It is called dead metaphor because it gives more stress to the thing which is talked about. That phrase shows a specific part of the clock, which
becomes the central part of the topic.
10. Allusion
Allusion is a reference for some well-known place, event, or person. Not a comparison in the exact sense, but a figure in the sense that it implies
more than its narrow meaning. Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367 For example: “One for all and all for one”
This example of an allusion implies that some people will be together during both happy and sad situations.
2.4 Theories of Meaning
Describing the meaning of words in a poem cannot be done only by consulting a dictionary. Dictionary cannot provide all the information about the
ways in which we build up association with words. We can define the meaning of the word-form accurately when this meaning has to do with some matter of
which we possess scientific knowledge. When we are talking about words, we cannot avoid talking about the study of meaning. The meaning of words is often
complex. It has such components as a picture, an idea, a quality, a relationship, a personal feelings and associations. Leech 1974: 10 has categorized meaning
into six types such as conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic social meaning, reflective meaning, collective meaning and thematic meaning.
a. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning is sometimes called ‘denotative meaning’ or ‘cognitive meaning’. It is widely assumed to be the central factor in verbal
communication and it can be shown to be integral to the essential functioning of language in a way that other types of meaning are not.
Leech 1974: 13 states that the aim of denotative meaning is to provide, for any given interpretation of sentence, a configuration of abstract symbol which
shows exactly what we need to know if we are able to distinguish that meaning from all other possible sentence meanings of the language.
b. Connotative Meaning
According to Leech 1974:14, connotative meaning is the communicative value that an expression has by virtue of what it refers to over and above its
purely conceptual content. Talking about connotative meaning, compared with conceptual meaning, it is relatively unstable, which varies considerably with
culture, historical period and the experience of the individuals themselves. Connotative meaning is indeterminate and open in the same way as our
knowledge and belief about the universe are open ended. Connotative
meaningplays a major role in language of literature, especially in poems. Certain words or sentences convey a connotative meaning because of the use of figurative
language or figures of speech.
c. Stylistic Meaning
