the quotation, hedging, interjection and language attitude, dominance, security get nothing in this observation.
4.3.1. Participant Roles and Relationship 29 times : 10.8
Most of the code switching and code mixing that occur in these conversations are influenced by whom they talk to, the bilinguals or the samples have to switch and mix
the languages so that the listeners who can not speak Indonesian know that the speakers say. For example:
Conversation 6
: Agung
: “May I count your money?”
Mr. Kannan : “Yes. Of course.”.
In this example, the first speaker switches his language to English so that the second speaker who come from the abroad and can not speak Indonesian understand
what the first speaker says.
4.3.2. Situational Factors setting, topic, class, gender, religion, age 131 times : 48.7
Situational factors can be the reason why the speakers switch or mix their language. Setting, topic, class, religion, gender, and age can influence the pattern of
language mixing and switching. In this observation, the setting is in the hotel, lobby area, counter, back office and work office. The topic is about the hotel. For example:
Conversation 7:
The operator of Grand Elite Hotel : “It’s a great day at Grand Elite Hotel
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Medan, front desk, How may I assist you?”
In this example, the speaker switches the language as greeting utterance that used in the hotel while answer the incoming call phone.
4.3.3. Message-Intrinsic Factors • Idiom and Deep-Rooted Cultural Wisdom 57 times : 21.2
Most of the code switching and code mixing that occur in these conversations are the familiar words using by the speakers in their community group and some of
words are the terminologies that must be used by the staffs of a hotel. For example:
Conversation 8:
Chandra : “Yang check in kan?? Ini yang check out kan kode
nya 83. Siapa itu 83? Check out kapan dia itu?”
The example explains that phrase “check in” and “check out” is a familiar one and they are very common words or wisdom words for the hotel staffs and it is one
of the terminologies. They have been frequently used by the staffs rather than “masuk” and “keluar”. So, when the speakers mix the language, the listeners
understand about it well.
• Topic-Comment Relative Clauses 27 times : 10
When a speaker knows that someone can speak a language fluently, sometimes, people can start a conversation with a language then comment on it or
end it through another language. For example:
Conversation 2:
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Selvie : “Ester, minta tolong check registration card room 305 dek.
Payment-nya pakai apa itu dek?” Ester
: “Hhmm.. Sebentar ya bu, aku check dulu..
In the example, the first speaker asks the second speaker in English because she knows that the second speaker understand what she means. And the second speaker
answer by mixing the language.
• Reiteration 25 times : 9.3
When a bilingual wants to clarify hisher speech, he tries to find another words that has a same meaning through switch or mix the language and make the listeners
understand it. This case also happens in the conversation, for example:
Conversation 16:
Agung : “Ini, reservation hari ini, arrival today..”
In the example, the speaker says reservation, and next he clarifies his sentence to arrival today. It has same meaning that is the guest-list who will check in today. It
will make the listener easier to understand the meaning.
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Table 4.4 The Reasons of Code Switching and Code Mixing in The Conversations Done by Front Office Staffs of Grand elite Hotel Medan
Datas Utterances
Reasons
1
2
3
4 1, 4, 5, 7
3, 6, 9 10
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10.
1, 2-a, 3, 5 2-b
1, 2, 3, 5
1, 4, 5 2
1, 2, 4, 5
1, 2 1, 2
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Topic-comment relative clauses
Reiteration Situational factors setting : happens in
back office of the hotel
Topic-comment relative clauses Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom
Situational factors setting : happens in back office of the hotel
Topic-comment relative clauses Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom
Situational factors setting : happens in back office of the hotel
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Situational factors setting : happens in
back office of the hotel
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5
6
7
8
9 1, 3, 4, 14
7, 14-ac, 18 16
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18
1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18
1, 3 1,3
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-b, 11 2-a, 8, 9, 10
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
1, 3, 5 4
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Reiteration
Topic-comment relative clauses Situational factors setting : happens in
front desk counter
Participant roles and relationship Situational factors setting : happens in
front desk counter
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Situational factors setting : happens in
operator office
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Reiteration
Topic-comment relative clauses Situational factors setting : happens in
front desk counter
Topic-comment relative clauses Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom
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10
11
12
13 1, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 4, 6 2
1, 2, 3, 4, 6
1, 9, 13 4
16, 17 1, 4, 9, 13, 16, 17
1-b, 4, 12 1-a, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12-b
3, 5, 8, 15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15
1, 2, 3, 5, 6 4
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Situational factors setting : happens in
reservation agent office
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Topic-comment relative clauses
Situational factors setting : happens in front desk counter
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Topic-comment relative clauses
Reiteration Situational factors setting : happens in
reservation agent office
Reiteration Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom
Topic-comment relative clauses Situational factors setting : happens in
reservation agent office
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Reiteration
Situational factors setting : happens in
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14
15
16
17 1, 5, 7
3, 4, 6, 9 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
5, 11, 13, 15 7, 17
19 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19
23 1, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21
3, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23
11 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25,
27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25,
front desk counter
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Topic-comment relative clauses
Situational factors setting : happens in reservation agent office
Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom Reiteration
Topic-comment relative clauses Situational factors setting : happens in
front desk counter
Topic-comment relative clauses Idiom and Deep-rooted cultural wisdom
Reiteration Situational factors setting : happens in
reservation agent office
Reiteration Participant roles and relationship
Situational factors setting : happens in
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27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44 front desk counter
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5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After doing analysis, the writer draws some conclusions about the research. Through this thesis, the writer finds that nowadays code switching and code mixing is
normal to be used. The conversation that is done by the speaker who works in front office of Grand Elite Hotel is the reflection of the way of people speak and use code
switching and code mixing now. This research has three problems of study, they are the types of code switching used by the speakers or the samples, the forms of code mixing
used by the speakers or the samples and the reasons why the speakers or the samples do it. In this research, the speaker or the samples are some front office department staffs of
Grand Elite Hotel Medan. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on the three research problems.
For the type of code switching, inter-sentential switching in their conversation occurs 2 times 25. Then, intra-sentential switching which occurs 3 times 37.5.
And the last type, tag switching occurs 3 times 37.5 too. For the kind of code mixing, word insertion is the most form that speakers or the
samples use in their daily conversations. This form occurs 66 times 37.9. The second is hybrid insertion, it is 53 times 30.5. Phrase insertion occurs 49 times 28.2,
reduplication insertion with 4 times 2.3, and the last is idiom or expression insertion with 2 times 1.1.
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