Figurative Language In William Wordsworth`s Poem "She Was A Phantom Of Delight".

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN WILLIAM

WORDSWORTH’S

_POEM

“SHE WAS A PHANTOM

OF DELIGHT”

EndahAgustini

1201305085

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND CULTURE

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to dedicate my sincerest praise to God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for the continuous blessing, and the strength that He designs

for me to the completion of this paper entitled “Figurative Language in William words worth’s poem“ She Was A Phantom Of Delight” . This thesis is composed as a partial fulfillment to obtain the undergraduate degree at the English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University.

In this good opportunity I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. I Wayan Resen,M.A.,M.App,Ling, as my first supervisor and equally to Prof,Dr.Ida Bagus.Putra Yadnya, MA, as my second supervisor for their tireless assistance, heart-stirring supports, insightful ideas and many other countless contributions in the writing of this paper.

I also would like to express my thanks to my love Alejandro, my beloved

sister Rai Arti and to my beloved family in SOS Children’s Villages. I present this

writing to all of them as my gratefulness for all the support, inspiration, and motivation for me.

I will not forget expressing my gratitude to all of my wonderful class

friends’ of ’12 generation of the English Department, Faculty of Letters and

Culture, Udayana University for the togetherness, supports and helps, especially to Ratna, Tanti and Fitri. Thank you so much for the positive atmosphere and I will miss our togetherness in the class.

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Denpasar, 26 February 2016

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v ABSTRACT

The title of this study is Figurative Language in William Wordsworth “She Was a Phantom of Delight”. The discussion is focused on the analysis of

figurative language in poems by William Wordsworth She was a Phantom of Delight. This study is aimed at identifying the types of figurative language found in the poem and determining the meaning represented by the use of figurative language in the poem.

The data was collected through reading intensively and accurately with the focus on figurative language found in poem written down in order to make the identification easier. To analyzing the data, was classified according to type of figure of speech. . The main theory of figurative language is adopted from the book Interpreting Literature by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963-367). In

addition, Leech’s theory covers seven types of meaning used in order to justify the

There are five types of figurative languages found in the poem namely simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and allusion. Among those figurative languages, hyperbole, simile and personification seem to be dominant in the poem. Besides, there are two types of meaning is connotative and conceptual meaning. The style of William Wordsworth works in a way which he expresses his mind in exaggeration at the same time using human characteristic to non-human object, animal, or an abstract idea in order to enrich the literal meaning of the poem. The theme of this poem is the deep memory of the loved one. The poet praises to girl and loves her so much. His love to the girl makes him happy and comes into romantic sense of love in his life.

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ABSTRACT………...iii

TABLE OF CONTENT………... iv

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION……… 1

1.1 Backgroundof Study……….………..1

1.2 Problems of Study………..5

1.3 Aims of Study………..6

1.4 Scope of Discussion……….…6

1.5 Research Method………...6

1.5.1 Data Source………...…………7

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data……….…7

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data……….…8

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK………….………..9

2.1 Review of Literatures………...9

2.2 Concepts………....13

2.2.1 Concept of Figurative Language…….………..13

2.2.2 Concept of Meaning….….………...14

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2.3.1 Theory of figurative language Proposed by

Knickerbocker and Reninger...……...14

2.3.2 Theory of Meaning Proposed by Leech .………...21

CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE AND MEANING FOUND IN THE POEM SHE WAS A PHANTOM OF DELIGHT..……….22

3.1 The Poem………...……….22

3.2 Paraphrase of She Was Phantom of Delight ………...…..24

3.3 The theme of She Was a Phantom Of Delight……...………26

3.4 FigurativeLanguage within the poem………...….28

3.4.1 Simile………...………28

3.4.2.Metaphor………..30

3.4.3Personification……….……….32

3.4.4 Hyperbole………..………..34

3.4.5 Allusion………...……….37

3.5 The Meaning of Figurative Words Employed in the Poem……...…38

3.5.1 Conceptual Meaning...……….38

3.5.2 Connotative Meaning…………...………41

3.6 The implicit Meaning of the Poem in Comparison to the Real Life..45

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS…………..……….49

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

The history of literature is part of the development of civilization. Through literature we are able to uncover new information about historycontinuously. For example, lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the specialty of courts and aristocracy in which the author narrates his emotions and feelings describing the social life of his time in the form of poem. One of the most notable and oldpoems where we can analyze this is the Shijing or Book of Songs.

The poetry can be defined as emotions transformed into thoughts and expressed in words. According to Knickerbockers and Reninger (1963:307),poetry is the hymns of praise, and the essays on the nature of poetry would cram selves of any modest public library and overflow onto the floors, as wellgood talk about poetry is nevertheless rare, and even the best of it will rest lightly on fallow ground until we ourselves have learned how to penetrate the inner life of a few poems. Poem is a medium not only to express the feeling of the poets but also make us enter into these feelings about the things, persons, situation or idea in the poem. Poetry is entertainment, satisfaction, pleasure and enjoyment to the reader.

There are a lot of things that can be discussed in a poem,the writing analysis concentrates only on the analysis of the figurative language used in the poem.

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Figurative language is defined as a certain literary device which is commonly applied by the author to gain strength and freshness of their literary works expression. Figurative language is also called metaphor language or simply metaphor because its

Greek ancestor “metaphoric” means to carry meaning beyond its literary meaning. In this writing, an analysis of figurative language in William Wordsworth’s poem becomes the main concern. This poementitles“She was a Phantom of Delight”. The reason why ithas been chosen to be analyzed is because William Wordsworth’s poem is interesting and unique. Wordsworthdescribes his feelings with romanticism. He was an eminent English poet, born on April 23rd 1770 in Cockermouth, an old market town in the district of Allerdale in the north west ofEngland. Together with the famous poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 - 1834), he would launch the Romantic period and school of thought of English literature with theirLyrical Ballads

first published in 1798. Wordsworth’s masterpiece, however, would be his largely autobiographical poem entitled“The Prelude”(1850), which focused on the formative experiences of his youth. (Wikipedia William Bibliography)

Wordsworth would manage to publish his first sonnet in 1787 in the London-based European Magazine when he was only seventeen years old. Around that time he would also complete his studies at Cambridge, and after that in 1791 he would leave for France because the revolutionary ideology of this country at the time had come to fascinate him. It is at that moment in his life that Wordsworth would fall in love with Annette Vallon, a French woman that would bear his first child whom they

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would name Caroline. However, largely because of tensions between France and England, he would end up moving back to his country of origin the following year. Be that as it may, it is important to note Wordsworth would continue to support them both as much as he could for years to come even though they never actually married. Wordsworth would eventually marry Mary Hutchinson, a friend from childhood, and would have five additional children from that union.(Wikipedia William Bibliography)

In 1778, sadly Wordsworth would lose his mother, when he was just eight years of age, and his father only five years later in 1783. As if that was not enough traumatic experiences for the young Wordsworth, he would also find himself momentarily separated from his sister, Dorothy, to whom he had understandably become much attached. Based on the background above, it can be seen that the love poems of William Wordsworth is the reflection of his real life. The love poem is at the same time about the passions and delights. (Wikipedia William Bibliography)

The analysis of figurative language becomes the main concern in this writing because in the poem, there are many words or expressions whichhave implicit meanings or message that we should study further to know what the poet exactly means. By knowing what kinds of figurative language are used in the poem, it will be easier to understand what the poet means and wants to convey in the poems. This writing explains about the types of figurative language and the message of poems.

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1.2 Problems of Study

The problems of this study are formulated as follow:

1. What types of figurative language are found in William Wordswroth’s poem “She Was a Phantom of Delight”?

2. What are the meanings represented by the use of figurative language in the poem “She Was a Phantom of Delight”?

1.3 Aims of Study

Based on the problem above, the aims of this study are:

1. To identify the types of figurativelanguage in William Wordswroth’s poem. 2. To analyze the types of meaning of the figurative words employed in the

poem“She Was a Phantom of Delight”. 1.4 Scope of Discussion

In analyzing a literary work, especially a poem, the reader should be able to read the poet’s mind and intention. A poem is generally very rich in meaning expressed in a minimal way of expression. The scope of discussion in this present study is limited only to the study of figurative language, so it limits the analysis of figurative language to following aspects:

a. The kinds of figurative language used in the poems according to the theory of figurative language proposed by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963).

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b. The types of meaning of figurative words used in the poems according to the theory semantic by Leech (1974)

1.5 Research Method

The research method is the procedure applied in the research of understanding objects that become the target of subject. It plays an important role in providing the necessary guidance.This research method consists of data source, technique of collecting data and analyzing the data.

1.5.1 Data Source

Data source is the source of information to be used for this research taken from “She Was a Phantom of Delight” poem. Itis considered by many to be the crowning achievement of English romanticism. This study is a qualitative research where all the data was collected directly from the source and given the descriptive analysis and explanation.

1.5.2Method and Technique of Collecting Data

In analyzing the data, the collected data were analyzed descriptively according to the theory of literature being adopted. The steps of collecting data in this writing were follows:

a. The data was collected through reading intensively and accurately with the focus on the figurative languages in the poem.

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b. All of the figurative languages found in the novel were written down in order to make the identification process easier.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

After collecting the data, wouldcontinuewith the method and technique of analyzing the data. I follow this step in analyzing the data.

1. The collected data was classified according to type, whether a simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, irony, paradox, dead metaphor, and allusion.

2. The data was analyzed by describing the way how the meanings and also the concepts form through interrelationship between components of the poem, putting figurative language at the focus.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL,

FRAMEWORK

Review of literature consists of review from previous studies about language, context, and text. Meanwhile, concepts are derived from some theories which are relevant to this study. Then, theoretical framework consists of theory that is adopted to be applied to analyze the data.

2.1 Review of Literatures

Study of literature has become the oldest form of study in language use. Literature has been traditionally understood and broadly concerned with having dual purposes of entertaining and educating its audience. This part of the study presents the reviews of three undergraduate papers and an article about figurative language. (Wikipedia literary)

There are three writings reviewed which are related to the topic of this study: the writing by Larasati (2011) with her reseacrh entitled “Figurative Languages in Nichols’ The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping”. It was focused in analyzing the figurative language that Nichols’ used to convey his emotion to be able to describe the meaning of the poem. The object of her study was a poem entitled “TheFat Black

Woman Goes Shopping”. After analyzing the poem, Larasati found three figures of

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speech that are used to expressthe emotion of the author; they are simile, personification and hyperbole. She found the meaning of figurative word in the poem. They are conceptual meaning and connotative meaning. Then she also uncovered the implicit meaning of the poem.

Prabangkara (2008) with her research entitled “Figurative Language Found in Sir Philip Sydney’s “My True Love Hath My Heart “. Her study was focused on analyzing the figurative language that Sir Philip Sidney used to convey his emotions that support the meaning of the poem. Prabangkara found four figures of speech used by the poet to express his emotion; they were metaphor, personification, synecdoche and metonymy. She found out that the function of figurative language in this poem was to give more explanation about the meaning of the poem in every line in each stanza. She revealed the meaning of the poem by analyzing figurative language, image, symbol and sound. In her writing, Prabangkara analyzed that the meaning of the poem was the reflection of the poet’s mind that was falling in love with a girl. In that poem, Sir Philip Sidney presented nature as the expression of pleasure, bliss and feelings owned by lovers in waiting each other.

The last paper reviewed is “The Analysis of Figurative Language Employed

in William Wordsworth’s “The World is too much With Us.”by Setianingsih (2006). In her study, the discussion was focused on the types of figurativelanguage used in the poem and the message that the poet wants to convey through the use of figurative language. She found seven types of figurative language present in the poem, namely

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hyperbole, personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy, irony and allusion. After analyzing the data, she discovered that the poem “The World Is too Much With Us”

tells about love of nature. Moreover, the message that she got from the poem was that human being should pay attention to nature because it is really important for him.The poem is about people are so consumed by consumerism that they are no longer moved by nature. It means the speaker accusesthe modern age of having lost its connection to nature and to everything meaningful, but there're more in the poem than just a gripe about humanity's inability to say, "Oh my gosh, that is the most beautiful ocean I've ever seen." According to this poem, mankind's alienation from nature is also the sign of a much deeper problem, the loss or destruction of something as important as our hearts.

The studies by Larasati , Prabangkara and Setianingsih explained about figurative language and the meaning of the poems. They reveal what messages the poets want to convey through the poems. The three writers Larasati, Prabangkara and Setianingsih study about the meanings of the poem itmight look similar on the surface but this present study. I analyzed the meaning of figurative words employed in the poem based on the theory proposed by Geoffrey leech. It will make the reader understand more about the poem than analyzing it based only on concept of figurative language in the poem.

The article reviewed in this work was an article “Journal of English Literature” entitled Symbol, Metaphors and Similes in literature: a case of study

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“Animal Farm “by Elaheh Fadae. He reviewed about one of the aims of literary text: To say as much as possible as briefly as possible, it means to tell more in few words to achieve a maximum effectiveness. In this case, figures of speech, specifically symbol, metaphor and simile have an important role, as they include figurative meaning of words besides their literary meaning. Also in this article, symbols, metaphor and similes in George Orwell “ Animal Farm “ were studied to find out the effect of using figurative of speech on the writer’s style and the addressee’s

understanding. For this aim, these three figures of speech were founded in the novel

and their types were determined according to Newmark’s ( 1988b) , Fromilhague’s (1955) and Rokni’s ( 2009) classifications, respectively.

Figures of speech are imaginative tools in both literature and ordinary communications used for explaining speech beyond its usual usage. The language

that uses figures of speech is called “figurative language “and its purpose is to serve

three elements of clarity, forth and beauty in the language” (Tajali , 2003: 100)

2.2 Concepts

There are some concepts which are central to this study so that they are described first for their clear understanding.

2.2.1 Concepts of Figurative Language

Figurative language is when you use a word or phrase that does not have its normal every day, literal meaning. Writers can use figurative language to make

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their work more interesting or more dramatic than literal language which simply states facts. According to Knickerbocker and Reninger(1963:367), figurative language is sometimes called metaphorical language or simply metaphor because its Greek ancestor “ Metepherein” means to carry meaning beyond its literal

meaning ( Meta= beyond+ pherein to bring—i.e., to bring beyond). They propose some kinds of figures, namely: Simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, irony, dead metaphor, allusion, paradox and symbol. 2.2.2 Concept of Meaning

The word of meaning is an idea, concept, image and feelings which are associated in the mind with word. According to Leech (1974:10), the meaning of words are often complex. A word tends to have such components as a picture, an idea, a quality, a relationship, a personal feelings and associations. Meaning has been categorized into six types such as conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic (social) meaning, reflective meaning, collective meaning and thematic meaning.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

There are some theories which are relevant in analyzing figurative language. The main theories used in this writing are theory of figurative language proposed by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) and theory of meaning proposed by Leech (1974). The theory proposed by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963)is used to analyze figurative language, and the theory by Leech is used to analyze about meaning.

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2.3.1 Theories of Figurative Language

There are some types of figurative language:

a. Figurative Language, proposed by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963:367), includes such figures of speech as simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, irony, paradox, dead metaphor and allusion.

In the order listed, we will examine every figure closely:

1. Simile

Simile is a state of comparison of two dissimilar things introduced by ‘like ‘or ‘as’. Simile isa figure of speech in which a comparison is expressed by the specific use of a word or phrase such as: like, as (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 367)

Example: “My love is like red-red rose “

It is called simile because the word ‘like’ in this sentence has the

function to compare ‘love’ with ‘red rose’. The comparison is explicit and it is

a common method to describe how his love is comparable to red rose.

2. Metaphor

Metaphor is an implied comparison, or an expression that is used in new sense, on the basis of similarity between its literal sense and the new thing or

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situation which it is applied, with ‘like’ or ‘as’ omitted (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963:367)

Example: “Life’s but a walking shadow “

In this example, the similarity of ‘life’ and ‘walking shadow’ is not in

terms of shape, but in terms of the meaning of those phrases. It means that life is like a walking shadow; in this case the walking shadow is our shadow which usually follows us wherever we go. This shape will change according to our attitudes in life. This term is almost the same as metaphor in which the comparison between two objects were explained clearly, while in metaphor the comparison was given by complicated explanation even there is ‘like’ or ‘as’

inside, but it makes the reader have to think first.

3. Personification

Personification is metaphor in which a lifeless objects, an animal or abstract idea are made to act like human being and thereby gives animation, vividness and nearness to those things which are normally thought of as impersonal and aloof from human affairs or giving human characteristic to an object, animal, or an abstract idea. This device is almost the same as simile or metaphor, but both simile and metaphor do not necessary involve comparison to or with living human being. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

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The figurative language that is used here means that the little horse have to be thinking, while as we know animal(horse) cannot think as human does.

4. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure showing the use of part for the whole. Synecdoche substitutes some significant detail or aspect of an experience for the experience itself. (Kinickers and Reninger, 1963:367)

For example: “Fifty winters passed him by “

It is called synecdoche because the word ‘winter ‘is used as part of the whole seasons. So this sentence means ‘fifty years passed him by‘.

5. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure describing one thing by using the terms for another thing closely associated with it. Metonymy is characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

For example:“the crown” is used for “the king “

This is an example metonymy which uses the crown to represent the king. As we know that the king wears a crown on his head to give a sense that he was a great and authoritative person in kingdom. In this term, the writer

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uses the crown in order to give a different sense, because using the word’ king’ is too simple. Therefore, the writer uses ‘the crown’ rather than ‘the king ‘in the literarywork.

6. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figurative language which employs an exaggeration that is used for special effect. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

For example: “Go and catch a falling star”

It is called hyperbole because the words‘go and catch a falling star’ in

that sentence is impossible, no one can catch the stars, because as we know,

the star won’t fall down. So, in the sentence above, those words are overstatement.

7. Irony

Irony is a figure which contains a statement in which its real meaning is completely opposed to its professed or surface meaning. (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963:367)

For example: “theCzar is the voices of God and shall live forever” The Czar in the example above refers to the title of the emperor of Russia in the past. The sentence shows an irony because the person who takes the title was a human being. He can die at any time, while in the phrase above

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it contains ‘live forever’. This means that the sentence describes an opposite

of the real meaning.

8. Paradox

Paradox is a statement whose surface, obvious meaning seems to be illogical, even absurd, but which makes good sense upon closer examination. Paradox is related to irony because their surface meaning is never their real meaning and hence both rely on an indirect method, a well-established device in poetry. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

For example: “Lightis the darkest thing in physics”

This sentence shows a nonsensical statement because as we know light refers to a thing able to clear something dark, but in the sentence above, since the light is said to be the darkest thing, it does not make sense. Meanwhile, the writer uses the sentence to give a seemingly confuse, but actually truthful thing or condition. Therefore, in one sentence there is an antonym inside.

9. Dead Metaphor

Dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost its figurative meaning or sense through endless use. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

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It is called dead metaphor because it gives more stress to the thing which is talked about. That phrase shows a specific part of the clock, which becomes the central part of the topic.

10. Allusion

Allusion is a reference for some well-known place, event, or person. Not a comparison in the exact sense, but a figure in the sense that it implies more than its narrow meaning. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

For example:“One for all and all for one”

This example of an allusion implies that some people will be together during both happy and sad situations.

2.4 Theories of Meaning

Describing the meaning of words in a poem cannot be done only by consulting a dictionary. Dictionary cannot provide all the information about the ways in which we build up association with words. We can define the meaning of the word-form accurately when this meaning has to do with some matter of which we possess scientific knowledge. When we are talking about words, we cannot avoid talking about the study of meaning. The meaning of words is often complex. It has such components as a picture, an idea, a quality, a relationship, a personal feelings and associations. Leech (1974: 10) has categorized meaning

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into six types such as conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic (social) meaning, reflective meaning, collective meaning and thematic meaning.

a. Conceptual Meaning

Conceptual meaning is sometimes called ‘denotative meaning’ or ‘cognitive meaning’. It is widely assumed to be the central factor in verbal communication and it can be shown to be integral to the essential functioning of language in a way that other types of meaning are not.

Leech (1974: 13) states that the aim of denotative meaning is to provide, for any given interpretation of sentence, a configuration of abstract symbol which shows exactly what we need to know if we are able to distinguish that meaning from all other possible sentence meanings of the language.

b. Connotative Meaning

According to Leech (1974:14), connotative meaning is the communicative value that an expression has by virtue of what it refers to over and above its purely conceptual content. Talking about connotative meaning, compared with conceptual meaning, it is relatively unstable, which varies considerably with culture, historical period and the experience of the individuals themselves.

Connotative meaning is indeterminate and open in the same way as our knowledge and belief about the universe are open ended. Connotative

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meaningplays a major role in language of literature, especially in poems. Certain words or sentences convey a connotative meaning because of the use of figurative language or figures of speech.

c. Stylistic Meaning

Stylistic meaning is the meaning which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances or its use (Leech, 1974: 16). In part, we decode the social meaning of the text through our recognition of different dimensions and levels of style within the same language. A recent account of English has recognized some main dimensions of stylistic variation. For example:

a. They chucked a stone at the cops and then did a bunk with the loot

b. After casting at the police, they absconded with the money

The first sentence could be said by two criminals, talking casually about the crime afterward; the second sentence might be said by the police inspector in making his report.

d. Affective Meaning

Affective meaning is that sort of meaning which can reflect the personal feelings of the speakers, including his attitude to the listeners, or his attitude to something he is talking about. Affective meaning is often explicitly conveyed through the conceptual or connotative meaning of the words used (Leech, 1974: 16)

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impression of politeness in sentence (1) can be reserved by tone of biting sarcasm; sentence (2) can be turned into a playful remark between intimates if delivered with the intonation of a mild request. Affected meaning is often explicitly conveyed through the conceptual or connotative content of the word used.

e. Reflected Meaning

Reflected meaning involves an interconnection on the lexical level of the language. It is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of word forms part of our response to another sense (Leech, 1974:19). For example, on hearing in church service, the synonymous expressions of The Comforter and The Holy Ghost both refer to the third person of the trinity, but the Comforter sounds warm and comforting, while the Holy Ghost sounds awesome.

f. Collocative Meaning

Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meaning of words, which tends to occur in its environment. For instance, the word handsome sharescommon ground in the meaning of ‘good looking’, so that a handsome man will be interpreted as ‘a man who is good

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looking’. The ranger may well match although they suggest a different kind of

attractiveness because of the collocative associations of the two adjectives (Leech, 1974:20)

g. Thematic Meaning

The last type of meaning is thematic meaning, which is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis. According to Leech (1974:22), it is often felt for example that an active sentence such as (i) below has a different meaning from its passive equivalent (ii), although in conceptual content they tend to be the same.

a. Mrs. Bessie Smith donated the first prize.

b. The first prize was donated by Mrs. Bessie Smith.

The active sentences answer an implicit question “what did

Mrs.BessieSmith donates?” meanwhile the passive sentence answers the implicit question “who donated the first prize” In other words, (i) in contrast

to (ii) suggest that we know who Mrs. Bessie Smith. Two types of meanings or probably more can be found one sentence. With the single exception of conceptual meaning, they are not discrete, and the boundaries between them maybe blurred

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it contains ‘live forever’. This means that the sentence describes an opposite of the real meaning.

8. Paradox

For example: “Lightis the darkest thing in physics”

9. Dead Metaphor

Dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost its figurative meaning or sense through endless use. (Knickerbockers and Reninger, 1963:367)

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It is called dead metaphor because it gives more stress to the thing which is talked about. That phrase shows a specific part of the clock, which becomes the central part of the topic.

10. Allusion

For example:“One for all and all for one”

This example of an allusion implies that some people will be together during both happy and sad situations.

2.4 Theories of Meaning

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into six types such as conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic (social) meaning, reflective meaning, collective meaning and thematic meaning.

a. Conceptual Meaning

b. Connotative Meaning

Connotative meaning is indeterminate and open in the same way as our knowledge and belief about the universe are open ended. Connotative

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meaningplays a major role in language of literature, especially in poems. Certain words or sentences convey a connotative meaning because of the use of figurative language or figures of speech.

c. Stylistic Meaning

a. They chucked a stone at the cops and then did a bunk with the loot b. After casting at the police, they absconded with the money

The first sentence could be said by two criminals, talking casually about the crime afterward; the second sentence might be said by the police inspector in making his report.

d. Affective Meaning

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We might say either (1) “I am terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you could be so kind as to lower your voices a little”, or (2)” will you belt up”. Factors such as intonation and voice timbre are also important here. The impression of politeness in sentence (1) can be reserved by tone of biting sarcasm; sentence (2) can be turned into a playful remark between intimates if delivered with the intonation of a mild request. Affected meaning is often explicitly conveyed through the conceptual or connotative content of the word used.

e. Reflected Meaning

f. Collocative Meaning

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looking’. The ranger may well match although they suggest a different kind of attractiveness because of the collocative associations of the two adjectives (Leech, 1974:20)

g. Thematic Meaning

a. Mrs. Bessie Smith donated the first prize.

b. The first prize was donated by Mrs. Bessie Smith. The active sentences answer an implicit question “what did Mrs.BessieSmith donates?” meanwhile the passive sentence answers the implicit question “who donated the first prize” In other words, (i) in contrast to (ii) suggest that we know who Mrs. Bessie Smith. Two types of meanings or probably more can be found one sentence. With the single exception of conceptual meaning, they are not discrete, and the boundaries between them maybe blurred

Figurative Language In William Wordsworth`s Poem "She Was A Phantom Of Delight".