20
happens, they try to find another way or strategy to convey messages. The strategy is called communication strategy.
2.3.1 Definition of Communication Strategies
Work on communication strategies has typically highlighted three functions of strategy use from three different perspectives:
a Psycholinguistic Perspective: Communication strategies are verbal plans
used by speakers to overcome problems in planning and execution stages of reaching a communicative goal; e.g., avoiding trouble spots or
compensating for not knowing a vocabulary item Faerch Kasper, 1984a.
b Interactional Perspective: Communication strategies involve appeals for
help as well as other cooperative problem-solving behaviors which occur after some problem has surfaced during the course of communication, that
is, various types of negotiation of meaning and repair mechanisms Tarone, 1980.
c Communication ContinuityMaintenance Perspective: Communication
strategies are means of keeping the communication channel open in the face of communication difficulties, and playing for time to think and to
make alternative speech plans Dornyei, 1995. Another definition of communication strategies is given by Di Pietro
1994:34, who argues that communication strategies comprise those ploys
21
used by non-natives who are struggling to make themselves understood by the speakers of the target language.
According to Bialystock 1990 there are three characteristics common among the varying definitions and approaches to communication strategies.
The first of these is problematicity problem-orientedness in Faerch and Kasper and the idea that strategies are used only when a speaker perceives
that there is a problem which may interrupt communication. The second is the notion of consciousness, that speakers who employ them are aware to some
extent, in some undefined way of having done so. The third characteristic presupposes consciousness and is intentionality: ‘the assumption that the
speaker has controlled over the strategy that is selected and that the choice is responsive to the perceived problem’. From several definitions that the writer
mentioned above, we know that communication strategies are very important for the speakers since they really help us to face some problems and
difficulties in a communication, so the communication can run effectively.
2.3.2 Categories of Communication Strategies
Kategori