EFEKTIFITAS MENDENGARKAN MUSIK DENGAN TANGGA NADA MAYOR DAN MINOR DALAM MENURUNKAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN
EFEKTIFITAS MENDENGARKAN MUSIK DENGAN TANGGA NADA
MAYOR DAN MINOR DALAM MENURUNKAN TINGKAT
KECEMASAN
Tesis Sarjana S-2
Program Studi Magister Sains Psikologi
Nama Peneliti
: I Made Josiah Abdiel S
NIM
: 201010440211030
MAGISTER SAINS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADYAH MALANG
2013
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan YME karena penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir
berupa thesis ini dengan judul “Efektifitas mendengarkan musik dengan tangga nada mayor
dan minor dalam menurunkan kecemasan”. Dalam penyusunan thesis ini, penulis menemui
banyak hambatan dan kesulitan, namun berkat bantuan dan dukungan oleh banyak pihak
khususnya kedua dosen pembimbing maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini. Pada
kesempatan ini juga penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya
kepada:
1. Bapak Dr. Latipun, M.Kes, Selaku Direktur Pasca Sarjana dan Kaprodi Magister
Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah
2. Bapak Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah sabar dan
setia dalam membimbing dan mengarahkan serta memberikan motivasi kepada penulis
sehingga thesis ini dapat terselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.
3. Ibu Cahyaning Suryaningrum, M.Si., Psi, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah sabar
dan setia dalam membimbing dan mengarahkan serta memberikan motivasi kepada
penulis sehingga thesis ini dapat terselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.
4. Para bapak dan ibu dosen, dimana penulis dibekali dengan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan
selama penulis menempuh pendidikan di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. Para bapak dan ibu staf karyawan TU Fakultas Psikologi Muhammadiyah yang selalu
membantu penulis dalam penyelesaian administrasi di kampus.
6. Para responden penelitian, atas kesediaannya mengikuti pelaksanaan selama penelitian.
7. Seluruh Keluarga khususnya kedua orang tua dan adek Komang, atas segala dukungan
baik doa dan motivasi yang diberikan selama ini.
8. Dhita, terima kasih atas dukungan dan cinta serta kesetiaannya yang tulus selama menanti
penyelesaian thesis ini.
9. Terima kasih kepada seluruh pihak lain yang tidak dapat penulis katakana namanya satu
per satu.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan ini masih belum sempurna, namun besar harapan
penulis kiranya hasil karya penulisan ilmiah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua. Amin
Malang, 2 Februari 2013
I Made Josiah Abdiel S
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL................................................................................i
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................iii
LATAR BELAKANG.............................................................................1
LITERATUR REVIEW
1. Kecemasan.................................................................................5
2. Musik.........................................................................................7
3. Tangga nada..............................................................................10
4. Kerangka pemikiran..................................................................13
5. Hipotesis...................................................................................13
METODE PENELITIAN
1. Desain penelitian......................................................................13
2. Subyek penelitian.....................................................................14
3. Variabel penelitian dan instrument..........................................14
4. Prosedur Intervensi..................................................................15
5. Analisis/uji hipotesis................................................................16
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
1. Deskripsi data.........................................................................16
2. Hasil analisis...........................................................................17
3. Pembahasan ...........................................................................19
4. Implikasi teoritik.....................................................................22
5. Implikasi Praktis.....................................................................22
6. Kesimpulan.............................................................................23
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................24
LAMPIRAN
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 : Karakteristik Subyek Penelitian...............................................16
Tabel 2 : Mean Pre-test dan Post-test Kelompok Penelitian..................17
Tabel 3 : Hasil Analisis t-test Post-test Kelompok Penelitian................18
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 : .............................................................................................17
Gambar 2 : .............................................................................................18
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : Surat Pernyataan Kesediaan Subyek
Lampiran 2 : Skala Kecemasan Hamilton Anxiety Rangking Skill
Lampiran 3 : Data Skoring
Lampiran 4 : Hasil Analisis t-test
Daftar Pustaka
Ali, U., & Hasan, S. (2010). the effectiveness of relaxation therapy in the reduction of anxiety
related symptoms (A Case Study). Journal of Psychological Studies. 2 (2), 202-208.
Arslan, S., Oser, N., & Ozyurt, F. (2007). Effect of music on preoperative anxiety in men
undergoing urogenital surgery. Journal of Advanced Nurcing. 26, 46-54.
Atkinson, R. L. (2006). Pengantar psikologi. Jakarta: Interaksara
Beck, A. T., Laude, R., & Bohnert, M. (1974). Ideational components of anxiety neurosis.
Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 319-325.
Bowling, D. L., Gill, K., Choi, J., Prinz, J., & Purves, D. (2010). Major and minor music
compared to excited and subdued speech. Journal Acoustical Society of America,
127 (1), 491-503.
Burns, D, S. (2001). The effect of the bonny method of guided imagery and music on the
mood and life quality of cancer patiens. Journal of Music Theraphy, 38 (1), 51-65.
Campbell, P. S. (1997). Music, the universal language: fact or fallacy.Journal of Music
Education, 29, 32-39.
Corey, G. 2007. Konseling dan psikoterapi. Bandung: Refika Aditama
Cripe, F. P. (1986). Rock music as therapy for children with Attention Deficit Disorder: An
exploratory study. Journal of Music Theraphy, 23 (1), 30-37.
Curtis, M. E., & Bharucha, J. J. (2010). The minor third communicates sadness in speech,
mirroring its use in music. Emotion, 10 (3), 335-348.
Davis, W. B., & Thaut, M. H. (1989). The influence of preferred relaxing music on
meansures of state anxiety, relaxation, and psychological responses. Journal of Music
Theraphy, 26, 168-187.
Denovan, E. J. & Clark, B. D. (1994). Reliability and validity of the hamilton anxiety rating
scale in an adolescent sample. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry. 33 (3), 354-360).
Denora, T. (1997). Music and erotic agency-sonic resources and social-sexual action. Body
and society, 3 (2), 43-65.
Depkes RI. (2004). Stress dalam hidup kita, pusat pendidikan tenaga kesehatan. Depkes RI:
Jakarta.
Djohan. (2006). Terapi musik: Teori dan aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Galangpress.
Djohan. (2009). Musical ability as a mean of development of social skills. Jurnal Penelitian
dan Evaluasi Pendidikan. 13 (1), 111-129.
Djohan. (2009). Psikologi musik. Yogyakarta: Best Publisher.
Djohan. (2010). Respon emosi musikal. Bandung: Lubuk Agung.
Edwards, J. (2006). Music therapy in the treatment and management of mental disorders.
Journal of Psychological Medicine, 23 (1), 33-35.
Fanany, R. (2009). The musicality of language: An aplication of musical analysis to speech
and writing. Journal of Music and Meaning, 7, 1-11.
Gagner-Tjdllesen, D., Yurkovich, EE., & Gragert, M. (2001). Use of music therapy and other
IINIS in acute care. Journal Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 39 (10),
26-37.
Gerra, G. et al. (1998). Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to techno-music:
Relationships with personality traits and emotional state. Journal of
Psychopsysiology, 28 (1), 99-111.
Gold, C., Voracek, M., & Wigram, T. (2004). Effects of music therapy for children and
adolescents with psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 45, 1054-1063.
Good, M, et al. (2001). Relaxation and music to reduce postsurgical pain. Journal of
Advanced Nursing. 33, 208-215.
Gunarsa, Y. S. (1992). Konseling dan psikoterapi. Jakarta: PT BPK Gunung Mulia.
Hernandez, R. E. (2005). Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and sleep patterns of
abused women in shelters. Journal of Music Therapy, 42 (2), 140–158.
Hevner, K. (1935). The affective character of the major and minor mode in music.
American Journal of Psychology, 47 (1), 103-118.
Hoehn-Saric, R., Hazlett, R. L., & McLeod, D. R. (1993). Generalized anxiety disorder with
early and lateonset of anxietysymptoms. Comprensive Psychiatry, 34 (5), 291-298.
Horne-Thomson. A. & Grocke, D. (2008). The effect of music therapy on anxiety in patients
who are terminally ill. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 11, 582-590.
Hurlock, E. 2003. Psikologi perkembangan: Suatu pendekatan sepanjang rentang kehidupan.
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Huron, D. (2008). A comparison of average pitch height and interval size in major-and
minor-key themes: evidence consistent with affect-related pitch prosody. Empirical
Musicology Review, 3 (2), 59-63.
Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effect of music tempo and
mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities: re-examination of the Mozart effect.
Music Perseption, 20 (20), 151-171.
Iwanaga, M. & Moroki, Y. (1999). Subjective and psycological responses to music stimuli
controlled over actifity and preference. Journal of Music Theraphy, 1, 26-38.
Iwanaga, M. & Tsukamoto, M. (1997). Effect of excitative and sedative music on subjective
and psychological relaxation. Journal Of Perception and Motor Skill, 85, 287-296.
Kate., & Mucci, R. (2002). The healing sound of music. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Kaufmann, W. & Frisina, R. (1992). Preface: The fusion of neuroscience and music. Journal
of Psychomusicology, 11, 76-78.
Kendall, C. P. et al. (2010). Clinical characteristics of anxiety disordered youth. Journal of
Anxiety Disorder, 24, 360-365.
Koger, S. M., Chapin, K., & Brotons, M. (1999). Is music theraphy an effective intervention
for dementia? A meta-analytic review of literature. Journal of Music Theraphy, 36
(1), 2-15.
Krumhansl, C. L. (1997). An exploratory study of musical emotions and Psychophysiology.
Journal of Experiment Psychology, 51 (4), 336-352.
Kushner, M. G., Sher, K. J., & Beitman, B. D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems
and the anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatry. 6, 685-695.
Knight, J. E. W., & Rickard, S. N. (2001). Relaxing music prevens stress-induced increases
in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and
females. Journal of Music Theraphy, 38 (4), 254-272.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotional.
American Psychologist, 46 (8), 819-834.
Lemone, P., & Kren, B. (1996). Medical surgical nursing : Critical thingking in client care,
addison Wesley. California.
Lesiuk, T. (2005). The effect of music listening on work performance. Psychology of music,
33 (2), 174-190.
Meyer, L. B. (1956). Emotion and meaning in music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Merriam, P. A. (1964). The anthropology of music. Northwestern: University Press.
Miltenberger, G. R. (2004). Behavior modification: Principles and procedures. Australia:
Wadsworth.
Mohseni, M. & Ebneshahidi. A. (2008). The effect of patient-selected music on early
postoperative pain, anxiety, and hemodynamic profile in cesarean section surgery.
Journal Of Alternative And Complementary Medicine, 14 (7), 827-831.
Nantais, K. M. & Schellberg, G. (1999). The mozart effect: An artifact of preference.
Psychological Science, 10 (4), 370-373.
Nevid, S. J., Rathus, A. S., & Greene, B. (2005). Psikologi abnormal. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Nilsson, U., Rawal, N., Enqvist, B., & Unosson, M. (2003). Analgesia following music and
therapeutic suggestions in the PACU in ambulatory surgery; a randomized controlled
trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 47, 278-711.
Pinkney, L. (1997) A comparison of the snoezelen environment and a music relaxation group
on the mood and behaviour of patients with senile dementia. Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 60, 209–212.
Potter, P, (2006). Fundamental Keperawatan: Konsep, proses dan praktik. Jakarta: EGC
Pouyamanesh, J. (2011). Comparative study of relaxation and music therapy effects and
combination of these two methods on reduction of anxiety. European Journal of
Scientific Research, 62, 600-604.
Prasetyo, EP. (2005). Peran musik sebagai fasilitas dalam praktek dokter gigi untuk
mengurangi kecemasan pasien. Maj. Ked. Gigi, 38, 41-4.
Prier, E. K. (2006). Ilmu harmoni. Yogyakarta: Pusat Musik Liturgi.
Said, A. (1981). Belajar dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.
Santrock, J. W. (2002). Perkembangan masa hidup. Jakarta: Erlangga
Schoen, M. (1940). The psychology of music. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
Schmidt, L. A. & Trainor, L. J. (2001). Frontal brain electrical activity (EEG) distinguishes
valence and intensity of musical emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 487-500.
Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, B. Eugene., & Zechmeister, S. J. (2007). Metodologi
penelitian psikologi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Sloboda, J. A. (2001). Everyday uses music listening: Music, mind and science. Seoul:
Western Music Research Institute.
Smith, M. (2008). The effects of a single musik relaxation session on state anxiety levels
adults in a workplace environment. Journal of Music Theraphy, 19, 1-23.
Standley, J. (1986). Music research in medical/dental treatment: Meta-analysis and clinical
application. Journal of Music Theraphy, 17, 2-15.
Staum, J. M., & Brotons, M. (2000). The effect of music amplitude on the relaxation
responses. Journal of Music Theraphy, 38 (1), 22-39.
Stuart, W. G. (2006). Buku saku keperawatan jiwa. Jakarta: EGC
Subandi. (2003). Psikoterapi Pendekatan Konvensional dan Kontempor. Yogyakarta:
Pustaka Belajar.
Suhartini. (2011). Music and music intervention for therapeutic purposes in patients with
ventilator support; gamelan music perspective. Journal of Nursing, 1, 129-146.
Sukohardi, A. (1975). Teori musik umum. Yogyakarta: Pusat Musik Liturgi.
Sutarji, T. (2007). Antropologi: Mengungkap keragaman budaya. Bandung: PT Setia Purna
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Vink, A. (2001). Living part together: a relationship between music psychology and music
theraphy. Journal of Music Theraphy, 10 (2), 144-158.
Wetherell, J., Sorell, J., Thorp, S., & Patterson, T. (2005). Psychological interventions for
late-life anxiety: A review and early lessons from the CALM study. Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18(2), 72-82.
Wolfe, D. E. (2002). Musik for relaxation: A comparison of musicians and nonmusicians on
ratings of selected musical recordings. Journal of Music Theraphy, 1, 40-45.
Young, C., & Koopsen, C. (2007). Spiritualitas, kesehatan, dan penyembuhan. Medan: Bina
Medika Perintis.
MAYOR DAN MINOR DALAM MENURUNKAN TINGKAT
KECEMASAN
Tesis Sarjana S-2
Program Studi Magister Sains Psikologi
Nama Peneliti
: I Made Josiah Abdiel S
NIM
: 201010440211030
MAGISTER SAINS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADYAH MALANG
2013
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan YME karena penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir
berupa thesis ini dengan judul “Efektifitas mendengarkan musik dengan tangga nada mayor
dan minor dalam menurunkan kecemasan”. Dalam penyusunan thesis ini, penulis menemui
banyak hambatan dan kesulitan, namun berkat bantuan dan dukungan oleh banyak pihak
khususnya kedua dosen pembimbing maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini. Pada
kesempatan ini juga penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya
kepada:
1. Bapak Dr. Latipun, M.Kes, Selaku Direktur Pasca Sarjana dan Kaprodi Magister
Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah
2. Bapak Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah sabar dan
setia dalam membimbing dan mengarahkan serta memberikan motivasi kepada penulis
sehingga thesis ini dapat terselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.
3. Ibu Cahyaning Suryaningrum, M.Si., Psi, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah sabar
dan setia dalam membimbing dan mengarahkan serta memberikan motivasi kepada
penulis sehingga thesis ini dapat terselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.
4. Para bapak dan ibu dosen, dimana penulis dibekali dengan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan
selama penulis menempuh pendidikan di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. Para bapak dan ibu staf karyawan TU Fakultas Psikologi Muhammadiyah yang selalu
membantu penulis dalam penyelesaian administrasi di kampus.
6. Para responden penelitian, atas kesediaannya mengikuti pelaksanaan selama penelitian.
7. Seluruh Keluarga khususnya kedua orang tua dan adek Komang, atas segala dukungan
baik doa dan motivasi yang diberikan selama ini.
8. Dhita, terima kasih atas dukungan dan cinta serta kesetiaannya yang tulus selama menanti
penyelesaian thesis ini.
9. Terima kasih kepada seluruh pihak lain yang tidak dapat penulis katakana namanya satu
per satu.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan ini masih belum sempurna, namun besar harapan
penulis kiranya hasil karya penulisan ilmiah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua. Amin
Malang, 2 Februari 2013
I Made Josiah Abdiel S
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL................................................................................i
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................iii
LATAR BELAKANG.............................................................................1
LITERATUR REVIEW
1. Kecemasan.................................................................................5
2. Musik.........................................................................................7
3. Tangga nada..............................................................................10
4. Kerangka pemikiran..................................................................13
5. Hipotesis...................................................................................13
METODE PENELITIAN
1. Desain penelitian......................................................................13
2. Subyek penelitian.....................................................................14
3. Variabel penelitian dan instrument..........................................14
4. Prosedur Intervensi..................................................................15
5. Analisis/uji hipotesis................................................................16
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
1. Deskripsi data.........................................................................16
2. Hasil analisis...........................................................................17
3. Pembahasan ...........................................................................19
4. Implikasi teoritik.....................................................................22
5. Implikasi Praktis.....................................................................22
6. Kesimpulan.............................................................................23
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................24
LAMPIRAN
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 : Karakteristik Subyek Penelitian...............................................16
Tabel 2 : Mean Pre-test dan Post-test Kelompok Penelitian..................17
Tabel 3 : Hasil Analisis t-test Post-test Kelompok Penelitian................18
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 : .............................................................................................17
Gambar 2 : .............................................................................................18
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : Surat Pernyataan Kesediaan Subyek
Lampiran 2 : Skala Kecemasan Hamilton Anxiety Rangking Skill
Lampiran 3 : Data Skoring
Lampiran 4 : Hasil Analisis t-test
Daftar Pustaka
Ali, U., & Hasan, S. (2010). the effectiveness of relaxation therapy in the reduction of anxiety
related symptoms (A Case Study). Journal of Psychological Studies. 2 (2), 202-208.
Arslan, S., Oser, N., & Ozyurt, F. (2007). Effect of music on preoperative anxiety in men
undergoing urogenital surgery. Journal of Advanced Nurcing. 26, 46-54.
Atkinson, R. L. (2006). Pengantar psikologi. Jakarta: Interaksara
Beck, A. T., Laude, R., & Bohnert, M. (1974). Ideational components of anxiety neurosis.
Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 319-325.
Bowling, D. L., Gill, K., Choi, J., Prinz, J., & Purves, D. (2010). Major and minor music
compared to excited and subdued speech. Journal Acoustical Society of America,
127 (1), 491-503.
Burns, D, S. (2001). The effect of the bonny method of guided imagery and music on the
mood and life quality of cancer patiens. Journal of Music Theraphy, 38 (1), 51-65.
Campbell, P. S. (1997). Music, the universal language: fact or fallacy.Journal of Music
Education, 29, 32-39.
Corey, G. 2007. Konseling dan psikoterapi. Bandung: Refika Aditama
Cripe, F. P. (1986). Rock music as therapy for children with Attention Deficit Disorder: An
exploratory study. Journal of Music Theraphy, 23 (1), 30-37.
Curtis, M. E., & Bharucha, J. J. (2010). The minor third communicates sadness in speech,
mirroring its use in music. Emotion, 10 (3), 335-348.
Davis, W. B., & Thaut, M. H. (1989). The influence of preferred relaxing music on
meansures of state anxiety, relaxation, and psychological responses. Journal of Music
Theraphy, 26, 168-187.
Denovan, E. J. & Clark, B. D. (1994). Reliability and validity of the hamilton anxiety rating
scale in an adolescent sample. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry. 33 (3), 354-360).
Denora, T. (1997). Music and erotic agency-sonic resources and social-sexual action. Body
and society, 3 (2), 43-65.
Depkes RI. (2004). Stress dalam hidup kita, pusat pendidikan tenaga kesehatan. Depkes RI:
Jakarta.
Djohan. (2006). Terapi musik: Teori dan aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Galangpress.
Djohan. (2009). Musical ability as a mean of development of social skills. Jurnal Penelitian
dan Evaluasi Pendidikan. 13 (1), 111-129.
Djohan. (2009). Psikologi musik. Yogyakarta: Best Publisher.
Djohan. (2010). Respon emosi musikal. Bandung: Lubuk Agung.
Edwards, J. (2006). Music therapy in the treatment and management of mental disorders.
Journal of Psychological Medicine, 23 (1), 33-35.
Fanany, R. (2009). The musicality of language: An aplication of musical analysis to speech
and writing. Journal of Music and Meaning, 7, 1-11.
Gagner-Tjdllesen, D., Yurkovich, EE., & Gragert, M. (2001). Use of music therapy and other
IINIS in acute care. Journal Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 39 (10),
26-37.
Gerra, G. et al. (1998). Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to techno-music:
Relationships with personality traits and emotional state. Journal of
Psychopsysiology, 28 (1), 99-111.
Gold, C., Voracek, M., & Wigram, T. (2004). Effects of music therapy for children and
adolescents with psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 45, 1054-1063.
Good, M, et al. (2001). Relaxation and music to reduce postsurgical pain. Journal of
Advanced Nursing. 33, 208-215.
Gunarsa, Y. S. (1992). Konseling dan psikoterapi. Jakarta: PT BPK Gunung Mulia.
Hernandez, R. E. (2005). Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and sleep patterns of
abused women in shelters. Journal of Music Therapy, 42 (2), 140–158.
Hevner, K. (1935). The affective character of the major and minor mode in music.
American Journal of Psychology, 47 (1), 103-118.
Hoehn-Saric, R., Hazlett, R. L., & McLeod, D. R. (1993). Generalized anxiety disorder with
early and lateonset of anxietysymptoms. Comprensive Psychiatry, 34 (5), 291-298.
Horne-Thomson. A. & Grocke, D. (2008). The effect of music therapy on anxiety in patients
who are terminally ill. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 11, 582-590.
Hurlock, E. 2003. Psikologi perkembangan: Suatu pendekatan sepanjang rentang kehidupan.
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Huron, D. (2008). A comparison of average pitch height and interval size in major-and
minor-key themes: evidence consistent with affect-related pitch prosody. Empirical
Musicology Review, 3 (2), 59-63.
Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effect of music tempo and
mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities: re-examination of the Mozart effect.
Music Perseption, 20 (20), 151-171.
Iwanaga, M. & Moroki, Y. (1999). Subjective and psycological responses to music stimuli
controlled over actifity and preference. Journal of Music Theraphy, 1, 26-38.
Iwanaga, M. & Tsukamoto, M. (1997). Effect of excitative and sedative music on subjective
and psychological relaxation. Journal Of Perception and Motor Skill, 85, 287-296.
Kate., & Mucci, R. (2002). The healing sound of music. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Kaufmann, W. & Frisina, R. (1992). Preface: The fusion of neuroscience and music. Journal
of Psychomusicology, 11, 76-78.
Kendall, C. P. et al. (2010). Clinical characteristics of anxiety disordered youth. Journal of
Anxiety Disorder, 24, 360-365.
Koger, S. M., Chapin, K., & Brotons, M. (1999). Is music theraphy an effective intervention
for dementia? A meta-analytic review of literature. Journal of Music Theraphy, 36
(1), 2-15.
Krumhansl, C. L. (1997). An exploratory study of musical emotions and Psychophysiology.
Journal of Experiment Psychology, 51 (4), 336-352.
Kushner, M. G., Sher, K. J., & Beitman, B. D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems
and the anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatry. 6, 685-695.
Knight, J. E. W., & Rickard, S. N. (2001). Relaxing music prevens stress-induced increases
in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and
females. Journal of Music Theraphy, 38 (4), 254-272.
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