Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
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destination will be varies according to the kind of destination. For the protected area, carrying capacity was based on the number of tourists, visitor flows and spatial patterns of
concentrationdispersion along the functioning of ecosystems and the quality of experience of visitors Coccossis and Mexa, 2002. The debate on carrying capacity of tourist destinations,
among others related tothe maximum number of people or tourism in any given space at a given time Libosada, 2009. Environmental experts promote the concept of carrying capacity
as the limits of acceptable change LAC qualitative and used as a baseline to determine the size of the correction or environmental protection Libosada, 2009. Setting capacity limits
for sustaining tourism activity in a place involves a vision about local development and decisions about managing tourism Coccossis Mexa 2002. Environmental indicators are
used to indicate the sensitivity of environment and development. Indicators form a set of indicators index that help us to recognize on-going problems and propose corrective actions.
These factors are translated into quantitative or semi-quantitative values which measure the adaptability of environmental, socio-
economic subsystem and tourists’ demand. Nghi et al., 2007.
In 2012, the authors formulate a model instrument to evaluate the willingness of tourists to pay tourism products and services, and compensation for the conservation confronted with a
willingness to accept of the local community. Willingness to accept is the willingness of local communities to prepare the products, services and environmental protection activities with the
compensation given by tourist. This instrument can predict the product, activity, conservation and compensation that tourists backfire and be accepted by local communities. The output
becomes the input to evaluate the critical limit on the life-cycle of tourism destinations.
Tourism destination life cycle developed from Buttler’s model, into a two-dimensional model based on economic-conservation frame. In spite of this instrument was developed for
ecotourism, but can be extended to other resource management with adaptive quantization indicator and economic value. This article discusses methods of instrument development,
analysis methods, and examples of its application in the Bunaken National Park as a marine park
2. Materials and Method
This instrument models are formulated based on the assumptions: 1 sustainable development guaranteed by balancing of economic growth with conservation of resources, 2 activities and
sustainable tourism products is guaranteed by a rapprochement between the tourist willingness to pay WTP with willingness to accept WTA of local community. For the
analysis of ecotourism destination management, the factors that affect and are affected by such social-cultural, political Libosada, 2009; Diesendorf, 2000; Barkauskiene Snieska,
2013, Health related to pollution and waste Koens et al., 2009, are projected into dimension of economic growth and conservation. Community-based ecotourism management likes
CBET develop the local community roles in setting up services and products for tourists Koens et al., 2009; Barkin, 2003. The strength and sustainability of ecotourism is
determined mainly by interaction of tourists with the local community Wunder, 2000; Scheyvens, 1999; Barkin 2003, so it is important to reconcile rating of tourist willingness to
pay on services and tourism products with the willingness to accept of local community on the needs of tourists and the compensation given. Stages of formulation of WTP-WTA instrument
including the analysis, and its projection into two dimension of tourism destination life cycle are as follows:
1. Identification and analysis of existing condition: the utilization of space, activities
and tourism products. Besides for problem analysis, these steps are to analyze the
Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Physics Page 266
development opportunities, as well as to determine the position of destinations in the life cycle of ecotourism management as a foothold macro strategy
2. Identification and analysis of emerging environmental issues and systemic impact,
as well as alternative solutions. Identification and analysis primarily to objects or natural resources that are the hallmark but prone to natural degradation or due to
human activity.
3. Identification and analysis of the utilization of alternative spaces, activities, services
and product diversification that ensures conservation and transfer of pressure from the critical resources. Identification and analysis relates to the carrying capacity of
the object or the main tourist areas, which need to be controlled, while enhancing the tourist attraction support.
4. Formulation of activities and indicators for economic growth while ensuring the
conservation, based on the identification and analysis of items 1, 2, 3. 5.
WTP-WTA drafting instrument with the following format:
Tabel 1. Format of WTP-WTA Drafting Instrument
Respondent: local communitytourist: date:
Activities products
Economic compensation Conservation compensation
weig ht
score weig
ht score
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10
1 2
3 4
5 6 7
8 9
10
Note: score 1: not agree to pay or to accept, score 10: very agree to pay or to accept Weight 1: lowest priority, weight 5 highest priority
WTP and WTA vector data obtained by multiplying the weight and the scores for all activities and all respondents.
6. Mapping of vector WTP and WTA in the field of economic growth - conservation,
with support and control by the government including universities and tourism businesses
7. Analysis of WTP-WTA rapprochement as a guarantee of adherence of choose
activities. Assumptions: activities will be carried out if there is a match between the activities that backfire and willingness to pay by tourists WTP with a willingness
to accept and carry out the activities by the local community WTA. The level of conformity is shown by the degree of collinearity or collinearity index of vector
product WTP.WTA in the economic-conservation coordinate. The maximum
-150 -100
-50 50
100 150
-150 -100
-50 50
100 150
WTP
WTA
Figure 1. WTP and WTA vector in economic growth-conservation coordinate conservation value
economic growth
value government and
tourism business suppot
government and tourism business
suppot
Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Physics Page 267
conformance level maximum probability of activity carried out if the collinearity index = -1 or WTP.WTA = -
│WTP││WTA│. To achieve the condition of WTP- WTA collinear or nearly collinear, needed the role of government, including
universities and tourism businesses to facilitate and control the activities that tourists backfire and accepted by society. The formulation of the role of government and
other institutions as well as tourism businesses, are based on activities and products which choose by tourist and the local community. The role of government, among
others; establish policiesregulations, build supporting infrastructure, directing and controlling the use of space, monitor and supervise waste and environmental impact,
empowering community, socialize the program etc. The role of tourism business include: investments, business partnerships, technical guidance for the community,
promotion and marketing, etc.
8. Simulation of integration of activities WTP-WTA as instrument output in control
planning and destination development, and analysis of accession of resources utilization limit. Figure 2 shows the life cycle of tourism destination according to
Buttler Pangemanan, 2012; Director General of Tourism Destinations, 2015.This destination life cycle corresponds to economic growth or revenues and the utilization
of resources and environmental impacts. Boundary conditions of stagnation visit in Figure-2, corresponding to the limits of economic growth and limit the carrying
capacity of natural resources and the environment. The author to modify the Buttler model of life cycle into two-dimensional time based, that is economic growth versus
resources conservation. This two-dimensional model of destination life cycle analysis may indicate the accession of optimum resources utilization for various
alternative scenarios of WTP-WTA. The limit of optimal utilization of resources is the stagnant economic conditions which associate with the carrying capacity of
destinations.
Ecotourism management should be able to bring the two sides or the dimensions of this management. Life cycle model in economic growth-conservation coordinate was presented in
Figure-3.
Figure 2. Buttler model of tourism destination life cycle Source: DirjenPengembanganDestinasiPariwisata,
KementrianPariwisata
Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Physics Page 268
3. Result and Discussion
