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define learning as a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and are the result of reinforced practice. Muhibbin Syah 2006:92 states that learning is
stages of change of one’s behavior that relatively permanent as a result of experience and interaction with the environment involving cognitive process. The
changes in behavior cannot be seen directly after the learners have learned a certain subject.
From several definitions of learning which have been exposed above, it can be summarized that learning is a process of getting or acquiring knowledge or
skills through studying, giving experience, and doing instruction which may lead to the development cognitive and behavioral aspects.
2. Theories of Teaching
Learning principally correlates with teaching. Where learning process takes place, there must be teaching process. Both cannot be separated from each
other. These two things are like fire and fog. If there are fogs, there is fire. Brown argues that learning cannot be defined apart from teaching.
“What is learning and what is teaching and how do they interact? Learning is acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study,
experience, or instruction. Similarly, teaching, which is implied in the definition of learning, may be defined as showing or helping someone to
learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand
Brown, 1994:7.”
Penny Ur 1996: 4 states that teaching is intended to result in personal learning for students, and is worthless if it does not do so. From this statement, it
can be seen that teaching is expected to make the students understand and
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comprehend the learning process. Thus, the students can take responsibility to learn. She believes that both teaching and learning are interrelated to each other.
Arends 2001: 56 emphasizes teaching as a process of attempting or promoting growth in students. The intended growth here may be far reaching,
such as developing a completely new conceptual framework for thinking about science or acquiring a new appreciation for literature. Moreover, Anderson and
Burns 1989: 7 in Elliot et al, 1999: 6 state that teaching can be considered as a process, since teaching involves some actions. In teaching, there is an interaction
between the teacher and the students. Interactions can be in term of dialogues, giving attention, monitoring, etc. If the interaction runs well, the teaching process
will run well too. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that teaching is a process
of guiding and facilitating students to learn or to promote growth in the students’
behavior.
3. English Language Teaching
