Reference Pengaruh 2,4D dan Frekuensi Subkultur Terhadap Perubahan Genetik Kultur Apikal Bud Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) pada Media MS
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abidin, Z. 1995. Dasar-Dasar Pengetahuan Tentang Zat Pengatur Tumbuh.
Angkasa. Bandung
Asmono, D. 2006. Development of Oil Palm Seeds Industry by Private Sector in
Indonesia di dalam: International Oil Palm Conference 2006. Nusa DuaBali, Indonesia.
Bangun, D. 2005. Indonesia Palm Oil Price Outlook 2005/2006 Paper Presented
on “Seminar Nasional Kelapa Sawit”. Nusa Dua Bali.
Basiron, Y. 2004. Sawit Penyumbang Utama Bekalan Minyak Dunia. Berita
Harian (Berita Sawit) 1 September.
Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M. K. 1983. Plant Tissue Culture Theory and
Practice. Elsevier Scientific Publishing. Amsterdam.
Chairul, H.M. dan Daryanti, Y. 1992. Pengaruh Ekstrak Kencur (Kaempferia
galangal L.) Terhadap Kehamilan Mencit Putih (Mus musculus L.). Di
Dalam: Seminar Nasional Indonesia V. Pokjanas. Bandung: Universitas
Padjajaran dan Laboratorium Treub Puslitbang Biologi LIPI Bogor.
Cheng Hai, T. 2002. The Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: From Seed to Fraying
pan. WWF Switzerland.
Corley, R.H.V, Lee, C.H, and Wong C.Y. 1986. Abnormal Flower Development
in Oil Palm Clones. Planter (Kuala Lumpur). 62: 233-240.
Doyle, J.J. and Doyle, J.L.1990. A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Fresh
Plant Tissue. Focus. 12: 13-15.
Eeuwens, C.J., Lord, S.C.R., Donough, V.R., Vallejo, G. and Nelson, S. 2002.
Effects of Tissue Culture Conditions During Embryoid Multiplication on
the Incidence of “Mantled” Flowering in Clonally Propagated Oil Palm.
Plant Cell Tissue Org. Culture. 70: 311-323.
Fauzi, Y. 2004. Budidaya Pemanfaatan Hasil dan Limbah Analisis Usaha
Pemasaran. Penebar Swadaya. Depok.
Federer, W.Y. 1963. Experimental Design, Theory and Application. Mac Millan.
New York.
31
Universitas Sumatera Utara
32
George, E.F. and Sherrington, P.D. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
handbook and Directory of Comercial Laboratories. England. Exegetic
Ltd. Easterm Press. England.
Ginting, D.L., Sumaryono, Riyadi, I. dan Kasi, P.D. 2007. Pertumbuhan dan
Perkembangan Kalus Embriogenik dan Embrio Somatik Kelapa Sawit
(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pada Sistem Perendaman Sesaat. Jurnal Menara
Perkebunan. 75: 32-42.
Gunawan. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Gunawan, L.W. 1995. Teknik Kultur In Vitro dalam Holtikultura. Penebar
Swadaya. Jakarta.
Harjoko, D. 1999. Pengaruh Macam-macam Auksin terhadap Poliploidisasi Kalus
Tanaman Semangka pada Kultur in Vitro. Surakarta. Fakultas Pertanian
UNS. Surakarta.
Hartley, C.W.S. 1977. The Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Second Edition.
Longmans. London.
Hartmann, H.T, Kester, D.E. and Davies, F.T. 1990. Plant Propagation. Principle
and Practices. Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall Inc. London.
Herawan, T. 2004. Kultur Jaringan. Protokol Kultur Jaringan Tanaman Hutan.
Biotifordo. or.id.
Hetharie, H. 2010. Deteksi Perubahan Genetik pada Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) Abnormal dengan Teknik RAPD. Jurnal Budidaya
Pertanian. 6: 45.
Hopkins, W. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. Canada. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Canada.
Indrianto, A. 2002. Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. Fak. Biologi UGM. Yogyakarta.
Jones, L.H. 1991. Endogenous Cytokinin in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Callus,
Embryoids
and
Regenerant
plants
Measured
by
Radioimmunoassay. Plant Cell Tissue. Org. Culture. 20: 201-209.
Kasi, P.D. dan Sumaryono, 2006. Perkembangan Kalus Embriogenik Sagu
(Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) pada Tiga Sistem Kultur in vitro. Menara
Perkebunan. 76: 4-6.
Karp, A. 1995. Somaclonal Variation as a Tool For Crop Improvement.
Euphytica . 185: 295-302.
32
Universitas Sumatera Utara
33
Kutschera, A. 1994. The current Status of the Acid-Growth Hypothesis. New
Phytol. 126: 549-569.
Larkin, P.J. and Scowcroft, W.R. 1991. Somaclonal Variation a Novel Source of
Variability from Cell Cultures for Plant Improvement. Theory and
Application Genetics. 60: 167-214.
Lubis, A. U. 1992. Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian Perkebunan
Marihat, Bandar Kuala, Sumatera Utara.
Mangoensokarjo, S. 2003. Manajemen Agrobisnis Kelapa Sawit. Yogyakarta.
UGM-Press. Yogyakarta.
Mc Clelland, N., Nelson, M. and Raschke E. 1994. Effect of Site-Spesicific
Modification on Restriction Endonukleases and DNA Modification
Methyltransferase. Nucleid Acid Res. 22: 3640-3659.
Meagher, M.G and Green, J. 2002. Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant
Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Saw Palmetto, an Important
Landscape and Medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tissues and Organ Culture. 66
: 253.
Nasir, M. 2002. Bioteknologi. Potensi dan Keberhasilannya dalam Bidang
Pertanian. Rajawali Press. Jakarta.
Pahan, I. 2006. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu
hingga Hilir. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Paranjothy, K.R. Othman, C.C., Tan, G., Wang and Soh, A.C. 1993. Incidence of
Abnormalities in Relation to in Vitro Protocols. In Proc the 1993 ISOPB
Int. Symp. Recent Development in Oil Palm Tissue Culture and
Biotechnology. Kuala Lumpur.
Pereira, E.S., Zanderluce, G.L. and Talita, A.B. 2013. New Approaches to
Improve the Efficiency of Somatic Embryogenesis in oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) from Mature Zygotic Embryo. In vitro Cell. Dev-Biol
Plant. 49: 41-50.
Peterson, G. and Smith, R. l991. Effect of Abscicic Acid and Callus Size on
Regeneration of American and International Rice Varieties. Plant Cell
Rep. 10: 35-38.
Philips, R.I and Kaeppler, S.M. 1994. Tissue Culture-Induced DNA Methylation
Variation in Maize. Agri Sci. 90: 8773-8776.
Pierik, R.L.M. 1987. In Vitro Culture of Higher Plant. Nederland: Martinus Nij.
hoff Publisher.
33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
34
Poonsapaya, P. M. W., Nabors, W. Kersi and Vajrabhaya, M. l989. A Comparison
of Methods for Callus Culture and Plant Regeneration of RD-25 Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) In Vitro Laboratoris. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 16(3):
175-186.
Purwanto, A.W. 2008. Sansievera Flora Cantik Penyerap Racun. Yogyakarta.
Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Rahayu, B., Solichatun dan Anggarwulan, E. 2003. Pengaruh Asam 2,4
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kalus Serta
Kandungan Flavanoid Kultur Kalus Acalypha indica L Biofarmasi. 1: 1-6
Rice, R. D., Anderson, P.G., Hall J.f and Ranchod, A. 1992. Micropropagation:
Principles and Commercial Practice. Di dalam: M. Mooyong, editor. Plant
biotechnology: Comprehensive biotechnology (Second Supplement).
England: Pergamon Press.
Rohlf, F. J. 2000. NTSYS-pc, Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis
system, Version 2.1. Exeter Publications. New York.
Ruswaningsih, F. 2007. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ammonium Nitrat dan BAP
terhadap Pertumbuhan Eksplan Pucuk Artemisia annua L. pada Kultur In
Vitro. Skripsi Fakultas Pertanian UNS. Surakarta.
Salisbury, F. B. dan Ross, C.W. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jilid ke-3. Edisi ke-4.
Institut Teknologi Bandung. Bandung.
Sambrook, J. and Russel, D.W. 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.
Cold-Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2nd edition. New York.
Skirvin, R.M., Pheeters, K.D and Norton, M. 1994. Sources and Frequency of
Somaclonal Variation. Hort Sci 29: 1232-1237.
Soeryowinoto, M. 1996. Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara In Vitro. Yogyakarta :
Kanisius.
Tahardi, J.S. 1988. Improvement of Oil Palm Somatic Embryogenesis by
Periodic Immersion in Liquid Medium. In A. Jatmika et al. (eds.) Proc.
Internat. Oil Palm Conf., Bali, Indonesia.
Thuzar, M., Vanavichit, A., Tragonrung, S. and Jantasuriyarat, C. 2012.
Recloning of Regenerated Plantlets from Elite Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) cv. Tenera. African. Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 82.
Tondok, A.R. 1998. Production and Marketing of Indonesia Palm Oil. Past,
Present and Future. Int. Oil Palm Conf. Nusa Dua. Bali September. 23-25.
34
Universitas Sumatera Utara
35
Toruan-Mathius, N., Bangun, S.I. dan Bintang. 2001. Analisis Abnormalitas
Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Hasil Kultur Jaringan
dengan Teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Menara
Perkebunan. 69: 7.
Wattimena, G.A 1991. Bioteknologi Tanaman, Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan
Tanaman. Pusat Antar Universitas IPB. Bogor.
Wattimena, G.A. dan N.A. Mattjik. 1992. Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara In Vitro.
IPB. Bogor.
William, J.G.K., Kebelik, A.E., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A. and Tingey, V. 1990.
DNA Polymorphism Amplified by Arbitrary Primer are Usefful as Genetic
Marker. Nucleid Acid. Res. 18: 6531-6535.
Williams, E.G. and Maheswara. 1986. Somatic Embryogenesis Factors
Influencing Coordinated Behaviour of Cells as on Embryogenic Group.
Ann. Bot. 57: 443- 462.
Wong, G.S.P. Chong, C.C., Tan and Soh, A.C. 1999. Liquid Suspension Culture.
A Potential Technique For Mas Production of Oil Palm Clone Palm Oil
Research Institute of Malaysia.
Van Harten, A.M., Wong, G., S.P. Chong, C.C, tan, and Soh, A.C. 1998.
Mutation Breeding. Theory and Parctikal Applications. Cambridge Univ.
Press. 1999. Liquid Suspension culture-A potential technique for mass
production of oil palm clones. Palm oil Res. Ins. Of Malaysia. 3-10
Yelnitis dan Komar, T.E. 2010. Upaya Induksi Kalus Embriogenik dari Potongan
Daun Ramin. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2008 ITTO CITES
Project. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam.
Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Kementerian Kehutanan, Indonesia.
Yusnita. 2004. Kultur Jaringan Cara Memperbanyak Tanaman Secara Efisien.
Jakarta. Agromedia Pustaka.
Zimmerman, J.L. 1993. Somatic embryogenesis: A model for early development
in higher plants. Plant Cell. 5:1411-1423.
Zulkarnain. 2009. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Edisi 1. Cetakan ke-1. Bumi Aksara.
Jakart
35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Abidin, Z. 1995. Dasar-Dasar Pengetahuan Tentang Zat Pengatur Tumbuh.
Angkasa. Bandung
Asmono, D. 2006. Development of Oil Palm Seeds Industry by Private Sector in
Indonesia di dalam: International Oil Palm Conference 2006. Nusa DuaBali, Indonesia.
Bangun, D. 2005. Indonesia Palm Oil Price Outlook 2005/2006 Paper Presented
on “Seminar Nasional Kelapa Sawit”. Nusa Dua Bali.
Basiron, Y. 2004. Sawit Penyumbang Utama Bekalan Minyak Dunia. Berita
Harian (Berita Sawit) 1 September.
Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M. K. 1983. Plant Tissue Culture Theory and
Practice. Elsevier Scientific Publishing. Amsterdam.
Chairul, H.M. dan Daryanti, Y. 1992. Pengaruh Ekstrak Kencur (Kaempferia
galangal L.) Terhadap Kehamilan Mencit Putih (Mus musculus L.). Di
Dalam: Seminar Nasional Indonesia V. Pokjanas. Bandung: Universitas
Padjajaran dan Laboratorium Treub Puslitbang Biologi LIPI Bogor.
Cheng Hai, T. 2002. The Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: From Seed to Fraying
pan. WWF Switzerland.
Corley, R.H.V, Lee, C.H, and Wong C.Y. 1986. Abnormal Flower Development
in Oil Palm Clones. Planter (Kuala Lumpur). 62: 233-240.
Doyle, J.J. and Doyle, J.L.1990. A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Fresh
Plant Tissue. Focus. 12: 13-15.
Eeuwens, C.J., Lord, S.C.R., Donough, V.R., Vallejo, G. and Nelson, S. 2002.
Effects of Tissue Culture Conditions During Embryoid Multiplication on
the Incidence of “Mantled” Flowering in Clonally Propagated Oil Palm.
Plant Cell Tissue Org. Culture. 70: 311-323.
Fauzi, Y. 2004. Budidaya Pemanfaatan Hasil dan Limbah Analisis Usaha
Pemasaran. Penebar Swadaya. Depok.
Federer, W.Y. 1963. Experimental Design, Theory and Application. Mac Millan.
New York.
31
Universitas Sumatera Utara
32
George, E.F. and Sherrington, P.D. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
handbook and Directory of Comercial Laboratories. England. Exegetic
Ltd. Easterm Press. England.
Ginting, D.L., Sumaryono, Riyadi, I. dan Kasi, P.D. 2007. Pertumbuhan dan
Perkembangan Kalus Embriogenik dan Embrio Somatik Kelapa Sawit
(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pada Sistem Perendaman Sesaat. Jurnal Menara
Perkebunan. 75: 32-42.
Gunawan. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Gunawan, L.W. 1995. Teknik Kultur In Vitro dalam Holtikultura. Penebar
Swadaya. Jakarta.
Harjoko, D. 1999. Pengaruh Macam-macam Auksin terhadap Poliploidisasi Kalus
Tanaman Semangka pada Kultur in Vitro. Surakarta. Fakultas Pertanian
UNS. Surakarta.
Hartley, C.W.S. 1977. The Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Second Edition.
Longmans. London.
Hartmann, H.T, Kester, D.E. and Davies, F.T. 1990. Plant Propagation. Principle
and Practices. Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall Inc. London.
Herawan, T. 2004. Kultur Jaringan. Protokol Kultur Jaringan Tanaman Hutan.
Biotifordo. or.id.
Hetharie, H. 2010. Deteksi Perubahan Genetik pada Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) Abnormal dengan Teknik RAPD. Jurnal Budidaya
Pertanian. 6: 45.
Hopkins, W. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. Canada. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Canada.
Indrianto, A. 2002. Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. Fak. Biologi UGM. Yogyakarta.
Jones, L.H. 1991. Endogenous Cytokinin in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Callus,
Embryoids
and
Regenerant
plants
Measured
by
Radioimmunoassay. Plant Cell Tissue. Org. Culture. 20: 201-209.
Kasi, P.D. dan Sumaryono, 2006. Perkembangan Kalus Embriogenik Sagu
(Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) pada Tiga Sistem Kultur in vitro. Menara
Perkebunan. 76: 4-6.
Karp, A. 1995. Somaclonal Variation as a Tool For Crop Improvement.
Euphytica . 185: 295-302.
32
Universitas Sumatera Utara
33
Kutschera, A. 1994. The current Status of the Acid-Growth Hypothesis. New
Phytol. 126: 549-569.
Larkin, P.J. and Scowcroft, W.R. 1991. Somaclonal Variation a Novel Source of
Variability from Cell Cultures for Plant Improvement. Theory and
Application Genetics. 60: 167-214.
Lubis, A. U. 1992. Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian Perkebunan
Marihat, Bandar Kuala, Sumatera Utara.
Mangoensokarjo, S. 2003. Manajemen Agrobisnis Kelapa Sawit. Yogyakarta.
UGM-Press. Yogyakarta.
Mc Clelland, N., Nelson, M. and Raschke E. 1994. Effect of Site-Spesicific
Modification on Restriction Endonukleases and DNA Modification
Methyltransferase. Nucleid Acid Res. 22: 3640-3659.
Meagher, M.G and Green, J. 2002. Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant
Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Saw Palmetto, an Important
Landscape and Medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tissues and Organ Culture. 66
: 253.
Nasir, M. 2002. Bioteknologi. Potensi dan Keberhasilannya dalam Bidang
Pertanian. Rajawali Press. Jakarta.
Pahan, I. 2006. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu
hingga Hilir. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Paranjothy, K.R. Othman, C.C., Tan, G., Wang and Soh, A.C. 1993. Incidence of
Abnormalities in Relation to in Vitro Protocols. In Proc the 1993 ISOPB
Int. Symp. Recent Development in Oil Palm Tissue Culture and
Biotechnology. Kuala Lumpur.
Pereira, E.S., Zanderluce, G.L. and Talita, A.B. 2013. New Approaches to
Improve the Efficiency of Somatic Embryogenesis in oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) from Mature Zygotic Embryo. In vitro Cell. Dev-Biol
Plant. 49: 41-50.
Peterson, G. and Smith, R. l991. Effect of Abscicic Acid and Callus Size on
Regeneration of American and International Rice Varieties. Plant Cell
Rep. 10: 35-38.
Philips, R.I and Kaeppler, S.M. 1994. Tissue Culture-Induced DNA Methylation
Variation in Maize. Agri Sci. 90: 8773-8776.
Pierik, R.L.M. 1987. In Vitro Culture of Higher Plant. Nederland: Martinus Nij.
hoff Publisher.
33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
34
Poonsapaya, P. M. W., Nabors, W. Kersi and Vajrabhaya, M. l989. A Comparison
of Methods for Callus Culture and Plant Regeneration of RD-25 Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) In Vitro Laboratoris. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 16(3):
175-186.
Purwanto, A.W. 2008. Sansievera Flora Cantik Penyerap Racun. Yogyakarta.
Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Rahayu, B., Solichatun dan Anggarwulan, E. 2003. Pengaruh Asam 2,4
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kalus Serta
Kandungan Flavanoid Kultur Kalus Acalypha indica L Biofarmasi. 1: 1-6
Rice, R. D., Anderson, P.G., Hall J.f and Ranchod, A. 1992. Micropropagation:
Principles and Commercial Practice. Di dalam: M. Mooyong, editor. Plant
biotechnology: Comprehensive biotechnology (Second Supplement).
England: Pergamon Press.
Rohlf, F. J. 2000. NTSYS-pc, Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis
system, Version 2.1. Exeter Publications. New York.
Ruswaningsih, F. 2007. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ammonium Nitrat dan BAP
terhadap Pertumbuhan Eksplan Pucuk Artemisia annua L. pada Kultur In
Vitro. Skripsi Fakultas Pertanian UNS. Surakarta.
Salisbury, F. B. dan Ross, C.W. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jilid ke-3. Edisi ke-4.
Institut Teknologi Bandung. Bandung.
Sambrook, J. and Russel, D.W. 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.
Cold-Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2nd edition. New York.
Skirvin, R.M., Pheeters, K.D and Norton, M. 1994. Sources and Frequency of
Somaclonal Variation. Hort Sci 29: 1232-1237.
Soeryowinoto, M. 1996. Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara In Vitro. Yogyakarta :
Kanisius.
Tahardi, J.S. 1988. Improvement of Oil Palm Somatic Embryogenesis by
Periodic Immersion in Liquid Medium. In A. Jatmika et al. (eds.) Proc.
Internat. Oil Palm Conf., Bali, Indonesia.
Thuzar, M., Vanavichit, A., Tragonrung, S. and Jantasuriyarat, C. 2012.
Recloning of Regenerated Plantlets from Elite Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) cv. Tenera. African. Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 82.
Tondok, A.R. 1998. Production and Marketing of Indonesia Palm Oil. Past,
Present and Future. Int. Oil Palm Conf. Nusa Dua. Bali September. 23-25.
34
Universitas Sumatera Utara
35
Toruan-Mathius, N., Bangun, S.I. dan Bintang. 2001. Analisis Abnormalitas
Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Hasil Kultur Jaringan
dengan Teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Menara
Perkebunan. 69: 7.
Wattimena, G.A 1991. Bioteknologi Tanaman, Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan
Tanaman. Pusat Antar Universitas IPB. Bogor.
Wattimena, G.A. dan N.A. Mattjik. 1992. Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara In Vitro.
IPB. Bogor.
William, J.G.K., Kebelik, A.E., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A. and Tingey, V. 1990.
DNA Polymorphism Amplified by Arbitrary Primer are Usefful as Genetic
Marker. Nucleid Acid. Res. 18: 6531-6535.
Williams, E.G. and Maheswara. 1986. Somatic Embryogenesis Factors
Influencing Coordinated Behaviour of Cells as on Embryogenic Group.
Ann. Bot. 57: 443- 462.
Wong, G.S.P. Chong, C.C., Tan and Soh, A.C. 1999. Liquid Suspension Culture.
A Potential Technique For Mas Production of Oil Palm Clone Palm Oil
Research Institute of Malaysia.
Van Harten, A.M., Wong, G., S.P. Chong, C.C, tan, and Soh, A.C. 1998.
Mutation Breeding. Theory and Parctikal Applications. Cambridge Univ.
Press. 1999. Liquid Suspension culture-A potential technique for mass
production of oil palm clones. Palm oil Res. Ins. Of Malaysia. 3-10
Yelnitis dan Komar, T.E. 2010. Upaya Induksi Kalus Embriogenik dari Potongan
Daun Ramin. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2008 ITTO CITES
Project. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam.
Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Kementerian Kehutanan, Indonesia.
Yusnita. 2004. Kultur Jaringan Cara Memperbanyak Tanaman Secara Efisien.
Jakarta. Agromedia Pustaka.
Zimmerman, J.L. 1993. Somatic embryogenesis: A model for early development
in higher plants. Plant Cell. 5:1411-1423.
Zulkarnain. 2009. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Edisi 1. Cetakan ke-1. Bumi Aksara.
Jakart
35
Universitas Sumatera Utara