Translation Approach Translation Strategy

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2.3.1 Translation Approach

Translation approach refers to the way translator approaches the translation problems which later lead to the quality of translation product. Baker and Newmark in Silalahi 2012:20 divide translation approach into two points; bottom-up approach and top-down approach. In bottom-up approach, translator starts translating from the lowest linguistic unit word to the sentence, while in top-down approach, translator tries to start from the highest linguistic unit sentence to word. Nord in Silalahi 2012:20 states the five steps in top-down approach into: 1. Text function-in-situation 2. Cultural norms and conventions 3. Linguistic structures 4. Context 5. Translator According to Nord about the top-down approach; firstly, problem thatarisesin translatione.g idiomaticexpression is analyzedin relation toits functionin the textandthe culture of TL.Furthermore, the translatormakesa decisionwhether thetranslationmust be adaptedto thenormsand customs and cultures ofthe TLdomesticating ormaintain the culture ofthe SLinthetranslation productforeignizing. This decisionconcerns thetranslationstrategyin addressing the problems of equivalency and untranslatability. 21 The decision to adjust the equivalence in text makes some limitation for the translator to apply technique and methods of translation in the text. Top-down approach is an approach thatis idealandtheoretically, this approachis more concerned withthe process of transferring the highest linguistic unit; that is text than product Silalahi 2012:22. Newmark also supports the using of the top-down approach as the guidance for the translator to apply into the translation, Newmark in Silalahi 2012:21 says, “The second approach to translating is top to bottom, which every translation teacher recommends and the poor students follow, but perhaps few instinctive translators practice.”

2.3.2 Translation Strategy

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English 2000 defines strategy as a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim while translation is the process of translatingwords Lörscher 2005:599 states that translation strategy is a procedure applied by translator in solving the problems in the process of translation. Therefore, translation strategy starts when the translator is aware of the problems in the process of translation and ended with the problem solving or when she realizes that those kinds of problems cannot be solved at some given time point. or text from one language into another language. Terminologically, translation strategy is a plan of action or policy designed in the process of translating words or text from one language into another language. 22 Supporting the idea of Lörscher, Silalahi 2012:22 states that “Strategi penerjemahan merupakan bagian dari proses penerjemahan ” Translation strategy is also one of the vital parts of the process of translation. She also states that the translation strategy is applied when the process of translation occurs. Furthermore, translation strategy is the step that must be done by translator, in order to solve certain problems in the process of translation. According to Lörscher in his articlePsychological Analysis of Translation Processes explains 1996:27 that translation strategies have their starting-point in the realization of a problem by a subject, and their termination in a possibly preliminary solution to the problem or in the subject’s realization of the insolubility of the problem at the given point in time. Between the realization of a translation problem and the realization of its solution or insolubility, further verbal and or mental activities can occur which can be interpreted as being strategy steps or elements of translation strategies. Lörscher’s model of translation strategies is as follows: Table 1. Lörscher’s Model of Translation Strategies STRATEGY DEFINITION RR Realizing a translational problem VP Verbalizing a translational problem SP Search for a possible preliminary solution to a translational problem SP Solution to a translational problem SP a.b.c… Parts of a solution to a translational 23 problem SP Ø A solution to a translational problem is still to be found Ø SP = Ø Negative Ø solution to a translational problem PSL Problem in the reception of the SLT The first step involves the act of translator realizing a problem while dealing with the process of translation. Then, the translator begins to saying the discovered translational problem out-loud. In the next stage, the translator begins to look for the most primer solution to the problem in question in order to find a suitable answer to that question. Although this solution may not be the final one, it might provide the translator with some basic components to understand the final answer to the problem faced. As Lörscher’s points out, this stage will then lead to one of the five possible endings listed as follows: a. The translator finds the final solution to the translational problem; b. The translator will partly find the final solution to the translational problem; c. The translator has not yet found the final solution to the translational problem; d. The translator could not find the solution to the translational problem; and e. The translator faces a problem in the reception of the SLT.

2.4 TranslationPrinciple