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present as an element of concurrence, agreement, reinforcement, and strengthening of character and theme. In other words, the setting may create an environment that
is the opposite of what actually occurs in the story. Kenney 41 divides setting into two types. The first is neutral setting,
which refers to nothing but the setting itself and it does not influence the characters and the plot of the story. The second is spiritual setting which has
special characteristics that differ from other settings. According to Kenney, spiritual setting includes “the value embodied in or implied by physical setting”.
This kind of setting is not only a physical setting but also its custom, tradition, faith and value. Therefore in this study the second type of setting is applied
because it includes the custom, tradition that can affect the character.
3. Character and Characterization
Character, according to Abrams 20, means “an imagined person who inhabits a story and it shows a distinctive type of person”. The second meaning is
“all the mental or behavior traits of a person; the sum of psychological traits” English 83. While according to Stanton 17, the term of character may refer to
two meanings. The first meaning of character is the individual who appears in the story. The second meaning of character is the description of attitude, interest,
desires, emotion, and moral principle of individuals. Henkle 88-100 divides the character into two kinds of characters, the
major and the secondary or minor character, in order to distinguish between those of prominence in the novel. The major character not only deserves the fullest
attention in the novel, but also it performs the key structural function in the novel, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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meaning that build the expectation and desires, which in modification shift the values upon the major character. On the other hand, the minor character performs
more limited functions less complex than the major character, and presents what is only one side of the experience. The minor character function is as foils to support
the major character. Van Spruiell and Abend’s Theory of Character states that character
represents “the regularities in one persons behavior as observed by another, a pattern of related activities”. It thus represents “the singularity or uniqueness of a
person, and hence his predictability”. In another sense character represents “a type of person, hence the placement of an individual in a group of supposedly like
individuals”. In both senses, character arises in the mind of the observer. While characterization, according to Baldick 34, is the presentation of
persons in narrative and dramatic works. This may include direct methods like the attribution of qualities in description or commentary, and indirect or dramatic
methods that invite readers to infer qualities from characters’ action, speech or appearance.
Robert and Jacob 56 have four different ways to convey the information about the characters in fiction. First is what the characters themselves say and
think. In this method the author expresses the character traits through what shehe says, whenever shehe speaks, whenever shehe is in conversation with another
character, and whenever shehe gives opinions and ideas. Second is what the character does. Here, the author gives readers an insight into the character through
the action of the character in the story. The third is what other character says about the other character. An author may give readers impression of characters by having
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the eyes and opinion of another. The last is what the author says about them. In using this way the author speaks as a storyteller or an observer. The author
describes the characters directly.
B. Review of England in the 16
