Bukan Perkara Menangkap ”Ayam” Di Jalanan

C. Bukan Perkara Menangkap ”Ayam” Di Jalanan

Dalam KUHAP, walaupun penyelidik adalah semua aparat kepolisian, namun hanya penyidik dan aparat kepolisian yang diberi perintah penyidik dapat melakukan penangkapan. 35 Urusan penangkapan dalam tubuh kepolisian, dilakukan oleh aparat yang memang memiliki pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang berhubungan dengan penyidikan serta mempunyai kecakapan dan kemampuan untuk melakukan tugas penyidikan, dalam hal ini aparat kepolisian yang dididik sebagai ”reserse”. 36 Hal ini diatur agar tidak terjadi penangkapan sewenang-wenang, kecuali penangkapan saat pelaku kejahatan tertangkap tangan. 37

Tindakan penangkapan yang dilakukan oleh aparat penegak hukum, merupakan tindakan yang hanya diperbolehkan untuk tujuan penegakan hukum itu sendiri. Tindakan penangkapan

33 LIN Online, ”Menkeh dan HAM Tak Setuju Intelijen Punya Wewenang Menangkap” dalam http://www.lin.go.id/news.asp?kode=06303HUKT0002

34 Periksa UU No. 4/2004 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman, Penjelasan Pasal 1; UU No. 16/2004 tentang Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, Konsideran Menimbang, huruf b; UU No.

2/2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Penjelasan Pasal 34 ayat (1); UU No. 18/2003 tentang Advokat, Penjelasan Pasal 5 ayat (1).

yang sewenang-wenang merupakan kejahatan hak asasi manusia, khususnya berkaitan dengan hak semua orang atas keamanan dan kebebasan pribadi (the right to liberty and security of person). 38

Secara singkat, hukum internasional hak asasi manusia, mem- berikan jaminan hak asasi manusia: ”tidak seorang pun dapat di- tangkap dan ditahan secara sewenang-wenang”. Karenanya, di- siplin hukum hak asasi manusia baik hukum internasional dan re- gional, banyak menetapkan instrumen hak asasi manusia berkaitan dengan penangkapan seseorang (lihat antara lain tabel 2).

Hanya petugas penegak hukum yang berkompeten dan yang diberikan otoritas – memiliki code of conduct – yang dapat melakukan

35 Lihat M. Karjadi dan R. Soesilo, Op.cit., hlm. 13. Reserse polisi yang tergabung dalam Badan Reserse dan Kriminal, mempunyai tugas pokok mencari dan menemukan pelaku

kejahatan untuk diproses sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku, termasuk melakukan penangkapan. Lihat juga Situs Polri, ”Bareskrim”, dalam http://www.polri.go.id.serse/ serse1.php. Mengenai sejarah Bareskrim di Indonesia, lihat http://www.polri.go.id. serse/serse.php. Reserse merupakan salah satu unsur kepolisian yang menjalankan fungsi teknis operasional, selain intelijen dan pengamanan, samapta, lalu lintas dan bimbingan masyarakat, dan fungsi teknis yang bersifat administratif. Tugas pokok utama reserse yakni melakukan penyidikan. Namun, memang banyak kritik dan perlunya reformasi dan pembenahan didalam tubuh Bareskrim ini. Lihat antara lain ”Mencari Harapan Tersisa untuk Polisi” Kompas, 6 Maret 2006 , ”Sebuah Momentum untuk Mereformasi Reserse?” Kompas, 8 Januari 2006.

36 Lihat Ibid. 37 Lihat Hukumonline, ”RUU Intelijen Dinilai Bertentangan dengan Prinsip Due Process of

Law” dalam http://www.hukumonline.com/detail.asp?id=11387&cl=Berita 38 Lihat UN doc. GA Resolution 217A(III), 10 December 1948. Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, art. 3 , Lihat juga UN doc. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), 16 December 1966. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49, art. 9. Kovenan ini sudah diratifikasi Indonesia melalui UU No. 12/2005 tentang Pengesahan Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-hak Sipil dan Politik; UN doc. General Assembly Resolution 45/158, 18 December 1990, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, art. 16; UN doc. CCPR. Sixteenth session (1982). General Comment No. 8: Article 9 (Right to liberty and security of persons), paras 1, 2; UN doc. General Assembly resolution 48/104, 20 December 1993. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, art. 3(c); Periksa OHCHR. Fact Sheet No. 26. The Working Group on The Arbitrary Detention.

penangkapan, serta kewenangan yang diberikan mesti dapat dipertanggungjawabkan melalui prosedur hukum. 39 Di Indonesia,

pengadilan negeri, adalah institusi yang diberikan kewenangan untuk memeriksa dan memutus sah atau tidaknya penangkapan yang dilakukan penyelidik dan penyelidik serta memutus ganti kerugian terhadap korban penangkapan yang sewenang-wenang yang telah dilakukan aparat penegak hukum. 40

Tabel 2 Standar Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Berkaitan dengan Tindakan Penangkapan

oleh Aparat Penegak Hukum

Ketentuan

Sumber

UN doc. General Assembly resolution 34/169, 17 December 1979. Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials

The term “law enforcement officials”, includes all officers of the Art. 1 law, whether appointed or elected, who exercise police powers,

(Commentary) especially the powers of arrest or detention. This provision emphasizes that the use of force by law enforcement

Art. 3 officials should be exceptional; while it implies that law enforcement

(Commentary) officials may be authorized to use force as is reasonably necessary under the circumstances for the prevention of crime or in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders, no force going beyond that may be used.

UN doc. General Assembly resolution 43/173, 9 December 1988. Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment

“Arrest” means the act of apprehending a person for the alleged Use of terms (a) commission of an offence or by the action of an authority

39 UN doc. UN doc. GA Resolution 34/169, 17 December 1979.Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, Commentary, art. 1; UN doc. GA Resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988. Body of

Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, Principles 2; 9.

40 UU No. 8/1981 tentang KUHAP, Pasal 77.

Arrest, detention or imprisonment shall only be carried out strictly in accordance with the provisions of the law and by competent officials or persons authorized for that purpose.

The authorities which arrest a person, keep him under detention or Principle 2 investigate the case shall exercise only the powers granted to them under the law and the exercise of these powers shall be subject to recourse to a judicial or other authority

Anyone who is arrested shall be informed at the time of his arrest Principle 9 of the reason for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him

There shall be duly recorded: Principle 10 ( a ) The reasons for the arrest; ( b ) The time of the arrest and the taking of the arrested person to a

place of custody as well as that of his first appearance before a judicial or other authority;

( c ) The identity of the law enforcement officials concerned; ( d ) Precise information concerning the place of custody.

Such records shall be communicated to the detained person, or his Principle 12 (1) counsel, if any, in the form prescribed by law

Any person shall, at the moment of arrest and at the commencement Principle 12(2) of detention or imprisonment, or promptly thereafter, be provided by the authority responsible for his arrest, detention or imprisonment, respectively with information on and an explanation of his rights and how to avail himself of such rights

A person who does not adequately understand or speak the Principle 13 language used by the authorities responsible for his arrest, detention or imprisonment is entitled to receive promptly in a language which

he understands the information referred to in principle 10, principle 11, paragraph 2, principle 12, paragraph 1, and principle 13 and to have the assistance, free of charge, if necessary, of an interpreter in connection with legal proceedings subsequent to his arrest

Promptly after arrest and after each transfer from one place of detention or imprisonment to another, a detained or imprisoned

Principle 14 person shall be entitled to notify or to require the competent authority to notify members of his family or other appropriate persons of his choice of his arrest, detention or imprisonment or of the transfer and of the place where he is kept in custody

If a detained or imprisoned person is a foreigner, he shall also be promptly informed of his right to communicate by appropriate If a detained or imprisoned person is a foreigner, he shall also be promptly informed of his right to communicate by appropriate

If a detained or imprisoned person is a juvenile or is incapable of un- Principle 16 (1) derstanding his entitlement, the competent authority shall on its own initiative undertake the notification referred to in the present princi- ple. Special attention shall be given to notifying parents or guardians

Any notification referred to in the present principle shall be made or Principle 16 (2) permitted to be made without delay. The competent authority may however delay a notification for a reasonable period where exceptional needs of the investigation so require.

A detained person shall be entitled to have the assistance of a legal Principle 16 (3) counsel. He shall be informed of his right by the competent authority promptly after arrest and shall be provided with reasonable facilities for exercising it

If a detained person does not have a legal counsel of his own choice, he Principle 16 (4) shall be entitled to have a legal counsel assigned to him by a judicial or other authority in all cases where the interests of justice so require and without payment by him if he does not have sufficient means to pay

The arrest or detention of such a person pending investigation and Principle 17(1) trial shall be carried out only for the purposes of the administration of justice on grounds and under conditions and procedures specified by law. The imposition of restrictions upon such a person which are not strictly required for the purpose of the detention or to prevent hindrance to the process of investigation or the administration of justice, or for the maintenance of security and good order in the place of detention shall be forbidden

A person detained on a criminal charge shall be brought before a Principle 17(2) judicial or other authority provided by law promptly after his arrest. Such authority shall decide without delay upon the lawfulness and necessity of detention. No person may be kept under detention pending investigation or trial except upon the written order of such an authority. A detained person shall, when brought before such an authority, have the right to make a statement on the treatment received by him while in custody

Sebagai tambahan, instrumen regional hak asasi manusia, seperti Konvensi Eropa untuk Perlindungan Hak Asasi dan Kebebasan Fundamental (1950) juga memuat aturan yang bertujuan untuk mencegah penangkapan sewenang-wenang yang merupakan kejahatan terhadap kebebasan dan keamanan pribadi. 41