CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.1.1 Effect
The word ‘effect’ is synonym of effectual, efficacious, efficient meaning the capability of producing desired result. When something is deemed effective, it means
it has an intended or expected outcome or produced a deep, vivid impression. According to Allen and Vallette 1991:133, Effect is defined to changes of ability
that the students have being treated by using certain technique of teaching. It is usually in experimental method and it is an approach to education research in which
the relationship between subjects or variable can be determined. The effectiveness of teaching treatment in language is related to the changes
of getting something into our improvement of ability. The ability is the result of learning process which involves teachers with students which is reflected from the
knowledge the students have.
2.1.2 Description of Vocabulary
Vocabulary is the wealth of word which is processed by a certain language. Based on
http:teachingvocabularyonlinevocabulary-comall-languageEnglish , the
word vocabulary means: a.
All the words of a language. b.
The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the command of a particular person or group.
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c. A list of words and often phrases, usually arranged alphabetically and
defined or translated; a lexicon or glossary. d.
A supply of expressive means; a repertoire of communication: vocabulary of movement.
Flower and Michael 1989:5 state that learning vocabulary is very important part of learning English, if you make a grammar mistake, it may be wrong, but very
often people will understand you any way. But if you do not know exact word that you need, it is very frustrating for you and the person you are talking to, good
English means having a big vocabulary. It is dearly stated about that mastering a certain number of vocabulary partly
determines how qualified a language learner is the terms of educational objective and the ability of each students in accepted the vocabulary.
According to Kustaryo 1988:24 vocabulary development is a skill word the effort to improve. Vocabulary proficiently affects not only the students’ reading
skills, but their speaking, listening and writing skills as well. In speaking, the words they choose affect how well they are understood, the impression they make, and how
people react to them. In writing, their vocabulary determines how clearly and accurately they can express their ideas to others. In listening, their vocabulary
influences how much they understand in class lectures, speeches, and class discussion.
From explanation above, it can be concluded that vocabulary is the total number of words toward specific concept possessed by someone.
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2.1.3 Teaching Vocabulary
Vocabulary is number of words of language which is based on native speaker’s experiences because each experience, thing or idea has name which is
called ‘word’. Every language has many words. A language has more than 450.000 words. Therefore, it is impossible that someone will be able to master all words of a
certain language. Teaching vocabulary is seen as incidental to the main language teaching namely the acquisition of grammatical knowledge about the language.
The goals of vocabulary teaching must be more than simply to covering a certain number of word lists. The teacher must look to how teaching technique
numbers can help realize their concept of what it means to know a word. As in all areas of the syllabus, the understanding of the nature what they are teaching should
be reflected in the way about teaching it. Brumpit 1984:15 says that vocabulary has been one area of the syllabus while the link between method and technique has been
developed. Kustari 1988:15 says that teaching vocabulary is guiding students to define
the meaning of words and arrange words in correct sentence. In other words, teaching can defined as guidance to the students to identify the meaning of the target
language and in this case is English. Then, the teaching vocabulary does mean teaching word in isolation. Words should be taught in context because it is often a
word has different meaning depending on the context. Based on the explanation above, it can be said that teaching vocabulary is a
set of work done by a teacher to enable the students to master the total amount of wordsvocabulary presented in the vocabulary test.
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2.1.4 Word Square Method
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