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2.1.2 Procedures of Translation
In the process of translation, the translator must pay attention the procedures of translation. Procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process.
In translation process, there is a procedure that used by translator to transferring the messages. Newmark 1988 stated that translation procedures are used for sentences
and smaller unit of language. When we study about fourteen procedures of translation by Newmark, but not all of those procedures are relevant for Indonesian translator.
Machali 2009 stated that only five procedures that relevant for translator who is involving Indonesian language as source language SL or target language TL, they
are: transposition, modulation, naturalization, contextual condition, and footnote. Transposition was called shift by Catford. It was a translation procedure which
is involving a grammatical changing from source language to target language. Modulation was a translation procedure to define a variation through a change of
viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of though. There are two kinds of modulation, standard modulation and free modulation. Standard modulations are
recorded in bilingual dictionaries. It used when the word or phrase of source language does not equivalent, like active become passive or general become specific and vice
versa. For example family become keluarga. As we know that in British when talk family, it means father, mother, and brother or sister. It difference with Indonesian,
keluarga is not only father, mother, and brother or sister, but also uncle, aunt, nephew, and others.
While free modulations, are used by translator when the target language TL rejects literal translation and to clarify the meaning. For example: conflicts are bound
to occur
becomes ‘konflikmilitertakurungterjadijuga
urung =
tidakjadi.
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Naturalization is the procedure which succeeds transference and adapts the source language SL word first to the normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology
word form of the target language TL. For example: the word police in English then it naturalize with Indonesian language becomes polisi. Naturalization was like
borrowing. Contextual conditioning was adding information in the context to clarify the
meaning. For example the word mustang, it is like horse. Then need a new word to clarify. The mustang was the fastest in the race becomes kuda mustangituadalah yang
tercepatdalampertandingantersebut. Footnote used when there is no equivalent or term that used to explain in the target language. Translator must give a little explanation,
like the name of traditional food, traditional term, and so on. Like gado-gado, sarung, batik, jarik, kebaya, and others.
2.1.3 Transposition
