
identification of each of the constituents in the sentence or phrase. For example, in a sentence “Clare sings beautifully”, it can be understood that each of the three
words in the sentence have its own specific grammatical category Clare being a singular noun, sings being a present tense verb, and beautifully being an adverb
and grammatical function Clare as a subject, sings as a predicate, and beautifully as an adjunct.
In a phrase there must be a head word that determines the type of the phrase such as the expression students of Philosophy is a plural noun phrase because the
head of the phrase is the plural noun students. The plural noun students is the head instead of the noun Philosophy because the phrase students of Philosophy denotes
the kinds of student, not kinds of Philosophy 2004: 1.
c. Noun Phrase
Quirk and Greenbaum state that noun phrase serves the function as subject, object, complement of sentences, and as complement in prepositional phrases
1985: 59. For instance, there are different subjects in the following. 1
The girl is Mary Smith.
2
The pretty girl is Mary Smith.
3
The pretty girl in the corner is Mary Smith.
4
The pretty girl who became angry is Mary Smith.
From the examples, all of the subjects are the noun phrases that function
as a subject. Each of the noun phrases contains one head girl that stands alone or
accompanied by the modifier. The head of a noun phrase can be found in the form of noun e.g. book or pronoun e.g. it. Sometimes in a particular case, a substitute
head is found instead of noun or pronoun e.g. a good one good ones. Adjectival head also contributes to the structuring of the noun phrase e.g. the poor the
unemployed . The noun phrase’s head can be modified by determiner, pre-modifier,
and post-modifier Downing and Locke, 2006: 403. Bellows are the definition of the types of modifier of a noun phrase
according to its type:
i. Determiners
The first element to be shown in noun phrase structure is determiner. Its basic function is to particularise and identify the noun referent in the context of the
noun phrase in a certain speech situation Downing and Locke 2006: 423. According to Quirk and Greenbaum, there are three types of determiner such as
central determiners, pre-determiners, and post-determiners 1985: 62. The explanation of those three types are as follows.
1 Central determiners
Definite article the and indefinite article aan are the most common central determiners. Other types such as pronoun and possessive pronoun are another part
of central determiners. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 2.1 The Distribution of Central Determiners
Central Determiners Singular Count Noun
Plural Count Noun Non-count Noun
- The
- Possessive my,
our, etc. -
whose, whichever,
whatever -
some stressed -
any stressed -
no -
this -
that -
an -
every -
each -
either -
neither -
the -
Possessive my, our, etc.
- whose,
whichever, whatever
- some stressed
- any stressed
- no
- Zero article
- some unstressed
- any unstressed
- enough
- these
- those
- the
- Possessive my,
our, etc. -
whose, whichever,
whatever -
some stressed -
any stressed -
no -
Zero article -
some unstressed -
any unstressed -
enough -
this -
that -
much
2 Pre-determiners
Certain pre-determiners all, both, half can be found before the articles or demonstratives but they cannot appear with the quantitative determiners e.g. every,
n either, each, some, any, no, enough because the quantifiers of the noun phrase is the pre-determiners themself. Another type of pre-determiner e.g. double, once,
twice, threefour ... times, etc. occurs with singular and plural count nouns, and with noun-count nouns 1985: 63. Three, four etc. times as well as once, twice can
co-occur with central determiner e.g. a, every, each and less commonly with the use of per. The fractions one-third, two-fifth, three-quarters, etc. occurs with
singular and plural count noun, and non-count noun. They also can co-occur with the central determiners with the use of alternative of-construction 1985: 65.
3 Post-determiners
Numerals such as ordinal e.g. fourth, twentieth, next, last, other, another, additional and cardinal e.g. one, two, three ... and quantifiers e.g. many, a few,
few, several for countable plural nouns and much, a little, little for non-countable nouns must follow the determiners but precede the adjective in the pre-
modification structure. 1985: 65.
i. Pre-modifiers
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