Background of the Study

different approaches including biographical and psychological approach, found that the significance of the characte r Hermione Granger is to ―give picture of the situation happens in society, including the behaviour among the society themselves‖ Sabarno, 2006: 56. This was shown through ―surface representation‖ of Hermione who represents not only Rowling‘s qualities, but also is a balancing character to the Harry Potter and Ron Weasley Sabarno, 2006: 56, and ―depth representation‖ through Rowling‘s use of Hermione‘s character to give the readers her view towards life and her idea of school life Sabarno, 2006: 57. The third is another undergraduate thesis en titled ―Animal Symbolism to Foreshadow Future Events in George R. R. Martin‘s A Game of Thrones” which was written in 2015 by Kristiana Artiningtyas Budi Haryani. In her study, Haryani found that the animal symbols found in A Game of Thrones give hint towards the future events in the story. The first symbol in the novel, ―a dead direwolf with an antler under its jaw‖ hinted towards the death of Eddard of the House Stark which has the sigil of Direwolf, and King Robert of the House Baratheon that has the sigil of a stag Haryani, 2015: 49. The other symbol are a Norman sculpture which shows a stag killed by a wild boar, foreshadowing King Robert‘s death whom was killed by a boar, and another Norman Sculpture that depicted a boar attacking a tree while a lion was watching, suggesting that the Lannister who has a golden lion as their sigil is the one behind his death Haryani, 2015: 50 In accordance to the reviewed studies above, the writer concludes that this undergraduate thesis is different from the first two studies in terms of topic despite having the same object of study which is the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI of Azkaban. Regarding the last study written by Haryani, despite this thesis has the same topic of studying symbols as foreshadowing of future events in a novel, the object of study used is different as Haryani used A Game of Thrones from the series A Song of Ice and Fire written by George R. R. Martin whilst the writer analysed Rowling‘s work Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban of the Harry Potter series and the future event foreshadowed by the symbols is specified in the title as Harry Potter‘s confrontation with his past which was revealed in the conflict of the novel.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the writer has reviewed several theories that are going to be used to solve the problem formulation of this study.

1. Theory of Symbol

Symbol is a major element in literary works. It is an element that signifies something which then brought the hidden meaning behind a literary work. M. H. Abrams simply defined a symbol broadly as ―anything that signifies something‖ 1999: 311, but he further elaborated the terms in relation to discussing literature as follows: In discussing literature, however, the term symbol is applied only to a word or phrase that signifies an object or event which in its turn signifies something, or has a range of reference, beyond itself 1999: 311. A symbol then, in accordance to the definition above, refers to a specific object which signifies a certain meaning, or meanings, which are different than the literal concept of the object. As an example, the event of war as a symbol is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI not to be taken literally as merely a conflict, but a symbol of chaos, failure of leaders to keep order and peace for their people. Furthermore, Abrams classified symbols into conventional or public symbols and personal symbols. Conventional symbols refer to ―symbolic objects of which the further significance is determinate within a part icular culture‖ Abrams, 1999: 311. These symbols are ―conventional‖ because they were not invented by one person, but their meanings were established into place within the culture of a society. Examples of such symbols are sword which in medieval culture of Europe and in the samurai culture of Japan is a symbol for honour and justice, and cross which is the symbol of salvation and victory against evil in the Christian culture. Personal symbols on the other hand, refer to ―symbols that are made by exploiting widely shared associations between an object or event or action and a particular concept‖ Abrams, 1999: 311. Whereas conventional symbols are the result of culture, personal symbol is an invention of a person, an author, and thus, their meaning is def ined in accordance to the author‘s will and may differs to the symbolic meaning established in a certain culture. For example, a sword, as opposed of being a symbol of honour and justice as established in warrior culture of medieval Europe and Japan, symbolizes war, chaos, and bloodshed instead. Arp and Johnson stated that there are several things to consider in defining a symbol. According to them, 1. ―A story must furnish a clue that a detail is to be taken symbolically. The symbol always signals their existence through emphasis, repetition, or