مﺎﻜﺣأنﺎﺧﺪﻟا أحكام الدخانوالمتعلقات به في الفقه الإسلامي الرسالة المقدمةلنيلدرجةماجستير في برنامج الشريعة الإسلامية قسمالفقهو أصولهبجامعةسو راكرتاالمحمدية (Hukum Rokok dan Yang Berkaitan Dengannya Didalam Fiqh Islam).
أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ
اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔﻟﻨﻴﻠﺪرﺟﺔﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻟﻔﻘﻬﻮ أﺻﻮﳍﺒﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔﺳﻮ راﻛﺮﺗﺎاﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ
إﻋﺪاد
ﺳﻮرﺗﻨﻮ
رﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ0000090004 :
ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻟﻔﻘﻬﻮأﺻﻮﳍﺒﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔﺳﻮ راﻛﺮﺗﺎاﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ
2013م – 1434ﻫـ
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ﺑِﺴ ْ ﻢِ اﷲِ اﻟﺮﱠﺣ ْ ﻤﻦِ اﻟﺮﱠﺣ ِ ﻴْﻢِ
ﺑِﺎْﳌ َ ﻌ ْ ﺮ ُ و ْ ف ِ و َ ﻳـ َ ﻨـْ ﻬ َ ﻮ ْ نَ ﻋَ ﻦِ اْﳌ ُ ﻨْ ﻜَﺮِ
نَ ْ ﻣ
)) ْﻜُﻦ
ْﺘَ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃﺮَُ:ﻟ و
ﺎل ﺄْﻣ ُو
ﻮ ْ نَ إِﱃَ اْﳋَﲑ ْ ِ و َﻗﻳ َ
و َ أُو ْ ﻟﺌِﻚَ ﻫُ ﻢ ُ اْﳌ ُ ﻔْ ﻠِﺤ ُ ﻮ ْ نَ ((.
1
)) ْ إِنﱠ اﷲ َ ﻛَﺎنَ ﺑِﻜُﻢ ْ ر َﺣِ ﻴ ْ ﻤﺎً ((.
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:ﻜُﻢ
و َ ﻻَ ﺗـَﻘْ ﺘـُ ﻠُﻮ ْ ا ﻗأَﺎﻧلـْﻔُﺴ َ
2
َﺮِ و َ ﳛُ ِﻞﱡ ﳍَُﻢ ْ اﻟﻄَﻴﱢﺒ َ ﺎت ِ و َ ﳛَُ ﺮﱢم ُ ﻋَ ﻠَﻴ ْ ﻬِﻢ ُ
وﺟﻞ ُ:ﻳ))ﺄَﻨْْﻣ ُﻜ ﺮ
ْ ف ِ و َ ﻳـ َ ﻨـْ ﻬ َ ﺎﻫُ ﻢ ْﻗﻮﻟﻪﻋَﻋﺰﻦِ اْﳌ
اْﳋَﺒ َ ﺎﺋِﺚَ ((.3
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:و َ))ﳛَُ ﺮﱢم ُ ﻋَ ﻠَﻴ ْ ﻬِﻢ ُ اْﳋَﺒ َ ﺎﺋِﺚَ ((
ﻗﻮﻟﻪﺎت ِ
و َ ﳛُ ِﻞﱡ ﳍَُﻢ ْ اﻟﻄَﻴﱢﺒ َ
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ﻗﺎل اﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ )) :ﻻ ﺿﺮر وﻻ ﺿﺮار((.
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ﻗﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ )) :ﻣﻦ رأى ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﻜﺮا ﻓﻠﻴﻐﲑﻩ ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ،ﻓﺈن ﱂ
ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻓﺒﻠﺴﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻓﺈن ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻓﺒﻘﻠﺒﻪ ،وﻫﻮ أﺿﻌﻒ اﻹﳝﺎن((.
6
1آل ﻋﻤﺮان ١٠٤ :
2اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ٢٩ :
3اﻷﻋﺮاف ١٠٧ :
4اﻷﻋﺮاف ١٠٧ :
5رواﻩ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ وأﲪﺪ ﺑﺴﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
6رواﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ,وإﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
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إﻫﺪاء
أﻫﺪى ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺿﻊ ﲞﻠﻮص اﻟﺒﺎل و اﻟﺼﺪر إﱃ:
واﻟﺪاى اﶈﺒﻮب وواﻟﺪﰐ اﳊﻨﻮﻧﺔ
اﻟﺬان ﻫﺬّﺑﺎﱐ ورﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻖ واﻟﺮﲪﺔ وﺑﻜﻞ ﺻﱪﳘﺎ إﱃ أن أﻛﻮن ﻣﺎ أﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻵن ،ﻋﺴﻰ
أن ﻳﻐﻔﺮ اﷲ ذﻧﻮ ﻤﺎ و ﻳﻮﻓّﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ أﻋﻤﺎﳍﻤﺎ و ﻳﻮﺳ ّ ﻊ أرزاﻗﻬﺎ وﻛﺘﺐ اﷲ ﳍﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﰲ
ﻛﻞ أﻣﻮرﳘﺎ وﻳﺪﺧﻠﻬﻤﺎ اﳉﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻬﺪاء و اﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ.
وإﱄ:ﲪﻴﻊ أﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻰ اﻟﻜﺮام اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ واﻹرﺷﺎد واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ.
وإﱃ:ﻛﻞ اﳌﻌﺎﱏ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ إﺧﻮاﱏ وإﺧﻮﺗﻰ وأﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻰ اﻷﺣﺒﺎء ،وﲨﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬة ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ
اﳌﺪرﺳﺔ وأﺻﺤﺎﰊ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﲨﻴﻊ اﻹﺧﻮان ﻏﲑ اﳌﺬﻛﻮرﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،اﻟﺬﻳﻦ
دﻓﻌﻮﱏ ﺑﻜﻞ اﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎت إﱃ أن أﰎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ.
إﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ أﻫﺪي ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺿﻊ داﻋﻴﺎ إﱃ اﷲ أن ﻳﻐﻔﺮ ﳍﻢ اﻟﺬﻧﻮب وﻳﻮﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ
اﻷﻋﻤﺎل وراﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﷲ أن ﳛﻘﻖ ﳍﻢ اﻵﻣﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم
اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ.اﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ رب ّ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ.
و
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ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ،اﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ رب ّ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ واﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﲑ اﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ
وﺧﺎﰎ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﲔ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤ ّ ﺪ اﻟﺬى أرﺳﻠﻪ اﷲ رﲪﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﳌﲔ وﻋﻠﻰ آﻟﻪ وﺻﺤﺒﻪ وﻣﻦ دﻋﺎ
ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺗﻪ واﻫﺘﺪى ﺪاﻩ ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎن إﱃ ﻳﻮم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وﺑﻌﺪ.
ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﻌﺎم اﷲ وﻋﻮﻧﻪ ﲤﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻋﺴﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ واﻟﻘﺮاء
ﻌﻤﻞ إﳕﺎ ﻻﻳﻜﻮن وﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ّ إﻻ ﲟﻌﺎوﻧﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ
واﻷﻣﺔ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ .وﳑﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟ
ﻟﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ،ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﲟﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﲤﺎم ﻛﺘﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻳﻮدّ
اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﻳﻘﺪم ﺟﺰﻳﻞ ﺷﻜﺮﻩ ،ورﻓﻴﻊ إﻛﺮاﻣﻪ ،وﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ،وﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻗﻨﺎﺋﻪ إﱃ:
.1ﺳﺎدات اﻷﺷﻘﺎء اﳌﺆﺳﺴﲔ ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ
اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ وﻳﺮﰊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ.
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ رؤﺳﺎء ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻮا ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﺮﻗﻲ ّ ﻫﺬا ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ
.2
ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ.
.3ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺑﺎﻣﺒﺎﻧﺞ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺟﻲ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ،
اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﻀﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ إﻋﺪاد ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﺄﺷﺎر إﱃ أﳘﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ
ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳌﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﱵ أود ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪم ﻣﻦ
ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ﻧﻔﻴﺴﺔ وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ.
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.4ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﳊﺎج ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ دﻳﻦ اﷲ اﻟﺒﺴﺮي ،MA,ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ
ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔاﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ وأﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،اﻟﺬي
وﺟﺪت ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎء ﻣﻮدﺗﻪ وﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻪ وﺻﺪق ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻪ وﺳﻌﺔ ﺻﺪرﻩ وﲨﻴﻞ
ﺻﱪﻩ ،ﻣﺎﳛﺜﲏ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ وﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ.
.5ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﳊﺎج ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﺣﺴﻦ ،MA,M.Ed,اﻟﺬى
ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮاف اﻟﺘﺎم واﳌﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺜﺮة
اﳌﺸﺎﻏﻞ.
.6ﺳﺎدات ﲨﻴﻊ اﶈﺎﺿﺮﻳﻦ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻟﻮا ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﻹدار ﺎ وﻗﺎﻣﻮا
ﺑﺎﻟﱰﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
.7ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﳌﺪرﺳﺔ وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻮا ﺑﺈﺑﺎﺣﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ
ﻟﻺﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
.8أﰊ وأﻣ ّ ﻲ رﲪﻬﻤﺎ اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ أوﻻدي ،وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ زوﺟﱵ اﳊﺒﻴﺒﺔ
ﺑﻴﱵ ﻧﻮر ﺣﻴﺎﰐ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﰐ ،ﳑﺎ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻮا ﻛﺜﲑا ﻣﻦ أوﻗﺎ ﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬا
اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﳌﻌﻨﻮي واﳊﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻹﺧﻼص اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳚﻌﻠﲏ ﻧﻮاﺻﻞ ﰲ
اﻟﺪرب.
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.9زﻣﻼﺋﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔاﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ وأﺻﻮﻟﻪ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،ﺷﻜﺮي وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮي ﻣﻘﺮوﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎء ﳍﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ وﺟﺰاﻫﻢ
اﷲ ﺧﲑا.
.10إﺧﻮاﰐ وأﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻜﺮام اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﺪوا أﻳﺪى اﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ اﳌﺎدﻳﺔ واﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﰱ إﲤﺎم
ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ وﱂ أﻗﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ أن أذﻛﺮﻫﻢ ﻫﻨﺎ.
ﻫﺬا ،وﻳﺮﺟﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﻳﻌﻄﻰ اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﳍﻢ اﳋﲑ ،وﳚﺰﻳﻬﻢ ﺟﺰاء أوﻓﺮ ﺑﺴﻌﺎدﺗﲔ
ﰱ اﻟﺪارﻳﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺴﺄل اﳌﻮﱃ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ وﺗﻌﺎﱃ أن ﳚﻌﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﻪ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ وﻳﻨﻔﻊ
ﻟﻠﻘﺎرﺋﲔ أﲨﻌﲔ ،آﻣﲔ ﻳﺎرب اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ.
ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ،
اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
) ﺳﻮرﺗﻨﻮ (
x
Abstract
The most population of Muslim countriesin the world and especially in our
country, Indonesia, are habitual smoker. It’s damage and make the soul, spirit, and
body to the causes of death due to smoking. We found differences in provisions
on smoking and provisions belongings in Islamic jurisprudence. This requires
deep research to this topic especially regarding justice and a binding ruling of
religius in the smoke and related what happensin the human society.
The type of research that carried out by the researcher of this study is
literature research, and to analyze those facts, the researcher took the following
approaches are: Descriptive Method, Inductive Method and Analysis Method.
By this research the researcher was deduce that the rule of current issues in
the community because of the smoke in Islamic jurisprudence such as selling
smoke and the cultivation and giving fasting break by smoking, company from
dealing with smoker,scholarship from Tobacco Company,Therapeutics smoke and
the leadership of smoker is proscribed, by this the researcher was agree by the
reason who proscribed it and their evidence.The researcher sure that smoke
damage are greater than it’s benefit. Whereas acording to the researcher the
provisions ofthe problems that was happened in the society as the prohibition of
husband on their wife to smoke is the duty, and causing smoke garlic and onions
when the researcher is not appropriate. The smoke is harmful to body and mind,
health, money and other, and long as the well is absolutely proscribed to drink and
chew also the cultivation, manufacture, sale and purchase and also inhalant to
nose as it’s inhalant snuff.
Keyword: cigarettes, cancer, unlawful, harmful.
xi
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
إنّ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻼد اﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻦ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻼدﻧﺎ ﻫﺬا إﻧﺪوﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻛﺎن
ﺳﻜﺎ ﺎ ﻳﺸﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﻟﺸﺠﺎرة واﻟﺸﻴﺸﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﺎ .و ﺟﻌﻞ أﺿﺮار اﻟﻨﻔﺲ أو اﻟﺮوح أو
اﻟﺒﺪن إﱃ أﺳﺒﺎب اﳌﻮت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ .ووﺟﺪﻧﺎ اﳋﻼف ﰲ أﺣﻜﺎم ﺷﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
وأﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﱵ اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ.وﻫﺬا ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳊﺜﻴﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬا
اﳌﻮﺿﻮع ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻟﻔﺘﺎوى ﰲ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﳑﺎ ﺟﺮى ﰲ
ا ﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي.
إنّ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳍﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
اﳌﻜﺘﱯ،و أﺧﺬ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﳛﻠﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻲ :اﳌﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ) (descriptiveو اﳌﻨﻬﺞ اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻰ )(Inductive Methodو اﳌﻨﻬﺞ
اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ).(Analysis Method
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﺒﺄن ﺣﻜﻢ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳉﺎرﻳﺔ ﰲ ا ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وزراﻋﺘﻪ و ﺗﻔﻄﲑ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وﺻﺤﺒﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺪﺧﺎن و اﳌﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن و اﻟﺘﺪاوي ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن و إﻣﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺎرب
اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻫﻮ ﺣﺮام ،وﳍﺬا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﲝﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻣﻪ ودﻻﺋﻠﻪ ،وﻷن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻳﻘﲔ ﺑﺄن أﺿﺮار اﻟﺪﺧﺎن أﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻌﻪ .وأﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳉﺎرﻳﺔﰲ ا ﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﺈﻣﺘﻨﺎع
اﻟﺰوج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰوﺟﺖ ﻟﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻫﻮ واﺟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،وإﳊﺎق اﻟﺜﻮم واﻟﺒﺼﻞ
ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ .ﻓﺈن اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻣﺎدة ﺿﺎرة ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ واﻟﻌﻘﻞ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ
واﳌﺎل وﻣﻔﱰة ،وﻣﺎ دام ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺮام ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﰱ ﺷﺮﺑﻪ وﻣﻀﻐﻪ وزراﻋﺘﻪ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ وﺑﻴﻌﻪ
وﺷﺮاﺋﻪ وﻧﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﰱ اﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺸﻮق ﺳﻌﻮط أﻳﻀﺎ.
اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ :اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ،ﺳﺮﻃﺎن ،ﺣﺮام ،ﺿﺮار.
xii
ﻓﻬﺮس اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت
اﳌﻮﺿﻮع
اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
ﻏﻼف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
I
اﺳﺘﻬﻼل اﳌﺸﺮف
II
اﻗﺮار اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
V
ﺷﻌﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
VI
اﻫﺪاء
VII
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
VIII
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻓﻬﺮس اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت
XI
XIV
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول :اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
1
أ .ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
1
ب .ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
3
xiii
ج .أﻫﺪاف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
3
د .ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
4
ه .اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
5
و .اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ
7
ز .ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
11
ح .ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
15
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ
أ .ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
17
17
ب.
أﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
20
ج.
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
22
د.
ﺗﺄﺛﲑ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻮﺗﲔ
27
ه.
ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ
32
و .ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ وﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
40
ز .اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻳﺴﻜﺮ
44
xiv
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :أﺿﺮار اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺧﻦ وا ﺘﻤﻊ
أ .اﻻﺿﺮار اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ
47
47
ب.
اﻻﺿﺮار اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ
82
ج.
اﻻﺿﺮار اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
96
د .اﻻﺿﺮار اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
98
ه.
اﻷﺿﺮار اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ
102
و.
اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ
103
ز .اﻷﺿﺮاراﳌﺎدﻳﺔ
108
ح.
اﻷﺿﺮاراﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ
110
ط.
أﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ اﻟﺴﻠﱯ
113
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ :اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء واﻷﻃﺒﺎء
117
أ .اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء
117
.1اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﻮن ﲝﻼﻟﻪ
117
.2اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﻮن ﺑﺘﺤﺮﳝﻪ
120
xv
ب.
.3اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﻮن ﺑﻜﺮاﻫﻴﺘﻪ
158
اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء
161
ج .ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ واﻹﻗﻼع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
164
د .ﻃﺮق اﻟﻌﻼج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
174
ه.
ﻣﻘﱰﺣﺎت ورؤى ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
182
اﻟﺒﺎب اﳋﺎﻣﺲ :أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ
188
أ .ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وزراﻋﺘﻪ وﺗﻔﻄﲑ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
188
ب .ﺻﺤﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
193
ج .ﻧﻘﺾ اﻟﺼﻴﺎم ﻟﺸﺎرب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
196
د .اﳌﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
197
ه.
اﻟﺘﺪاوي ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن
و .إﻣﺘﻨﺎع اﻟﺰوج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰوﺟﺖ ﻟﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
198
198
ز.
إﻣﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺎرب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
200
ح.
إﳊﺎق اﻟﺜﻮم واﻟﺒﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن
202
xvi
ج .اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﳏﺮم ﻟﺬاﺗﻪ و ﻏﲑﻩ
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎدس :اﻻﺧﺘﺘﺎم
أ.
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
205
210
210
ب .اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت
211
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﳌﺼﺎدر واﳌﺮاﺟﻊ
213
xvii
اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔﻟﻨﻴﻠﺪرﺟﺔﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻟﻔﻘﻬﻮ أﺻﻮﳍﺒﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔﺳﻮ راﻛﺮﺗﺎاﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ
إﻋﺪاد
ﺳﻮرﺗﻨﻮ
رﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ0000090004 :
ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻟﻔﻘﻬﻮأﺻﻮﳍﺒﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔﺳﻮ راﻛﺮﺗﺎاﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ
2013م – 1434ﻫـ
i
ii
iii
iv
v
ﺑِﺴ ْ ﻢِ اﷲِ اﻟﺮﱠﺣ ْ ﻤﻦِ اﻟﺮﱠﺣ ِ ﻴْﻢِ
ﺑِﺎْﳌ َ ﻌ ْ ﺮ ُ و ْ ف ِ و َ ﻳـ َ ﻨـْ ﻬ َ ﻮ ْ نَ ﻋَ ﻦِ اْﳌ ُ ﻨْ ﻜَﺮِ
نَ ْ ﻣ
)) ْﻜُﻦ
ْﺘَ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃﺮَُ:ﻟ و
ﺎل ﺄْﻣ ُو
ﻮ ْ نَ إِﱃَ اْﳋَﲑ ْ ِ و َﻗﻳ َ
و َ أُو ْ ﻟﺌِﻚَ ﻫُ ﻢ ُ اْﳌ ُ ﻔْ ﻠِﺤ ُ ﻮ ْ نَ ((.
1
)) ْ إِنﱠ اﷲ َ ﻛَﺎنَ ﺑِﻜُﻢ ْ ر َﺣِ ﻴ ْ ﻤﺎً ((.
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:ﻜُﻢ
و َ ﻻَ ﺗـَﻘْ ﺘـُ ﻠُﻮ ْ ا ﻗأَﺎﻧلـْﻔُﺴ َ
2
َﺮِ و َ ﳛُ ِﻞﱡ ﳍَُﻢ ْ اﻟﻄَﻴﱢﺒ َ ﺎت ِ و َ ﳛَُ ﺮﱢم ُ ﻋَ ﻠَﻴ ْ ﻬِﻢ ُ
وﺟﻞ ُ:ﻳ))ﺄَﻨْْﻣ ُﻜ ﺮ
ْ ف ِ و َ ﻳـ َ ﻨـْ ﻬ َ ﺎﻫُ ﻢ ْﻗﻮﻟﻪﻋَﻋﺰﻦِ اْﳌ
اْﳋَﺒ َ ﺎﺋِﺚَ ((.3
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:و َ))ﳛَُ ﺮﱢم ُ ﻋَ ﻠَﻴ ْ ﻬِﻢ ُ اْﳋَﺒ َ ﺎﺋِﺚَ ((
ﻗﻮﻟﻪﺎت ِ
و َ ﳛُ ِﻞﱡ ﳍَُﻢ ْ اﻟﻄَﻴﱢﺒ َ
4
ﻗﺎل اﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ )) :ﻻ ﺿﺮر وﻻ ﺿﺮار((.
5
ﻗﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ )) :ﻣﻦ رأى ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﻜﺮا ﻓﻠﻴﻐﲑﻩ ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ،ﻓﺈن ﱂ
ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻓﺒﻠﺴﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻓﺈن ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻓﺒﻘﻠﺒﻪ ،وﻫﻮ أﺿﻌﻒ اﻹﳝﺎن((.
6
1آل ﻋﻤﺮان ١٠٤ :
2اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ٢٩ :
3اﻷﻋﺮاف ١٠٧ :
4اﻷﻋﺮاف ١٠٧ :
5رواﻩ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ وأﲪﺪ ﺑﺴﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
6رواﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ,وإﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
vi
إﻫﺪاء
أﻫﺪى ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺿﻊ ﲞﻠﻮص اﻟﺒﺎل و اﻟﺼﺪر إﱃ:
واﻟﺪاى اﶈﺒﻮب وواﻟﺪﰐ اﳊﻨﻮﻧﺔ
اﻟﺬان ﻫﺬّﺑﺎﱐ ورﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻖ واﻟﺮﲪﺔ وﺑﻜﻞ ﺻﱪﳘﺎ إﱃ أن أﻛﻮن ﻣﺎ أﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻵن ،ﻋﺴﻰ
أن ﻳﻐﻔﺮ اﷲ ذﻧﻮ ﻤﺎ و ﻳﻮﻓّﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ أﻋﻤﺎﳍﻤﺎ و ﻳﻮﺳ ّ ﻊ أرزاﻗﻬﺎ وﻛﺘﺐ اﷲ ﳍﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﰲ
ﻛﻞ أﻣﻮرﳘﺎ وﻳﺪﺧﻠﻬﻤﺎ اﳉﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻬﺪاء و اﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ.
وإﱄ:ﲪﻴﻊ أﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻰ اﻟﻜﺮام اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ واﻹرﺷﺎد واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ.
وإﱃ:ﻛﻞ اﳌﻌﺎﱏ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ إﺧﻮاﱏ وإﺧﻮﺗﻰ وأﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻰ اﻷﺣﺒﺎء ،وﲨﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬة ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ
اﳌﺪرﺳﺔ وأﺻﺤﺎﰊ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﲨﻴﻊ اﻹﺧﻮان ﻏﲑ اﳌﺬﻛﻮرﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،اﻟﺬﻳﻦ
دﻓﻌﻮﱏ ﺑﻜﻞ اﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎت إﱃ أن أﰎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ.
إﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ أﻫﺪي ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺿﻊ داﻋﻴﺎ إﱃ اﷲ أن ﻳﻐﻔﺮ ﳍﻢ اﻟﺬﻧﻮب وﻳﻮﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ
اﻷﻋﻤﺎل وراﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﷲ أن ﳛﻘﻖ ﳍﻢ اﻵﻣﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم
اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ.اﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ رب ّ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ.
و
vii
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ،اﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ رب ّ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ واﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﲑ اﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ
وﺧﺎﰎ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﲔ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤ ّ ﺪ اﻟﺬى أرﺳﻠﻪ اﷲ رﲪﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﳌﲔ وﻋﻠﻰ آﻟﻪ وﺻﺤﺒﻪ وﻣﻦ دﻋﺎ
ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺗﻪ واﻫﺘﺪى ﺪاﻩ ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎن إﱃ ﻳﻮم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وﺑﻌﺪ.
ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﻌﺎم اﷲ وﻋﻮﻧﻪ ﲤﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻋﺴﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ واﻟﻘﺮاء
ﻌﻤﻞ إﳕﺎ ﻻﻳﻜﻮن وﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ّ إﻻ ﲟﻌﺎوﻧﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ
واﻷﻣﺔ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ .وﳑﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟ
ﻟﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ،ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﲟﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﲤﺎم ﻛﺘﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻳﻮدّ
اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﻳﻘﺪم ﺟﺰﻳﻞ ﺷﻜﺮﻩ ،ورﻓﻴﻊ إﻛﺮاﻣﻪ ،وﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ،وﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻗﻨﺎﺋﻪ إﱃ:
.1ﺳﺎدات اﻷﺷﻘﺎء اﳌﺆﺳﺴﲔ ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ
اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ وﻳﺮﰊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ.
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ رؤﺳﺎء ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻮا ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﺮﻗﻲ ّ ﻫﺬا ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ
.2
ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ.
.3ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺑﺎﻣﺒﺎﻧﺞ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺟﻲ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ،
اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﻀﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ إﻋﺪاد ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﺄﺷﺎر إﱃ أﳘﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ
ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳌﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﱵ أود ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪم ﻣﻦ
ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ﻧﻔﻴﺴﺔ وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ.
viii
.4ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﳊﺎج ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ دﻳﻦ اﷲ اﻟﺒﺴﺮي ،MA,ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ
ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔاﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ وأﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،اﻟﺬي
وﺟﺪت ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎء ﻣﻮدﺗﻪ وﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻪ وﺻﺪق ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻪ وﺳﻌﺔ ﺻﺪرﻩ وﲨﻴﻞ
ﺻﱪﻩ ،ﻣﺎﳛﺜﲏ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ وﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ.
.5ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﳊﺎج ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﺣﺴﻦ ،MA,M.Ed,اﻟﺬى
ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮاف اﻟﺘﺎم واﳌﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺜﺮة
اﳌﺸﺎﻏﻞ.
.6ﺳﺎدات ﲨﻴﻊ اﶈﺎﺿﺮﻳﻦ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻟﻮا ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﻹدار ﺎ وﻗﺎﻣﻮا
ﺑﺎﻟﱰﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
.7ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﳌﺪرﺳﺔ وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻮا ﺑﺈﺑﺎﺣﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ
ﻟﻺﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
.8أﰊ وأﻣ ّ ﻲ رﲪﻬﻤﺎ اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ أوﻻدي ،وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ زوﺟﱵ اﳊﺒﻴﺒﺔ
ﺑﻴﱵ ﻧﻮر ﺣﻴﺎﰐ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﰐ ،ﳑﺎ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻮا ﻛﺜﲑا ﻣﻦ أوﻗﺎ ﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬا
اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﳌﻌﻨﻮي واﳊﺚ اﳌﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻹﺧﻼص اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳚﻌﻠﲏ ﻧﻮاﺻﻞ ﰲ
اﻟﺪرب.
ix
.9زﻣﻼﺋﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔاﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ وأﺻﻮﻟﻪ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ اﶈﻤﺪﻳﺔ ،ﺷﻜﺮي وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮي ﻣﻘﺮوﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎء ﳍﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ وﺟﺰاﻫﻢ
اﷲ ﺧﲑا.
.10إﺧﻮاﰐ وأﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻜﺮام اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﺪوا أﻳﺪى اﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ اﳌﺎدﻳﺔ واﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﰱ إﲤﺎم
ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ وﱂ أﻗﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ أن أذﻛﺮﻫﻢ ﻫﻨﺎ.
ﻫﺬا ،وﻳﺮﺟﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﻳﻌﻄﻰ اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﳍﻢ اﳋﲑ ،وﳚﺰﻳﻬﻢ ﺟﺰاء أوﻓﺮ ﺑﺴﻌﺎدﺗﲔ
ﰱ اﻟﺪارﻳﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺴﺄل اﳌﻮﱃ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ وﺗﻌﺎﱃ أن ﳚﻌﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﻪ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ وﻳﻨﻔﻊ
ﻟﻠﻘﺎرﺋﲔ أﲨﻌﲔ ،آﻣﲔ ﻳﺎرب اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ.
ﺳﻮراﻛﺮﺗﺎ،
اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
) ﺳﻮرﺗﻨﻮ (
x
Abstract
The most population of Muslim countriesin the world and especially in our
country, Indonesia, are habitual smoker. It’s damage and make the soul, spirit, and
body to the causes of death due to smoking. We found differences in provisions
on smoking and provisions belongings in Islamic jurisprudence. This requires
deep research to this topic especially regarding justice and a binding ruling of
religius in the smoke and related what happensin the human society.
The type of research that carried out by the researcher of this study is
literature research, and to analyze those facts, the researcher took the following
approaches are: Descriptive Method, Inductive Method and Analysis Method.
By this research the researcher was deduce that the rule of current issues in
the community because of the smoke in Islamic jurisprudence such as selling
smoke and the cultivation and giving fasting break by smoking, company from
dealing with smoker,scholarship from Tobacco Company,Therapeutics smoke and
the leadership of smoker is proscribed, by this the researcher was agree by the
reason who proscribed it and their evidence.The researcher sure that smoke
damage are greater than it’s benefit. Whereas acording to the researcher the
provisions ofthe problems that was happened in the society as the prohibition of
husband on their wife to smoke is the duty, and causing smoke garlic and onions
when the researcher is not appropriate. The smoke is harmful to body and mind,
health, money and other, and long as the well is absolutely proscribed to drink and
chew also the cultivation, manufacture, sale and purchase and also inhalant to
nose as it’s inhalant snuff.
Keyword: cigarettes, cancer, unlawful, harmful.
xi
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
إنّ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻼد اﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻦ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻼدﻧﺎ ﻫﺬا إﻧﺪوﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻛﺎن
ﺳﻜﺎ ﺎ ﻳﺸﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﻟﺸﺠﺎرة واﻟﺸﻴﺸﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﺎ .و ﺟﻌﻞ أﺿﺮار اﻟﻨﻔﺲ أو اﻟﺮوح أو
اﻟﺒﺪن إﱃ أﺳﺒﺎب اﳌﻮت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ .ووﺟﺪﻧﺎ اﳋﻼف ﰲ أﺣﻜﺎم ﺷﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
وأﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﱵ اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ.وﻫﺬا ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳊﺜﻴﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬا
اﳌﻮﺿﻮع ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻟﻔﺘﺎوى ﰲ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﳑﺎ ﺟﺮى ﰲ
ا ﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي.
إنّ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳍﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
اﳌﻜﺘﱯ،و أﺧﺬ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﳛﻠﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻲ :اﳌﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ) (descriptiveو اﳌﻨﻬﺞ اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻰ )(Inductive Methodو اﳌﻨﻬﺞ
اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ).(Analysis Method
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﺒﺄن ﺣﻜﻢ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳉﺎرﻳﺔ ﰲ ا ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وزراﻋﺘﻪ و ﺗﻔﻄﲑ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وﺻﺤﺒﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺪﺧﺎن و اﳌﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن و اﻟﺘﺪاوي ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن و إﻣﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺎرب
اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻫﻮ ﺣﺮام ،وﳍﺬا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﲝﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻣﻪ ودﻻﺋﻠﻪ ،وﻷن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻳﻘﲔ ﺑﺄن أﺿﺮار اﻟﺪﺧﺎن أﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻌﻪ .وأﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳉﺎرﻳﺔﰲ ا ﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﺈﻣﺘﻨﺎع
اﻟﺰوج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰوﺟﺖ ﻟﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻫﻮ واﺟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،وإﳊﺎق اﻟﺜﻮم واﻟﺒﺼﻞ
ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ .ﻓﺈن اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻣﺎدة ﺿﺎرة ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ واﻟﻌﻘﻞ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ
واﳌﺎل وﻣﻔﱰة ،وﻣﺎ دام ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺮام ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﰱ ﺷﺮﺑﻪ وﻣﻀﻐﻪ وزراﻋﺘﻪ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ وﺑﻴﻌﻪ
وﺷﺮاﺋﻪ وﻧﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﰱ اﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺸﻮق ﺳﻌﻮط أﻳﻀﺎ.
اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ :اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ،ﺳﺮﻃﺎن ،ﺣﺮام ،ﺿﺮار.
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ﻓﻬﺮس اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت
اﳌﻮﺿﻮع
اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
ﻏﻼف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
I
اﺳﺘﻬﻼل اﳌﺸﺮف
II
اﻗﺮار اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
V
ﺷﻌﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
VI
اﻫﺪاء
VII
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
VIII
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻓﻬﺮس اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت
XI
XIV
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول :اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
1
أ .ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
1
ب .ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
3
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ج .أﻫﺪاف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
3
د .ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
4
ه .اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
5
و .اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ
7
ز .ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
11
ح .ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
15
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ
أ .ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
17
17
ب.
أﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
20
ج.
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
22
د.
ﺗﺄﺛﲑ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻮﺗﲔ
27
ه.
ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ
32
و .ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ وﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
40
ز .اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻳﺴﻜﺮ
44
xiv
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :أﺿﺮار اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺧﻦ وا ﺘﻤﻊ
أ .اﻻﺿﺮار اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ
47
47
ب.
اﻻﺿﺮار اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ
82
ج.
اﻻﺿﺮار اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
96
د .اﻻﺿﺮار اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
98
ه.
اﻷﺿﺮار اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ
102
و.
اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ
103
ز .اﻷﺿﺮاراﳌﺎدﻳﺔ
108
ح.
اﻷﺿﺮاراﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ
110
ط.
أﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ اﻟﺴﻠﱯ
113
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ :اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء واﻷﻃﺒﺎء
117
أ .اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء
117
.1اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﻮن ﲝﻼﻟﻪ
117
.2اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﻮن ﺑﺘﺤﺮﳝﻪ
120
xv
ب.
.3اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﻮن ﺑﻜﺮاﻫﻴﺘﻪ
158
اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء
161
ج .ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ واﻹﻗﻼع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
164
د .ﻃﺮق اﻟﻌﻼج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
174
ه.
ﻣﻘﱰﺣﺎت ورؤى ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ
182
اﻟﺒﺎب اﳋﺎﻣﺲ :أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ
188
أ .ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وزراﻋﺘﻪ وﺗﻔﻄﲑ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
188
ب .ﺻﺤﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
193
ج .ﻧﻘﺾ اﻟﺼﻴﺎم ﻟﺸﺎرب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
196
د .اﳌﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
197
ه.
اﻟﺘﺪاوي ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن
و .إﻣﺘﻨﺎع اﻟﺰوج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰوﺟﺖ ﻟﺸﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
198
198
ز.
إﻣﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺎرب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن
200
ح.
إﳊﺎق اﻟﺜﻮم واﻟﺒﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎن
202
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ج .اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﳏﺮم ﻟﺬاﺗﻪ و ﻏﲑﻩ
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎدس :اﻻﺧﺘﺘﺎم
أ.
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
205
210
210
ب .اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت
211
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﳌﺼﺎدر واﳌﺮاﺟﻊ
213
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