3. Motivation
In doing their actions, people must have underlying motivation. In general, motivation refers to the reason that underlies a given behavior. Further, according to Beck
24 motivation broadly concerns with the contemporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. The reason why motivation is
assumed to be a choice direction is that motivation becomes a stimulus that gives energy to the behaviors relevant to the situation the individual at the moment. While, motivation
involves the persistence of behavior is aimed to enable the sustained efforts occur even if the obstacles occur. Motivation should apt to goal-directed behavior in order to create
energy that activates the individual to a level that enables the performance of the appropriate behaviors.
Furthermore, Maslow states that motivation is based on human needs. These needs should be fulfilled in order to get satisfaction and to grow up as a mature human being.
Maslow also says, “People seldom gain a state of complete satisfaction except for a short time. As one desire is satisfied, another pops up to take its place.” Aiken 113. Thus,
people always require and desire something and their needs are interrelated, as one need is satisfied then move to gain the next higher needs.
According to Maslow in Psychology: A Concise Introduction as quoted by Pettijohn 216, there are five basic needs. They are physiological needs, safety needs,
belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. The first deals with the physiological needs, which include motives such as hunger, thirst, sex, exercise, and rest. It
means that the physiological needs focus on needs for physical survival. Maslow 216 believes that higher needs in the hierarchy can become stronger when physiological needs
start to be met.
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The second are the safety needs. The motives that may include are security, stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear and anxiety, and need for structure
and order. The dominant forces such as security, protection, and safety affect a person’s life until they can be satisfied. As people grow up, the safety needs are largely met. When
they feel secure and safe, they will develop to the next higher needs. The third are the belongingness and love needs. The motives covered are love and
affection. People have the strong desire of having contact with friends, family, and society when these needs dominate. As human beings, people need to give and receive love. They
can make it through marriage, work, or social activities. If the belongingness and love needs are not satisfied, psychological problems may develop.
The fourth are the esteem needs. The motives include a high evaluation of oneself, self-respect, achievement, and recognition by others. In society, people need to gain
competence to get others’ respect. People will also feel confident and important if they earn recognition, attention, and status. Thus, the lack of satisfying esteem needs causes the
feeling of inferiority and helplessness. The fifth is the self-actualization. After satisfying the physiological needs, safety,
love, and esteem needs, people move to the highest level, self-actualization. This may refer to the identification of the psychological need for growth, development, and the attainment
of the individual’s special potential. This need is also considered the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Self-
actualization is highly individualized because of the difference of people’s capability.
4. Struggle for Life
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