47
After conducting the tryout test, the next step is analyzing the data for validity and reliability. The result of the tryout shows that from 70
items, there are 42 items are valid. The researcher uses 40 valid items to test the students of the experiment and the control class after the treatment.
And the instrument of reading test is reliable; it can be seen in appendix 5, p. 180.
The total of reading test items that are used is 40 items. The complete result of the tryout can be seen in appendix 4 on page 159-180.
E. Technique of Analyzing the Data
The writer uses a descriptive analysis and inferential analysis in this research. The descriptive analysis is used to know the mean, median,
mode, and standard deviation of the score of reading test. Normality and homogeneity test are used before testing the hypothesis. The data are
analyzed using multifactor analysis of variance 2X2. H
o
is rejected if F
o
F
t
. If H
o
is rejected the analysis is continued to know which group is better using Tukey test. The design of multifactor analysis of variance is as
follows:
48
Table 2. Factorial Design 2X2
Teaching Model
Intelligence Reciprocal
Teaching Model A
1
Direct Instructional
model A
2
High B
1
A
1
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
1
Low B
2
A
1
B
2
A
2
B
2
B
2
A
1
A
2
N o t e :
A
1
B
1
: The mean score of reading test of students having high intelligence who are taught by using reciprocal teaching model
A
2
B
1
: The mean score of reading test of students having high intelligence who are taught by using direct instructional model
A
1
B
2
: The mean score of reading test of students having low intelligence who are taught by using reciprocal teaching model
A
2
B
2
: The mean score of reading test of students having low reading who are taught by using direct instructional model
A
1
: The mean score of reading test of experimental class which is taught by using reciprocal teaching model
A
2
: The mean score of reading test of control class which is taught by using direct instructional model
49
B
1
: The mean score of reading test of students having high intelligence
B
2
: The mean score of reading test of students having low intelligence
The data are analyzed using the following ways:
1. The total sum of squares:
N X
X x
t t
t
2 2
2
2. The sum of squares between groups:
N X
n X
n X
n X
n X
x
t b
2 4
2 4
3 2
3 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
3. The sum of squares of within groups:
2 2
2
b t
w
x x
x
4. The between-columns sum of squares:
N X
n X
n X
x
t c
c c
c bc
2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
5. The between rows sum of squares:
N X
n X
n X
x
t r
r r
r br
2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
6. The sum-of-squares of interaction:
2 2
2 int
br bc
b
x x
x x
50
The number of degrees of freedom associated with each source of variation: 1. df for between-columns sum of squares
= C – 1
2. df for between-rows sum of squares = R
– 1
3. df for between-groups sum of squares = G
– 1
4. df for within-columns sum of squares = ∑ n-1
5. df for interaction = C-1 R-1
6. df for total sum of squares = N
– 1 Note:
C = the number of columns
R = the number of row G = the number of group
n = the number of subjects in one group N = the number of subjects in all group
After analyzing the data by ANOVA, the researcher uses Tukey HSD test, HSD is Honestly Significant Different. Tukey test is used to know
which teaching model is more effective or better to teach reading and which group is better.
1. Between columns q =
̅ ̅
√
51
2. Between columns q=
̅ ̅
√
3. Between columns q =
̅ ̅
√
or q =
̅ ̅
√
The statistic test is obtained by dividing the difference between the means by square root of the ratio of the within group variation and the
sample size.
TS: q =
̅ ̅
√
CHAPTER IV THE RES ULT OF S TUDY
