Critical Approaches Setting Review of Related Theories

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter I would like to discuss all theories that will be the basis of analyzing the novel. This chapter covers review of related theories, review on England in the 16 th Century, and theoretical framework.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Critical Approaches

In exploring certain literary works and having a better appreciation to the works, Rohrberger and Woods Jr. 6-15 offer five approaches. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. The formalist approach concentrates on the importance to comprehend the total integrity of the literary object. Esthetic value is the main concern. The critics try to demonstrate the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole by pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine structure. The biographical approach is used when an appreciation of the idea and personality of the author is intended to an understanding the literary work. Therefore, when we are using biographical approach we are expected to learn as much as possible the life of the author and to apply this knowledge to understand the writing. The sociocultural-historical approach insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these 7 8 attitudes and actions as its subject matter. The mythopoeic approach is used to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought, which they believe that they find some expression insignificant works of art. The psychological approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. This approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious area of the human mind, which led to the conclusion that it was this area that was the wellspring of man rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought, behavior, and that the contents of his region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions.

2. Setting

According to Robert and Jacob 191 setting refers to “the natural and artificial scenery or environment in which characters in literature live and move”. In studying the setting of story, according to Robert and Jacobs 191, our first concern should be to discover all the details that conceivably form a part of setting, and then to determine how the author has used these details. Robert and Jacobs propose the six uses of setting: The first concerns setting and credibility, which lead to realism or verisimilitude to make the action credible. The second concerns setting and statement, in which the author makes statements much as a painter uses certain images as ideas in a painting. The third concerns setting and character, which are designed to help to shape readers’ ideas of characters. The fourth concerns setting and organization of which the goal is to move a character from one setting to another. The fifth concerns setting and atmosphere, which are designed to affect the mood of stories. The last concerns setting and irony, which PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 present as an element of concurrence, agreement, reinforcement, and strengthening of character and theme. In other words, the setting may create an environment that is the opposite of what actually occurs in the story. Kenney 41 divides setting into two types. The first is neutral setting, which refers to nothing but the setting itself and it does not influence the characters and the plot of the story. The second is spiritual setting which has special characteristics that differ from other settings. According to Kenney, spiritual setting includes “the value embodied in or implied by physical setting”. This kind of setting is not only a physical setting but also its custom, tradition, faith and value. Therefore in this study the second type of setting is applied because it includes the custom, tradition that can affect the character.

3. Character and Characterization