Study the text and the explanation.

Activity 3 Study the text and the explanation.

Access to Clean Water:

A Problem for Indonesia

Access to clean water is one of Indonesia's biggest problem. According to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report 2007, published by the National

Development Planning Board, piped water is accessible to 30.8 per cent of households in the country's cities and 9 per cent in its villages. Such fi gures show the limitations of the municipality's water service provider, PDAM.

Thesis

Lack of investment in clean water is one reason PDAM gives for its limited outreach. Based on a government statement, to meet the MDGs target by 2015, Indonesia needs Rp43 trillion (US$4.6 billion) in clean water funding. The government currently provides Rp500 billion.

In order to close the funding gap, the government expects private investment in drinking water infrastructure.

The need for clean water funding is something that cannot be covered by private investment. In Indonesia, most PDAM utilities have small scales of economy and

Arguments

are therefore unattractive to investors.

There is no evidence to suggest private investors will improve the effi ciency and effectiveness of water services, whereas the government has a duty to do so.

Increasing public funding for clean water infrastructure is the most rational approach for Indonesia. This effort should begin with an analysis of the needs of locals. This should be done through a democratic and participatory process.

There are resources and mechanisms the government could employ to increase clean water funding, such as state and local budgets, grants, government bonds and community-public partnership.

Care about t he Environment

In order to use a grant system, the government should improve its proposal management and clearly focus on real needs in order to widen clean water services.

PDAM could use existing funds more effi ciently. if it could reduce leakages from 40 per cent to 20 per cent, it would have more disposable funds to invest

Arguments

in infrastructure. PDAM should use cost recovery principles, as long as costs are not passed on to consumers. Cost recovery principles should also be supported by a proper subsidy mechanism.

Bond investing is a traditional lending instrument for public services. The mechanism needs conditions, such as strong capital structure at local level.

A few of mechanisms in place now do help the poor access clean water at affordable prices. The most

Conclusion

important thing is to make sure the mechanisms run properly and that the needs of people at the local level are met through appropriate funding.

Taken from The Jakarta Post, April 5, 2008

Analytical Exposition

Social function: to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. Generic structure:

Thesis

: introduces a topic and indicates the writer's position; outlines the main arguments to be presented.

Arguments : restates main arguments outlined in a preview; develops and supports each point/argument.

Conclusion : restates the writer's position.

62 Developing English Competencies f or Grade XI of Language Programme

Elaborate on the following main ideas as an analytical Activity 4 exposition text. Work with a partner.

1. Types of Pollution

2. Air Pollution

3. Water Pollution

4. Soil Pollution

Identify the following poster. Then answer the Activity 5 questions.

Source: www.fareham.gov.uk

1. What is the poster about?

2. What is the function of the blue-topped bin?

3. What stuff belongs to cardboard?

4. What should you do to all containers before throwing them away?

5. What is the purpose of the poster?