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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Tourism
Tourism becomes an important sector that is able to influence the economic condition of certain countries for recent years. Since this happening, many experts,
practices, and organizations form many definitions for the term and that are relevant to it.
As what was quoted from www.pub.unwto.org, an official website of World Tourist Organization WTO of United Nations UN, in 1995 this world organization
has defined the term of tourism as activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business, and other purposes. In the meantime, Suwantoro 2007, p. 3 suggests tourism as a temporary
travelling process of a person or more to the place outside their living space. This is motivated by variety of necessities such as economical, social, cultural, political,
religious, and health interest or caused by the curiosity to improve the experience or to study.
In addition, as stated by Marpaung 2002, p. 13, tourism is a temporary movement of people in order to get out of their routine works, to get out of their
residence. The activities done during their stay in the destination and the facilities are made to fulfill their needs.
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From those definitions, the writer concludes that tourism is a short trip not more than one whole year done by people to get out from their usual environment
based on some purposes, for example, business, or just to look for the different ambiance by visiting some places for leisure.
B. Cultural Tourism
Cultural tourism is one of numerous types of tourism. Many people are motivated to make tourism by desire to see other region’s culture. This is the simple
definition of cultural tourism. Meanwhile, Pendit 2003, p. 38 states that this kind of tourism is meant to
be a trip done on the will to enlarge people’s point of view by holding a visit or an observation to other places or abroad to learn the situation of citizen, custom, local
tradition and way of life, culture and art. This trip is often like determined by chances to take a part in cultural events such as exposition of arts dance, drama, music, and
sing or activities related to history. Whereas, Johri 2005, p. 25 says that cultural tourism is tourism when
people are motivated to travel in order to see the cultural heritage of their own country or those of foreigner countries, i.e., visit ancient historical monuments, places
of religious interest, museums, art galleries, etc., it is termed as cultural tourism. In line with Damardjati 2001, p. 31, cultural tourism is a movement or a
tourism activity that is excited by tourist attractions in the form of local culture, for
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example: custom and tradition, religious ritual, society way of life, historical inheritance, art, vernacular craft, etc.
Other definition is cited from www.mrsc.org, a website of Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington. It states that according to The National
Trust for Historic Preservation’s NTHP 2011, the definition of cultural heritage tourism is traveling to experience the places and activities that authentically represent
the stories and people of the past and present. It includes irreplaceable historic, cultural and natural resources.
To sum up those definitions, cultural tourism is kinds of tourism where the tourists are interested to come caused by the desire to learn citizen’s tradition, or to
see the cultural heritage at the destination, and even to join in certain cultural events held there.
C. Tourist Attraction
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