Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

He organizes a strike and a huge May Day celebration that leads his to be jailed and at the end of the story, exiled in Siberia. This work of stirring up people impresses his mother, Pelagea. And after some inner conflicts, she finally becomes fully involved in the struggle and undergoes a massive shift in her life.

2.4. Theoretical Framework

This part explains the contribution of each of the theories above in solving the problems as stated in Chapter 1. The theory of character and characterization plus theory of personality are highly significant in helping solve the first problem, namely, how is Pelagea Nilovna’s portrayed by Maxim Gorky in his Mother. The understanding of the theory of Marxism is highly needed since, not only, that the novel itself is categorized the pioneer of Soviet’s socialist realism genre, but also the novel contains the idea of Marxism, namely, the idea of class struggle and class consciousness. The idea of class consciousness is the main topic of this study since it is related to the progress and changes happening to the main character. The story and the context of the writing are not independent of the development of Marxism in Russia and Russian revolutionary ideas in the early twentieth century, therefore, the theories on Marxist perspective on social class and class consciousness is of great importance. By understanding the necessary theories related to Marxist’s ideas and the theory of Marxist literary criticism, I can analyze thoroughly the second problem of this study, namely, Pelagea’s reactions towards Pavel’s cause. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Lastly, the setting of the writing of the novel and the setting in the novel are of importance in helping analyze the second problem given that according to Marxist literary criticism, the socio-economic and political situation and condition of the author reflect the work of the author itself. 32

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the object of the study, the approach being used in the study and the method of conducting the study.

3.1. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a classic Soviet realist novel called Mother, or MATъ [Mat] in Russian language, written by a famous Russian author, Maxim Gorky. The novel was first published in 1906 in Russia and had since been translated to more than 26 languages in 106 editions by 1946 alone, and has since been filmed into some versions. In this study, I use the English translation of the novel entitled Mother, translated from Russian by Margaret Wettlin and published by Foreign Language Publishing House, Moscow. This is an undated version of the novel, yet, after some search in the internet, I found that this English version was published in 1949. It is said that the novel is the single longest and phenomenal work of Maxim Gorky which became the pioneer of Soviet genre of socialist realism. The novel pictures vividly the reality of socio-political condition of the period after 1905 bourgeois revolution which installed feudalism structure of society in Russia. The novel principally tells the story of a mother named Pelagea Nilovna, widow of an ill mannered factory worker, Mikhail Vlassov. She lives with her son,