The Analysis of Conjunction Used in the Articles of Time Magazine.

THE ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS USED IN THE

ARTICLES OF TIME MAGAZINE

A PAPER

BY

NILA TRISNAWATI

REG.NO. 082202058

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

MEDAN

JUNE 2011

It has been proved by Supervisor,

Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum NIP. 19490423197412 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, MA NIP. 19521126198112 1 001

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera as a paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

Accepted by:

The Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma III (D-III) of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on June 20th, 2011

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera

Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP: 19511013197603 1 001

Board of Examiners Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, MA ( Head of ESP) ……… 2. Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum (Supervisor) .……… 3. Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A (Reader) ……….

AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I, Nila Trisnawati, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ………….. Date : 20 June, 2011

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Nila Trisnawati

Title of Paper : The Analysis of Conjunctions Used in the Articles of Time Magazine

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Culture Studies USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ………. Date : 20 June, 2011

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled "The Analysis of conjunctions Used in the Articles of Time Magazine" is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of Time Magazine. This study took six articles as the source of data. The purpose of this study is to know how far the journalists of the magazine used the conjunctions in their writings. In writing this paper, the writer uses the library research that is by collecting books, papers, and thesis related to this paper. The writer also uses descriptive quantitative method to find out what the dominant conjunction used in writing the article in a magazine, in this case is Time magazine published weekly. From the analysis, there are 361 conjunctions found in the six articles. They are 199 coordinating conjunctions or 55.1%, and 162 subordinating conjunctions or 44.9%. Coordinating conjunction “and” is the most dominant type, they are 112 or 31 % and coordinating conjunction “but” are the second dominant type, they are 42 or about 11,6 %. While the least dominant type are coordinating conjunctions both…and, yet, and although, only 1 or about 0,3%. Subordinating conjunction “that” is the dominant type, they are 77 or about 21,3 % and subordinating conjunctions “than” and “as” are the second dominant type, they are 10 or about 2,8 %. While the least types are subordinating conjunctions because, because of, even though, although, even if, as if, as soon as, as a result, thus, and hence, only 1 or about 0,3%.

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Analysis of Conjunction Used in the Articles of Time Magazine” ini membahas tentang penggunaan conjunction dalam kalimat yang terdapat pada majalah Time. Penelitian ini mengambil 6 artikel sebagai bahan penelitiannya. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang sejauh mana para jurnalis dari majalah tersebut menggunakan conjunction dalam tulisan-tulisan yang mereka hasilkan. Dalam mengerjakan kertas karya ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yakni dengan mengumpulkan buku-buku, kertas karya-kertas karya, dan skripsi-skripsi yang terkait dengan kertas karya ini. Penulis juga menggunakan metode descriptive quantitative untuk mengetahui kata sambung apa yang paling banyak digunakan dalam penulisan artikel pada sebuah majalah, dalam hal ini majalah Time yang terbit setiap minggunya. Dari hasil analisa, terdapat 361 kata sambung dari keenam artikel yang di bahas dalam kertas karya ini. Coordinating conjunctions sebanyak 199 atau 55,1 % dan subordinating conjunctions sebanyak 162 atau 44,9 %. Kata sambung “and” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari coordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 112 atau 31 % dan kata sambung “but” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak kedua dari coordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 42 atau 11,6 %. Sedangkan kata sambung both… and, yet, dan although merupakan kata sambung paling sedikit dari coordinating conjunctions yaitu masing-masing sebanyak 1 atau 0,3 %. Kata sambung “that” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari subordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 77 atau 21,3 % dan kata sambung “than and as” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak kedua dari subordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 10 atau 2,8 %. Sedangkan kata sambung because, because of, even though, although, even if, as if, as soon as, as a result, thus, dan hence merupakan kata sambung paling sedikit dari subordinating conjunctions yaitu masing-masing sebanyak 1 atau 0,3 %.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim.

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get Diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.

Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

 My beloved parents, Ayah Totok Santoso and Ibu Sri Rusmiati. Thank you for all your motivations, advices, prays, loves and financial. I present this paper for you.

 My beloved sister, Elsa Listiawati, I really thank for your support and love.

 Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A as the Head of Diploma III English Study Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.

 Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as my supervisor and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A as my reader. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper.

 Dr. Syhron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.

 All lecturers in Diploma III English Study Program for giving me advices and knowledges.

 My best friends: Cicik, Hanim, and Vivi. Thank you for your supports, cares and other things that help me to complete this paper. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. I will be missing the days we spent together.

 All my friends in Class B Diploma III English Study Program/SOLIDAS 2008. Thank you for your supports that help me to complete this paper. I will be missing the days we spent together.

Finally, I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive critics and suggestions towards this paper.

Medan, 20 June, 2011

The writer,

Nila Trisnawati

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study . ... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Sentences ... 5

2.2 Conjunctions ... 6

2.2.1 The Definition of Conjunctions ... 6

2.2.2 The Types of Conjunctions ... 7

2 2.3 The Position of Conjunctions ... 14

2.2.4 The Usage of Conjunctions ... 16

2.3 Previous Study ... 17

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method ... 20

3.2 Data and Data Source ... 20

3.3 Data Collecting Method ... 21

3.4 Data Analysis Method ... 22

4. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 The Data Analysis of Conjunctions Used ... 24

4.2 Findings ... 44

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 54

5.2 Suggestions ... 55 REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled "The Analysis of conjunctions Used in the Articles of Time Magazine" is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of Time Magazine. This study took six articles as the source of data. The purpose of this study is to know how far the journalists of the magazine used the conjunctions in their writings. In writing this paper, the writer uses the library research that is by collecting books, papers, and thesis related to this paper. The writer also uses descriptive quantitative method to find out what the dominant conjunction used in writing the article in a magazine, in this case is Time magazine published weekly. From the analysis, there are 361 conjunctions found in the six articles. They are 199 coordinating conjunctions or 55.1%, and 162 subordinating conjunctions or 44.9%. Coordinating conjunction “and” is the most dominant type, they are 112 or 31 % and coordinating conjunction “but” are the second dominant type, they are 42 or about 11,6 %. While the least dominant type are coordinating conjunctions both…and, yet, and although, only 1 or about 0,3%. Subordinating conjunction “that” is the dominant type, they are 77 or about 21,3 % and subordinating conjunctions “than” and “as” are the second dominant type, they are 10 or about 2,8 %. While the least types are subordinating conjunctions because, because of, even though, although, even if, as if, as soon as, as a result, thus, and hence, only 1 or about 0,3%.

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Analysis of Conjunction Used in the Articles of Time Magazine” ini membahas tentang penggunaan conjunction dalam kalimat yang terdapat pada majalah Time. Penelitian ini mengambil 6 artikel sebagai bahan penelitiannya. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang sejauh mana para jurnalis dari majalah tersebut menggunakan conjunction dalam tulisan-tulisan yang mereka hasilkan. Dalam mengerjakan kertas karya ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yakni dengan mengumpulkan buku-buku, kertas karya-kertas karya, dan skripsi-skripsi yang terkait dengan kertas karya ini. Penulis juga menggunakan metode descriptive quantitative untuk mengetahui kata sambung apa yang paling banyak digunakan dalam penulisan artikel pada sebuah majalah, dalam hal ini majalah Time yang terbit setiap minggunya. Dari hasil analisa, terdapat 361 kata sambung dari keenam artikel yang di bahas dalam kertas karya ini. Coordinating conjunctions sebanyak 199 atau 55,1 % dan subordinating conjunctions sebanyak 162 atau 44,9 %. Kata sambung “and” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari coordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 112 atau 31 % dan kata sambung “but” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak kedua dari coordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 42 atau 11,6 %. Sedangkan kata sambung both… and, yet, dan although merupakan kata sambung paling sedikit dari coordinating conjunctions yaitu masing-masing sebanyak 1 atau 0,3 %. Kata sambung “that” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari subordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 77 atau 21,3 % dan kata sambung “than and as” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak kedua dari subordinating conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 10 atau 2,8 %. Sedangkan kata sambung because, because of, even though, although, even if, as if, as soon as, as a result, thus, dan hence merupakan kata sambung paling sedikit dari subordinating conjunctions yaitu masing-masing sebanyak 1 atau 0,3 %.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is one of the most important things in human being, because it plays a great role in human life for making interaction. By using language someone could make statements, convey facts and knowledge, explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language users. These indicate that by means of language, people can express their ideas, feeling, information, and messages through communication.

Grammar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English. Veit (1986:6) states that grammar is a person’s subconscious language knowledge. To be good in English we have to know the grammar because it is one of the basic elements in English. Some terms that included in grammar are parts of speech. According to Frank (1972:1) traditionally, words can be classified into eight parts of speech such as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

Ehrilch (2004:126) states that conjunctions are words, which join words, phrases, or clauses. It is divided into two types: they are coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction. Conjunction is a universal aspect of language, all languages have conjunction. Without it, every sentence will be short and unrelated to its neighbors and it will take a long time to say everything.

In communication people use conjunction, both in spoken language and written language such as in magazine and newspaper. The function of using conjunction in communication is to tie a word with another word and a clause with another clause. So it will help us to understand the connection of the sentences or the paragraphs. International magazine extends the news from the events all over the world by using English. Thus, people who want to know more information have to learn English. Among so many languages in the world, there is one language which is used more widely by people in the different countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, America, Canada, India, Pakistan, New Zealand, Philippines, and Sri Lanka, that is English. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language).

Time Magazine is one of the English magazines in Indonesia which is published weekly. Time Magazine containes of various articles, such as advertisement, commentary, global business, arts and global adviser. In this magazine, the writer finds out there are a lot of coordinators used, for examples: 1. The Prime Minister said after the vote that he would seek a new, more

democratric constitution if he is re-elected in 2011.

2. The home team lost 64-81, but most Turks celebrated the fact that their side even got to the final.

3. But neither Washington nor Seoul is prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks until they have a sense that they will deliver anything more than bragging rights in Pyongyang that it has forced the U.S. back to the table. 4. Because of its wealth and geography, only China is in a position to generate solar energy on a massive scale.

5. They have ammased that hoard of cash, and are now growing on a average 20% a year, at a time when the economies of Europe, the U.S. and Japan are flat.

From the sentences above, the coordinating conjunctions are “and” to link the ideas in sentence 1 and 5 , “but” to show the contrast ideas in sentence 3, “only” to express opposition or contrast between two statements in sentence 4, “neither…nor” to express a choice between two alternatives in sentence 3. The subordinating conjunctions are “that” as an introductory word to the other sentences in sentence 1,2,3, and 5, “after”, “until”, and “when” to show the time in sentence 1, 3, and 5, “if” to show condition in sentence 1, “even” to show the contrast in sentence 2, “than” to show the comparison in sentence 3, and “because of” to show the cause in sentence 4.

Based on the previous explanation, the writer is interested in analyzing the conjunction used in Time Magazine articles. She took six articles in the Time Magazine, they are three articles that are published in 2nd August 2010 and three articles that are published 27th September 2010 as the data source in this study. Besides that, there are some functions of conjunctions in writing articles, they are relate the ideas in the following text logically to each other and relate the sentences in paragraphs of the articles. So that the readers can understand it and get information easily (http://www.nzenterprise.com/writer/creative.htm).

1.2 Problem of the Study

The problems of the study are:

1. What are the types of conjunctions used in the six articles of Time Magazine published in 2nd August 2010 and 27th September 2010?

2. What are the dominant types of conjunctions used in the six articles of Time Magazine published in 2nd August 2010 and 27th September 2010?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purposes of the study are:

1. To find out the types of conjunctions used in the six articles of Time Magazine published in 2nd August 2010 and 27th September 2010.

2. To find out the dominant types of conjunctions used in the six articles of Time Magazine published in 2nd August 2010 and 27th September.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study is focused on conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions found in the the six articles of Time Magazine published in 2nd August 2010 and 27th September 2010.

1.5 Significance of the Study

There are some significances of the study, they are theoretically to enrich knowledge in analyzing the grammar, especially the conjunctions and practically to be a reference for the next researcher in analyzing the conjunctions.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Sentences

Ehrilch and Murphy in Izzan and Mahfuddin (2008:66) state that sentence is a group of words normally containing a subject and predicate, expressing an assertion, question, command, wish, or exclamation.

Rozakis (2003:116) states that a sentence is a group of words with two main parts: a subject area and a predicate area. Together, the subject and predicate express a complete thought. There are four basic types of sentences in English, they are simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and c ompound-complex sentence.

Compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent joined by a subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, because, before, how, if, in order that, since, so, so that, though, till, unless, when, where, wherever, while, why, and yet.

Examples:

1. The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his house. ( compound sentence) 2. Don’t approach a step nearer, or you will be killed. ( compound sentence) 3. He hopes to serve his country when he returns. ( complex sentence) 4. He worked hard even though he was tired. ( complex sentence)

2.2 Conjunctions

2.2.1 The Defenition of Conjunctions

There are many definitions of conjunctions which are proposed by grammarians, such as Ehrilch and Kardimin.

Ehrilch (2004:126) states that conjunctions are words which join words, phrases, or clauses. In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases, or clauses together.(http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki Grammatical conjunction).

Kardimin (2004:167) states that conjunction is a word which is used to link or join words, phrases, or clauses. In a sentence, most of conjunctions are from another parts of speech, especially from preposition.

Conjunctions must be distinguished from preposition, relative pronouns, adjective clause or adverb that are also connecting words.

Examples:

1. Look the traffic lamp before you cross the street. ( conjunction) 2. I have seen him before. ( adverb)

3. We left before the end. ( preposition)

4. This is a book that my sister bought. ( relative pronoun)

5. The man that answered the phone was polite. ( adjective clause )

2.2.2 The Types of Conjunctions

Ehrilch (2004:126) states that there are two types of conjunction, they are coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions

Ehrilch (2004:126) states that coordinating conjunctions are words, which join words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. The general coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. In English the acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember it easily. But, sometimes so and yet are used in subordinating conjunctions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_ conjunc- tion).

Izzan and Mahfuddin (2008:90) states that coordinating conjunctions are divided into four types, they are:

1. Cumulative

Cumulative, conjunctions merely add one statement to another. They are: and, as well as, no less than, not only… but also, and both… and.

Examples:

1. You receive a book and I receive a pen. 2. He as well as his brothers is good. 3. I study both English and Chinese.

4. My son no less than my daughter is clever at school. 5. Boby was not only a beloved father but also a good leader.

2. Alternative

Alternative, conjunctions which present a choise between two alternatives. They are: or, either…or, neither…nor, otherwise, and else.

Examples:

1. You must be diligent otherwise you will fail. 2. They work hard every day else they will be poor. 3. I will either go for a walk or read a book.

4. He was neither mad nor innocent.

5. You want to go now or wait him here . 3. Adversative

Adversative, conjunctions express contrast between two statements. They are: but, although, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas. Examples:

1. He is poor but honest.

2. Although he is rich , he is not stingy. 3. He studied hard, however he failed.

4. It is a long way to the beach, still it is a fine day to go swimming. 5. Echa is a vegetarian, yet she eats chicken.

6. The orange is sweet, while the mango is sour. 7. They are proud, nevertheless I like them.

4. Illative

Illative conjunctions express something inferred from another statement or fact. They are: therefore, so, then, so that, and for.

Examples:

1. I study English so that I can get along with other people in the world. 2. I borrow your new book then I lend you my book.

3. Today is Sunday therefore the students don’t go to school. 4. The students failed, for he was very ill this year.

5. The books were cheap, so I bought all of them. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions

Ehrlich (2004:126) also states that subordinating conjunctions are connecting unequal clauses. The general subordinating conjunctions are after, although, as, as if, as long as, because, before, how, if, in order that, since, so, so that, though, till, unless, when, where, wherever, while, why, and yet.

Izzan and Mahfuddin (2008:91) states that subordinating conjunctions connect the independent clause and the dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Grammatical_ conjunction).

Subordinating conjunctions are words that introduce dependent or subordinate clauses including noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses (http:// www.interlinepublishing.com/chapter_9.htm).

Subordinating conjunctions perform the grammatical function of subordinator. The following italicized conjunctions are examples of subordinating conjunctions:

1. I don’t know whose car that is. (noun clause)

2. The boy who ate the last cookie is my son. (adjective clause) 3. Please wash your hands after you pet the cat. (adverb clause)

There are ten types of subordinating conjunctions based on the purpose, they are:

1. Apposition

The conjunction is that. Examples:

1. He made a promise that he would return soon. 2. I know that she is your sister.

2. Cause

The conjunction are because, as, since, for , and because of. Examples:

1. He is weak because he is ill.

2. He is famous because of his generosity. 3. They live on the street as they are homeless.

4. Since he came late to attend the class, his teacher punished him. 5. He gets the punishment, for he came late.

3. Comparison

The conjunctions are than, more… than, and as…as Examples:

1. The sea is deeper than the mountain’s height. 2. The house more expensive than the car. 3. I as beautiful as my mother.

4. Contrast

The conjunctions are although, even though, though, however, nevertheless, yet, still, but, whereas, despite, and in spite of.

Examples:

1. We went on a picnic in spite of the cool weather. 2. He worked hard even though he was tired. 3. However hot the sun is, we must go.

4. Although he never likes her, he doesn’t show it. 5. I know it’s hard but I’ll never stop trying. 6. His clothes is not expensive yet it’s clean. 7. We enjoyed our holiday despite the rain

8. There was little hope of success, nevertheless they decided to perform the operation.

9. He is very wealthy, still very unhappy.

5. Condition

The conjunctions are if, unless, whether…or, even if, in case, and otherwise. Examples:

1.I’m going out even if it rains. 2. Take a sweater in case it gets cold.

3. I will go to London if I have lot of money. 4. Unless you say the truth, I’ll hate you.

5. You must go far away from here, otherwise he’ll find you. 6. I wear a raincoat whether it is raining or snowing.

6. Purpose

The conjunctions are so that, in order that, and in order to Examples:

1. He comes early so that he isn’t late.

2. They practiced hard in order that they could win the game. 3. I am here in order to meet you.

7. Place

The conjunctions are wherever and where Examples:

1. You may go wherever you like. 2. I searched where I was asked to.

8. Time

The conjunctions are after, before, when, while, since, until, as, and as soon as. Examples:

1. We went after you left.

2. While it was snowing, we played cards.

3. The boy was sleeping when his parents got home. 4. Before you told me, I had known it.

5. Wait here until I return.

6. She called on her neighbor as the clock strucks six. 7. I will go as soon as he comes.

8. I have been here since the sun rose. 9. Result

The conjunctions are that, consequently, therefore, thus, as a result, and hence. Examples:

1. He ran fast that he made himself tired..

2. You have disregarded my advice, therefore I will not help you again. 3. We must meet the deadline, hence a decision is needed now.

4. The road was wet and slippery, consequently there were many accidents. 5. There was little traffic, thus it took us only ten minutes to get there.

6. As a result, the surface temperature of the globe is around 85 ºC warmer than it would be if there were no atmosphere.

10. Manner

The conjunctions are as if and as though. Examples:

1. She looks as if she had seen a ghost. 2. I felt as though I had been hit by a car. 2.2.3 The Position of Conjunctions

In general, all of conjunctions occur between the sentences patterns, but it may occur at the beginning of the sententences and in the middle of the sentences.

Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions are:

1. When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.

Examples:

1. I like [tea] and [coffee]. (words)

2. She is [at the beach] or [ in the montain]. (phrases)

3. I don’t know [what you say] and [what you do]. (subordinate clauses) 2. A coordinating conjunction joins three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.

Examples:

1. He drinks milk, tea, and coffee. (words)

2. She is [in the market], [at the shop], or [in the office]. (phrases)

3. I don’t understand , [what you think], [what you say], and [what you do]. (subordinate clauses)

3. A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates

compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction Examples:

1. I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.

2. Mary went to the picnic, but Alice stayed home.

3. We can go to the movies, or we can watch the television.

4. However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential.

Examples:

1. She is kind so she helps people. 2. It is small but aggressive dog. 3. I did not see it nor did they.

Punctuation with subordinating conjunctions are:

1. When a subordinating conjunction is between the independent and dependent clause or the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause is placed second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.

Examples:

1. Ram went swimming although it was raining. 2. He is an honest man though he is poor.

2. When a subordinating is in the beginning of the sentence or the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses. Examples:

1. While I was having my lunch, a friend dropped by my table. 2. Wherever I go in New York, I meet old friends.

3. Although nothing appeared to be wrong wiyh the car, it would not start. 2.2.4 The Usage of Conjunctions

In general the conjunction acts as a “connector”, linking words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses (Ehrilch, 2004:126).

Examples:

1. [You] and [I], [She] or [he]. ( coordinating conjunctions connect words) 2. The chair in [the living room] and [the one in [the bedroom]; [the red car] or [the blue car]. ( coordinating conjunctions connect phrases)

3. [She has been nominated], but [I hope she will withdraw]. (coordinating conjunctions connect clauses)

Subordinating conjunctions are use to join a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause. Subordinating conjunctions perform the grammatical function of subordinator.

Examples:

1. Because it snowed all night, school was closed the following day. 2. I will go abroad if I get a good job.

3. Although he is ill, he is always cheerful. 2.3 Previous Study

Conjunctions have been discussed by students of English Study Program D3 and English Department of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera. They are Sefriana (2009) and Dewi (2008).

Sefriana (2009) in her paper entitled A Brief Description of Conjunctions in Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper . In writing her paper, she uses library research method and gets information from internet to support the description of conjunctions. In this case, the writer takes some business articles from The Jakarta post Newspaper as the source of data. And the data are containing some sentences of conjuctions. There are ten business articles which are chosen randomly. There are certain process of analysis in the completion of this paper such as reading, collecting, identifying, classifying, and analyzing articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper. She just focused on the usage of and, or, but, because, before, after conjunctions in ten business articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper that are

published in 9th June 2008, 29th January 2009, 30th January 2009, 11th February 2009 and 21st February 2009. The result of reseach are conjunction “and” is the most dominant conjunction used 68,2 %, “or” 6,6 %, “but” 12 %, “because” 5,5 %, “after” 5,5 %, and the least dominant conjunction used is “before” 2,2 %.

Dewi (2008) in her thesis entitled An Analysis of Conjunctions in the Jakarta Post Editorials. In writing her thesis, she uses the library research, that is, by reading and studying some books and also research findings concerned with the topic of the problem. She applies stratified sampling method and the sources of her thesis are six editorials that are published in 14th November 2007, 16th November 2007, 20th November 2007, and 22nd November 2007 in the Jakarta Post editorials. She also apply descriptive quantitative method to analyze them to determine the dominant type of conjunction used in The Jakarta Post editorials. She identifies and then categorizes conjunctions based types in order to determine the dominant type of conjunction used in those articles. The result of reseach there are 222 conjunction found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are 130 coordinating conjunctions or about 58,6% and 92 subordinating conjunctions or about 41,4%. Coordinating conjunction “and” is the most dominant type, they are 93 or 41,9% and coordinating conjunction “or” are the second dominant type, they are 15 or about 6,5%. While the least dominant type are coordinating conjunctions “not only…but also”, “not only…but”, “yet”, and “however” only 1 or about 0,5%. Subordinating conjunction “that” is the dominant type, they are 39 or about 17,6% and subordinating conjunctions “because” are the second dominant type, they are 11 or about 4,9%. While the least types are subordinating conjunctions “until”,

“although”, “even though”, “so that”, “unless”, “whether…or (whether)”, only 1 or about 0,5%.

The writer chooses the conjunctions as her object of the paper because she is inspired from Sefriana (2009) in her paper entitled A Brief Description of Conjunctions in Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper and Dewi (2008) in her thesis entitled An Analysis of Conjunctions in the Jakarta Post Editorials. Whereas she analyzed the conjunctions found in the articles of Time Magazine as the data source. As well as Sepriana and Dewi, the writer has some purposes of this paper are to show the types and the most dominant type conjunctions of data source and she also uses same method in analizing the data.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

In writing this paper, the writer uses library research. Roth (1986, http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/education/2052189-studi-kepustakaan/) states that library research is all the work done by researchers to gather information relevant to the topic or problem to be or is being investigated. That information can be obtained from scientific books, research reports, scientific articles, thesis and dissertations, regulations, yearbook, encyclopedia, and written resources both printed and other electronics. The library is a great place to get materials and information relevant to be collected, read and reviewed, recorded and used.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data is sentences used conjunctions found in the six articles of Time Magazine. They are three articles that are published in 2nd August 2010 and three articles that are published in 27th September 2010. There are 361 conjunctions found in the six articles of Time Magazine as the source of data.

The list of the data source can be seen in the table below. Table 1

NO TITLES DATE SOURCE

1. With stocks, it’s not the econnomy

2nd August 2010 Time Magazine 2. Seeing the light 2nd August 2010 Time Magazine 3. The light idea 2nd August 2010 Time Magazine 4. Wining was the easy part 27th September

2010

Time Magazine 5. Seeing double 27th September

2010

Time Magazine 6. Have web, will travel 27th September

2010

Time Magazine

3.3 Data Collecting Method

Data collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results

(http://scienceray.com/technology/information/basic-data-collection-methods/#ixzz1PRACYzuc).

There are five basic types of collection data, they are: 1. Registration

Registration is a data collection method mainly used to gather information about a certain group or demographic population.

2. Questionaires

This type of data collection method is one of the inexpensive ways to gain information. Most of the information gathered is from co-operative and highly literate people such as college graduates or people in professional fields.

3. Interviews

Interviews are more expensive than questionnaires as a method of data collection because of the labor involved.

4. Direct Observation

This type of data collection method is the most accurate way of gathering information, and can be the most cost effective over a long time frame. It uses eyes without help of another standard tool for the necessary.

5. Reporting

Reporting is a direct opposite to the interview and questionnaire where the study group is required to provide information without being asked specific questions.

In this paper, the writer used observation method in data collecting method with written technique.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data, the writer used descriptive quantitative method. Hadjar (1996:32) states that quantitative approach presents the results in description of number. In the social sciences, quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. Quantitative methods are research techniques that are used to gather quantitative data — information dealing with numbers and anything that is

measurable. Statistics, tables and graphs, are often used to present the results of these methods (http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research).

She chose the six articles of Time Magazine published in 2nd August 2010 and 27th September 2010 by random sampling. Easton & McColl's (1997,http://www.scribd.com/doc/54523865/35Sampling) state that random sampling is the basic sampling technique where the researchers select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Every possible sample of a given size has the same chance of selection.

The steps or procedure in analizing the data are reading the six articles of Time Magazine, identifying the sentences contain conjunctions, classifying the conjunctions, analyzing the data by counting the dominant conjunctions and the frequency of each variable of conjunctions into percentages of their usage in the articles. To get the percentage the writer applies the Junaidi and Suwono’s formula (2004:40).

The formula:

X = frequency of conjunctions

Y = number of conjunctions obtained based on their types N = total of conjunctions

X = x 100 % Y N

4. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 The Data Analysis of Conjunctions Used

Since the data in this study is looking, the data as the sample is taken randomly. Below are the samples of the conjunctions used taken from the six articles of Time Magazine.

1. Title: With stocks, it’s not the economy.

The conjunctions used in the article are coordinating conjunctions: cumulative (and), alternative (or), adversative (but), illative (so) and subordinating conjunctions: apposition (that), cause (because), comparison (than), contrast (though), condition (if and even if), manner (as if), place (where), time (when, since, until, and as), and result (as a result and hence).

Coordinating Conjunctions a. Cumulative

Cumulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another. There are 26 conjunctions and in the article.

Examples:

1. …, European on austerity budgets and consumer sentiment best characterized as surely,… a.1, p.18, l.21

2. It’s a good story and a logical one. a.1, p.18, l.25

3. They are small slices of ownership in specific companies, and today, those companies have less connection…… a.1, p.18, l.31

b. Alternative

Alternative is coordinating conjunctions used to show a choise between two alternatives. There are 7 conjunctions or in the article.

Examples:

1. … the European Union or China, … a.1, p.18, l.36

2. …the economy sours or sour when the economy soars … a.1, p.18, l.42 3. …Intel derive two-thirds or more of their sales beyond the U.S. a.1, p.18, l.66

c. Adversative

Adversative is coordinating conjunction used to express contrast between two statements. There are 8 conjunctions but in the article.

Examples:

1. … in the U.S. to create a toxic but fertile mix… a.1, p.18. l.12 2. But it distors reality. a.1, p.18. l.25

3.… but the underlying strength of the companies they represent…a.1, p.18. l.37 d. Illative

Illative is coordinating conjunction used to express something inferred from another statement or fact. There are 2 conjunctions so in the article.

Examples:

1. For many years, American companies did most of their business in the U.S., so their results could be expected to parallel the larger economy.

a.1, p.18, l.55

2. …, so go companies and their stocks. a.1, p.18, l.122 Subordinating Conjunctions

a. Apposition

Apposition is subordinating conjunction used to introduce word to the other sentences. There are 16 conjunctions that in the article.

Examples:

1. Ominous voices began to warn that the weakness of stocks was a direct response to the stalling… a.1, p.18, l.6

2. … an economic recovery that has lasted barely a year. a.1, p.18, l8 3… that allowed concern to blossom into full-bloom fear. a.1, p.18, l.12

b. Cause

Cause is subordinating conjunction used to show the cause. There is 1 conjunction because in the article.

Example:

1. … stocks are weak because global economic activity is sagging. a.1, p.18, l.15

c. Comparison

Comparison is subordinating conjunction used to show the comparison. There are 3 conjunctions than in the article.

Examples:

1. …, those companies have less connetion to any one national economy than ever before. a.1, p.18, l.33

2. … most CEO are older than 50 and once operated in a world where what was good for GM was indeed good for America. a.1, p.18, l.77

3.…, it will be harder than ever to escape the fact… a.1, p.18, l.116 d. Contrast

Contrast is subordinating conjunction used to the contrast. There is 1 conjunction though in the article.

Example:

1. This is known within companies, though CEOs are often suspectible to the false story… a.1, p.18, l.75

e. Condition

Condition is subordinating conjunction used to show the condition. There are 3 conjunctions if and 1 conjunction even if in the article.

Examples:

1. … if you remove geography-bound utilities and railroads, regional banks, and a fair number of retailers, the percentage is higher. a.1, p.18, l61

2. That may be exhilarating ( if you’re an investor )… a.1, p.18, l.119 3. That means that even if the U.S. economy is a total wash, they can access other markets to maintain their growth. a.1, p.18, l.68

f. Place

Place is subordinating conjunction used to show the place. There is 1 conjunction where in the article.

Example:

1. …operated in a world where what was good for GM was indeed good for America. a.1, p.18, l.78

g. Time

Time is subordinating conjunction used to show the time. There are 3 conjunctions when, 1 conjunction since, 1 conjunction until, and 5 conjunctions as in the article.

Examples:

1. …at a time when the economies of Europe, the U.S. and Japan are flat. a.1, p.18, l.103

2. But since the turn of the millennium, business, and capital have gone truly global. a.1, p.18, l.57

3. From the beginning of May until late June, stock markets worldwide declined sharply, with losses surpassing 10%. a.1, p.18, l.1

4. At times, stocks soar as the economy sours… a.1, p.18, l.41 h. Result

Result is subordinating conjunction used to show the result. There are 1 conjunction as a result and 1 conjunction hence in the article.

Examples:

1. As a result, stocks are not proxies for the U.S. economy,… a.1, p.18, l.34 2. Hence the saying that stocks have correctly predictrd 15 of the past nine recessions. a.1, p.18, l.38

i. Manner

Manner is subordinating conjunction used to show the manner. There is 1 conjunction as if in the article.

Examples:

1. It would as if you owned outright a $500.000 home and had $300.000 in the bank. a.1, p.18, l.94

2. Title: Seeing the light.

The conjunctions used in the article are coordinating conjunctions: cumulative (and, not only… but also, and as well as ), adversative (but, yet and however ), illative (then) and subordinating conjunctions: apposition (that), cause (because of), comparison (than), condition (if), purpose (in order to), and time (after).

Coordinating Conjunctions a. Cumulative

Cumulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another. There are 16 conjunctions and, 1 conjunction not only… but also, and 1 conjunction as well as in the article.

Examples:

1. This aphorism once applied to infiltrating and out maneuvering your foe during war.a.2, p.40, l.10

2. … solar panels (as well as wind turbines)… a.2. p.40, l.52

3. This would not only generate cheap, sustainable energy; but it would also serve as a fresh engine of growth for China’s western regions,...a.2, p.40, l.59 b. Adversative

Adversative is coordinating conjunction used to express contrast between two statements. There are 7 conjunctions but, 1 conjunction yet, and 1 conjunction

however in the article. Examples:

1. China’s economic performance has dazzled the world, but it has also sparked fear about the country’s escalating might. a.2, p.40, l.108

2. Yet it should be remembered that the Tibetan Plateau receives some of the strongest sunlight of any place on our planet… a.2, p.40, l.46

3. The sustainablility of this key energy source is threatened, however, The Tibetan Plateau provides the glacial source of all Asia’s major rivers… a.2, p.40. l.79

d. Illative

Illative is coordinating conjunction used to express something inferred from another statement or fact. There are 2 conjunctions then in the article.

Examples:

1. China then has the potential to become the world’s biggest exporter of solar power, particularly to the countries in its neighborhood. a.2, p.40. l.66 2. The world can then breakaway from the blame game of history vs. Subordinating Conjunctions

a. Apposition

Apposition is subordinating conjunction used to introduce word to the other sentences. There are 4 conjunctions that in the article.

Examples:

1. The saying means that in order to gain the upper hand, you should put yourself in a position of action,… a.2, p.40, l.5

2. China, along with India, argued that the U.S. should bear responsibility for historic CO2 emissions and take the lead in reducing them.a.2, p.40, l.18 3. Washington in turn demanded that developing nations curb their rising emissions… a.2, p.40, l.22

b. Cause

Cause is subordinating conjunction used to show the cause. There is 1 conjunction because of in the article.

Example:

1. Because of its wealth and geography, only China is in a position to generate solar energy on a massive scale. a.2, p.40, l.112

c. Comparison

Comparison is subordinating conjunction used to show the comparison. There is 1 conjunction than in the article.

Example:

1. … the Tibetan Plateau receives some of the strongest sunlight of any place on our planet other than the Sahara. a.2, p.40, l.50

d. Condition

Condition is subordinating conjunction used to show the condition. There is 1 conjunction if in the article.

Examples:

1. If this stalemate continues, another failure later this year in Cancún, Mexico, is all but certain. a.2, p.40, l.24

e. Time

Time is subordinating conjunction used to show the time. There is 1 conjunction after in the article.

Examples:

1. After Copenhagen, China pledged to reduce its emissions of CO2 per unit of economic growth from 2005 levels by up to 45% by 2020. a.2, p.40, l.38

e. Purpose

Purpose is subordinating conjunction used to show the purpose. There is 1 conjunction in order to in the article.

Examples:

1. The saying means that in order to gain the upper hand, you should put yourself in a position of action, not reaction, and reverse your fortunes. a.2, p.40, l.5

3. Title: The light idea.

The conjunctions used in the article are coordinating conjunctions: cumulative (and and as well as), alternative (or), adversative (but, yet, however, while, and although), illative (so) and subordinating conjunctions: apposition (that), comparison (than, more… than, and as… as), contrast (although), condition (if), and time (when, as, and while).

Coordinating Conjunctions a. Cumulative

Cumulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another. There are 14 conjunctions and and 1 conjunction as well as in the article.

Examples:

1. Flick it on and the glass instantly lights up,.. a.3, p.44, l.4 2. Switch it off and the glow immediately disappears. a.3, p.44, l.7

3. As well as Lumiblades, there’s Orbeos, 3-in. (8 cm) square tiles from Germany’s Osram,… a.3, p.44. l.78

b. Alternative

Alternative is coordinating conjunctions used to show a choise between two alternatives. There are 2 conjunctions or in the article.

Examples:

1. The wondrous object is an organic light emitting diode, or OLED, a first cousin of the better-known LED. a.3, p.44, l.9

2. With OLEDs, naturalistic light can emanate from entire stretches of walls, ceilings, blinds or pieces of furniture. a.3, p.44, l.33

c. Adversative

Adversative is coordinating conjunction used to express contrast between two statements. There are 5 conjunctions but, 1 conjunction however, 3

conjunctions while, and 1 conjunction althought in the article. Examples:

1. “ We’re used to thinking in terms of light points, but this is diffuse light,” says Kristin Knappstein. a.3, p.44, l.26

2. OLEDs are, however, extremely expensive to make. a.3, p.44, l.86 3. …,says whittling down the cost of OLEDs while increasing their size and efficiency are absolutely soluble problems. a.3, p.44, l.113

4. …, emitting a warm, bright glow not unlike sunlight, although it remains cool to the touch. a.3, p.44, l.6

d. Illative

Illative is coordinating conjunction used to express something inferred from another statement or fact. There is 1 conjunction so in the article.

Example:

1. … indeed already have done so in labs). a.3 , p.44, l.105 Subordinating Conjunctions

a. Apposition

Apposition is subordinating conjunction used to introduce word to the other sentences. There are 14 conjunctions that in the article.

Examples:

a.3, p.44, l.23

2. Another likelihood: transparent OLEDs doubling as widowpanes that let in sunlight by day, then create light by night. a.3, p.44, l.35

3. Companies are working on OLEDs encased in bendable plastic that will give the lights another design dimension: flexibility. a.3, p.44, l.4

b. Comparison

Comparison is subordinating conjunction used to show the comparison. There are 1 conjunctions than, 1 conjunction more… than, and 2 conjunctions as… as in the article.

Examples:

1. Top-quality LEDs use 80% less energy than incandescent lights and can last at least 20 years. a.3, p.44, l.99

2. … the global OLED market will grow from almost nil to more than $ 4,5 billion by 2013. a.3, p.44, l.96

3. That’s about two to three times as efficient as current-generation commercial OLEDs, … a.3, p.44, l.101

c. Contrast

Contrast is subordinating conjunction used to the contrast. There is 1 conjunction although in the article.

Example:

1. This is known within companies, though CEOs are often suspectible to the false story… a.1, p.18, l.75

d. Condition

Condition is subordinating conjunction used to show the condition. There is 1 conjunction if in the article.

Example:

1. And if llighting manufactures are right, that future is quite close at hand. a.3, p.44, l. 129

e. Time

Time is subordinating conjunction used to show the time. There are 1 conjunction when, 2 conjunctions as, 3 conjunctions while, and 1 conjunction as soon as in the article.

Examples:

1. When an electric charge is applied, the layers light up. a.3, p.40, l.43 2. As the U.S. begins phasing out incandescent lightbulbs in 2012… a.3, p.44, l.16

3. That could be as soon as 2012, according to Philips. a.3, p.44, l.92 4. …,says whittling down the cost of OLEDs while increasing their size and efficiency are absolutely soluble problems. a.3, p.44, l.113

4. Title: Wining was the easy part.

The conjunctions used in the article are coordinating conjunctions: cumulative (and), alternative (or and neither… nor), adversative (but and however) and subordinating conjunctions: apposition (that), contrast (even though), condition (if), purpose (in order to), place (where), time (since, after, and as), and result (thus).

Coordinating Conjunctions a. Cumulative

Cumulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another. There are 17 conjunctions and in the article.

Examples:

1. … between Turkey and the U.S., Erdogan was greeted by boos. a.4, p.32, l.3 2. …influence of the Turkish military and judiciary,… a.4, p.32, l.28 3. … and there were thumbs-up from leaders of the European Union, an organization Turkey has long sought to join. a.4, p.32, l.32

b. Alternative

Alternative is coordinating conjunctions used to show a choise between two alternatives. There are 1 conjunctions or and 1 conjunction neither… nor in the article.

Examples:

1. … tortured or allowing civilian courts to try members of the military. a.4, p.32, l.76

2. … neither Erdogan nor his party has shown any enthusiasm for a new start with the Kurds… a. 4, p.32, l.115

c. Adversative

Adversative is coordinating conjunction used to express contrast between two statements. There are 8 conjunctions but and 2 conjunction however in the

article. Examples:

1. The home team lost 64-81, but most Turks celebrated the fact… a.4, p.32, l.14

2. But the 42% no vote was a reminder… a.4, p.32, l.35

3. The Prime Minister’s political victory, however, was greeted by many with a sense of dread. a.4, p.32, l.17

Subordinating Conjunctions a. Apposition

Apposition is subordinating conjunction used to introduce word to the other sentences. There are 14 conjunctions that in the article.

Examples:

1. … the fact that their side even got to the final. a.4, p.32, l.15

2. “ What Turkey will see now is a series of steps that will turn him into Putin.” . a.4, p.32, l.23

motives. . a.4, p.32, l.36 b. Contrast

Contrast is subordinating conjunction used to the contrast. There is 1 conjunction even though in the article.

Example:

1. … his party has shown any enthusiasm for a new start with the Kurds even though an unilateral cease fire by Kurdish rebels expires. a.4, p.32, l.118 c. Condition

Condition is subordinating conjunction used to show the condition. There is 1 conjunction if in the article.

Example:

1. … , more democratric constitution if he is re-elected in 2011. a.4, p.32, l.51 d. Place

Place is subordinating conjunction used to show the place. There is 1 conjunction where in the article.

Example:

1. …greater involvement in the Middle East, where he feels more at home. a.4, p.32, l.126

e. Time

Time is subordinating conjunction used to show the time. There are 2 conjunction since, 2 conjunctions after, and 2 conjunction as in the article.

Examples: 1. … since a deadly Israeli raid to on Turkish ais ship heading to Gaza in May.

a.4, p.32, l.131

2. The Prime Minister said after the vote that he would seek a new,… a.4, p.32, l.49

3 … as he arrived to watch the fnal of the world championship… a.4, p.32, l.10

e. Purpose

Purpose is subordinating conjunction used to show the purpose. There is 1 conjunction in order to in the article.

Examples:

1. ... requires political parties to receive at least 10% of the national vote in order to get seats in parliament. a.4, p.32, l.109

f. Result

Result is subordinating conjunction used to show the result. There is 1 conjunction thus in the article.

Examples:

1.But his hopes of establishing Turkey as a mediator in regional disputes have thus far come to naught. a.4, p.32, l.129

5 Title: Seeing double.

The conjunctions used in the article are coordinating conjunctions: cumulative (and and both… and), alternative (or and neither… nor), adversative (but and while), illative ( so and then) and subordinating conjunctions: apposition (that), comparison (than and more… than), contrast (though), and time (when, until, and while).

Coordinating Conjunctions a. Cumulative

Cumulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another. There are 27 conjunctions and and 1 conjunction both…and in the article.

1. There are two ways to view North-east Asia, and right now, both of them are on display. a.5, p.34, l.2

3. Japan and China—one an established power,… a.5, p.34, l.6

4. China is now the main trading partner of both Japan and South Korea. a.5, p.35, l.123

b. Alternative

Alternative is coordinating conjunctions used to show a choise between two

alternatives. There are 4 conjunctions or and 1 conjunction neither… nor in the article.

Examples:

1. A region of conflict, or one of peace? a.5, p.34, l.34

2. … have been managed, more or less, for years. a.5, p.35, l.119 3. …neither Washington nor Seoul is prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks… a.5, p.34, l.59

c. Adversative

Adversative is coordinating conjunction used to express contrast between two statements. There are 7 conjunctions but and 3 conjunctions while in the article.

Examples:

1. But neither Washington nor Seoul is prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks… a.5, p. 34, l.59

2. On Sept. 13, Tokyo released the 14 man crew but kept the boat’s captain in custody. a.5, p. 34, l.93

3. While North Korea remains a hermetic society and a cruel, poor

dictatorship, the modern history of South Korea and Japan, a.5. p.34, l.24 d. Illative

Illative is coordinating conjunction used to express something inferred from another statement or fact. There are 1 conjunction so and 1 conjunction then in

the article.

Examples:

1. So which is it to be? a.5, p.34, l.33

2. Then we would know for sure…. a.5, p.35, l.188 Subordinating Conjunctions

a. Apposition

Apposition is subordinating conjunction used to introduce word to the other sentences. There are 23 conjunctions that in the article.

Examples:

1. …why commentators frequently imagine that it’s taste will one day be a bitter one. a.5, p.34, l.18

2. …that Kim, who suffered a stroke two years ago, is again sick. a.5, p.34, l.43

3. …in effect concludes that the Cheonan was sunk by the North . a.5, p.34, l.51

b. Comparison

Comparison is subordinating conjunction used to show the comparison. There are 4 conjunctions than and 3 conjunctions more… than in the article.

Examples:

1. … Kim’s regime is any more of danger than it usually is to anyone other… a.5, p. 34, l. 104

2. … it usually is to anyone other than its long suffering people. a.5, p.34, l.105

3. … indicates political confidence rather than its opposite. a.5, p.35, l.111 c. Contrast

Contrast is subordinating conjunction used to the contrast. There are 3 conjunctions though in the article.

Example:

1. Though popular manifestations of anger against Japan have not reached anything like the levels they did in 2005… a.5, p.34, l.94

2. Though many in the West doubted it would happen, the transition of power in 1994 to Kim Jong II from his father Kim II Sung occurred without evident crisis. a.5, p.35, l.112

3. …last winter the unemployment rate was the worst in 10 years, though it has come down markedly… a.5, p.35, l.134

d. Time

Time is subordinating conjunction used to show the time. There are 3 conjunctions when, 2 conjunction until, and 3 conjunctions while in the article. Examples:

1. …prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks until they have a sense… a.5, p.34, l.61

2. …the beginning of a period when it plays with confidence the role in the region… a.5, 35, l.185

3. While North Korea remains a hermetic society and a cruel, poor

dictatorship, the modern history of South Korea and Japan, a.5. p.34, l.24

6. Title: Have web, will travel.

The conjunctions used in the article are coordinating conjunctions: cumulative (and and not only... but also), alternative (or), adversative (but and whereas) and subordinating conjunctions: apposition (that), comparison (than and more… than), contrast (whereas and though), condition (whether… or), and time (when, since, after ,as, and before).

Coordinating Conjunctions a. Cumulative

Cumulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another. There are 12 conjunctions and and 1 conjunction not only… but also in the article.

Examples:

1. … : a traditional guidebook spanning the entire continent and a smart

phone stocked with links to wikitravel.org. a.6,p.36, l.9 2. … the product of a handful of writers and editors,… a.6, p36, l.19

3. Not only did Wikitravel help me locate an alternative, but it also let me leave a note for other tourists to earn them their spaghetti night might have to wait for the fall. a.6, p.36, l,131

b. Alternative

Alternative is coordinating conjunctions used to show a choise between two alternatives. There are 3 conjunctions or in the article.

Examples:

1. …, modify or even sell the online guides—… a.6, p.36, l.9 2. …it’s online or in print,… a.6, p.36, l.122

3. …well-trodden or rarely covered,… a.6, p.36, l.145 c. Adversative

Adversative is coordinating conjunction used to express contrast between two statements. There are 7 conjunctions but and 2 conjunctions whereas in the

article. Examples:

1. …, may tip the scales at nearly 20.000 words, but Paris, Texas, has its own small guide too. a.6, p.36, l.34

2. Whereas guidebooks are the product of a handful of writers and editors, the English version of Wikitravel alone… a.6, p.36, l.17

3. Whereas Wikipedia is critized for letting anyone edit its articles—who’s to say I know anything about astrophysics?—… a.6, p.36, l.63

Subordinating Conjunctions a. Apposition

Apposition is subordinating conjunction used to introduce word to the other sentences. There are 6 conjunctions that in the article.

economic heft. a.5, p.35, l.167

22. …, a constant reminder of the failings of smaller men and whose

assumption of power in 1958 was necessary for France to break from the past. a.5, p.35, l.174

23. … , Asia’s political leaders are implementing pramatic reforms, chasing foreign investment, foreign new industries, and taking the risks for which Japan was once famous. a.5, p.35, l.186

24. As the U.S.’s oldest and most important friend in the region,…a.5, p.35, l.189 25. … the end of Japan’s 20 year political funk, and the beginning of a

period…a.5, p.35, l. 203

26. … the role in the region and the world… a.5, p.35, l.205 27. … its wealth and talents suggest it should. a.5, p.35, l.205

Both… and

1. China is now the main trading partner of both Japan and South Korea.

a.5, p.35, l.123 Alternative Or

1. A region of conflict, or one of peace? a.5, p.34, l.34 2. … a succession crisis or, indeed,… a.5, p.34, l.103

3. … have been managed, more or less, for years. a.5, p.35, l.119 4. Ozawa, love him or hate him,… a.5, p.35, l.144

Neither… nor

1. …neither Washington nor Seoul is prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks… a.5, p.34, l.59

Adversative But

1. But here’s the second way to look a the region. a.5, p. 34, l.20

2. But neither Washington nor Seoul is prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks… a.5, p. 34, l.59

3. On Sept. 13, Tokyo released the 14 man crew but kept the boat’s captain in custody. a.5, p. 34, l.93

4. Nobody—likes the way North Korea rea behaves, but its tantrums have been managed,… a.5, p. 35, l.118

5. But there is a palpable pride in Seoul… a.5, p. 35, l.135

6. It is cruel to say so, but politically the world’s second largest developed economy,… a.5, p. 35, l.146

7. But I pray for a white swan… a.5, p. 35, l.183

While

1. While North Korea remains a hermetic society and a cruel, poor dictatorship, the modern history of South Korea and Japan, a.5. p.34, l.24

2. While tension on the peninsula ramps up, relations between China and Japan, awkwardly, have taken a nosedive. a.5, p.34, l.65

3. … on the incident while the state-ownned press kept up a drumbeat of anti- Japanese cticism. a.5, p.34, l.90

Illative So

1. So which is it to be? a.5, p.34, l.33

Then

3. Then we would know for sure…. a.5, p.35, l.188

Subordinating Conjunctions Apposition

That

1. …why commentators frequently imagine that it’s taste will one day be a bitter one. a.5, p.34, l.18

2. …that Kim, who suffered a stroke two years ago, is again sick. a.5, p.34, l.43 3. …in effect concludes that the Cheonan was sunk by the North .

a.5, p.34, l.51

4. … that they would like a resumption of the six-party talks…a.5, p.34, l.53 5. …a sense that they will deliver in Pyongyang… a.5, p.34, l.62

6. …that it has forced the U.S. back to the table. a.5, p.34, l.63

7. …a Chimese fishing vessel that it said was illegally in Japanese waters around the islands in the East China Sea… a.5, p.34, l.79

8. …that China calls the Diaoyu and Japan the Senkaku. a.5, p.34, l.82 9. Beijing’s Foreign Ministry spokeswoman said that “ Japan’s so- called evidence-taking is illegal,… a.5, p.34, l.85

10. It is far from clear that North Korea is going through…a.5, p.34, l.102 11. …,that Kim’s regime is any more of danger than it usually is to anyone… a.5, p.34, l.104

12. …experts on North Korea said that Kim’s regime is shifting its posture from one of “ military first” to “ economy first”…a.5, p.34, l.108

13. … —something that indicates political confidence other than its long suffering people. a.5, p.34, l.110

14. …that the South has managed the Great Recession…a.5, p.35, l.136 15. …by the fact that Seoul will host the next G-20 summit…a.5, p.35, l.140 16. That leaves Japan, the nation that should be the rock… a.5, p.35, l.144 17. A loss in that election would have forced Kan to resign.a.5, p.35, l.137 18. Japan, held that it would have been disastrous for Japan had Ozawa, the quintessential backroom wheeler-dealer, become Prime Minister.

a.5, p.35, l.140

19. …a bureaucracy that has done little over 20 years to institute necessary reforms,… a.5, p.35, l.147

20. A Japan that managed to do that would noy simply underpin Northeast Asia’s prosperity. a.5, p.35, l.169

21. …an American presence that has been a critical balance wheel ensuring

rivalries do not get out of hand. a.5, p.35, l.174 22. …the world that its wealth… a.5, p.35, l.187

23. …for sure that the real Northeast Asia is the peaceful, prosperous one. a.5, p.34, l.189

Comparison Than

1. … it usually is to anyone other than its long suffering people. a.5, p.34, l.105 2. … indicates political confidence rather than its opposite. a.5, p.35, l.111 3. … the South has managed the Great Recession better than any other Organization for economic Coorporation… a.5, p.35, l.137

4. Ozawa’s election as leader of the DPJ would at least have made him responsible for putting his ideas into practice, rather than giving him just another chance… a.5, p.35, l.161

More… than

1. … they will deliver anything more than bragging rights in Pyongyang… a.5, p.34, l.63

2. … its recovery stoll depends more than it would like on world markets. a.5, p.34, l.73

3. … Kim’s regime is any more of danger than it usually is to anyone other… a.5, p.34, l.104

Contrast Though

1. Though popular manifestations of anger against Japan have not reached anything like the levels they did in 2005… a.5, p.34, l.94

2. Though many in the West doubted it would happen, the transition of power in 1994 to Kim Jong II from his father Kim II Sung occurred without evident crisis. a.5, p.35, l.112

3. …last winter the unemployment rate was the worst in 10 years, though it has come down markedly… a.5, p.35, l.134

Time When

1. …, the succession issue has come at time when the Seoul rumor mill has it… a.5, 34, l.42

2. …, when revisions to Japanese textbooks sparked riots in Chinese cities,.. a.5, 34, l.97

3. …the beginning of a period when it plays with confidence the role in the region… a.5, 35, l.185

Until

1. …, which were supposed to handle North Korea’s nuclear question until Kim walked out of them in April 2009. a.5, p.34, l.58

2. …prepared to rush into an early resumption of the talks until they have a sense… a.5, p.34, l.61

While

1. While North Korea remains a hermetic society and a cruel, poor dictatorship, the modern history of South Korea and Japan, a.5. p.34, l.24

2. While tension on the peninsula ramps up, relations between China and Japan, awkwardly, have taken a nosedive. a.5, p.34, l.65

3. … on the incident while the state-ownned press kept up a drumbeat of anti-

Japanese cticism. a.5, p.34, l.90

 Title: ‘Have web, will travel’ issued on September 27, 2010, Time Magazine

Coordinating conjunctions Cumulative

And

1. … : a traditional guidebook spanning the entire continent and a smart

phone stocked with links to wikitravel.org. a.6,p.36, l.9 2. It takes its anyone-can-edit philosophy, too, and applies it to the travel

world. a.6, p.36, l.16

3. … the product of a handful of writers and editors,… a.6, p36, l.19 4. … (some 24.000 and counting in the English version)… a.6, p.36, l.29 5. Globetrtting duo Evan Prodromou and Michele Ann Jenkins created the site in 2003,… a.6, p.36, l.37

6. … the project spread and the contributions started coming in. a.6, p.36, l.57 7. And when local experts chime in, it makes for entertaining—…a.6, p,36, l.75 8. …—and sometimes tongue-check—advice. a.6, p.36, l.77

9. Jenkins and Prodromou still contribute to Wikitravel,…. a.6, p.36, l.87 10. … , Wikitravel has a spend and convenience the book’s publishers can only envy. A.6, p.36, l.123

11. “ We have a very understandable goal and premise: the traveler comes first,” Jenkins says. a.6, p.36, l.138

12. And whether that ground is well-trodden… a.6, p.36, l144

Not only… but also

1. Not only did Wikitravel help me locate an alternative, but it also let me leave a note for other tourists to earn them their spaghetti night might have to wait for the fall. a.6, p.36, l,131

Alternative Or

1. …, modify or even sell the online guides—… a.6, p.36, l.97 2. …it’s online or in print,… a.6, p.36, l.122

3. …well-trodden or rarely covered,… a.6, p.36, l.145

Adversative But

1. …, but something of a erd on the web. a.6, p.36, l.3

2. …, may tip the scales at nearly 20.000 words, but Paris, Texas, has its own small guide too. a.6, p.36, l.34

3. …, but that hundreds of others would too.” a.6, p.36, l.49

4. … still contribute to Wikitravel, but it’s no loger theirs. a.6, p.36, l.89 5. But thanks to the unique attributes of the wiki format— the site contains a license… a.6, p.36, l.93

6. But traditional publishing could learnsomething from the Wikitravel model too: new editions are issued every few months, the better to incorporate the latest contributions from the site. a.6, p.36, l.110

7. But whether it’s online or in print, Wikitravel has a spend and Convenience the book’s publishers can only envy. a.6, p.36, l.121

Whereas

1. Whereas guidebooks are the product of a handful of writers and editors, the English version of Wikitravel alone… a.6, p.36, l.17

2. Whereas Wikipedia is critized for letting anyone edit its articles—who’s to say I know anything about astrophysics?—… a.6, p.36, l.63

Subordinating Conjunctions Apposition

That

1. … a hotel that no longer existed. a.6, p.36, l.43

2. The worst part was not that we made this mistake,..a.6, p.36, l.48 3. …. that hundreds of others would too. a.6, p.36, l.49

4. …—that uncensored access is a strength in the travel world. a.6, p.36, l.6 5. …the site contains a license that lets anyone use,…a.6, p.36, l.96

6. … that ground is well-trodden or rarely covered,… a.6, p.36, l.144

Comparison Than

1. … there’s no better guide than those who have gone before you. a.6, p.36, l.147

More… than

1. Wikitravel borrows more than a prefix from the giant online encyclopedia Wikipedia. a.6, p.36, l.13

2. … the English version of Wikitravel alone is compiled by more than 40.000 contributors, each pitching in anything from full city guides to a line about their favorite local café. a.6, p.36, l.22

Though

1. Though the two seeded their travel-centric wiki with its first entries, taken from notes scribbled during their trips,… a.6, p.36, l.51

Whereas

1. Whereas guidebooks are the product of a handful of writers and editors, the English version of Wikitravel alone is compiled by more than 40.000

Contributors… a.6, p.36, l.17

2. Whereas Wikipedia is critized for letting anyone edit its articles—who’s to say I know anything about astrophysics?... a.6, p.36, l.63

Condition Whether… or

1. But whether it’s online or in print, Wikitravel has a spend and convenience the book’s publishers can only envy. a.6, p.36, l.122

2. And whether that ground is well-trodden or rarely covered, there’s no better guide than those who have gone before you. a.6, p.36, l.144

Time When

1. I’m a neophyte when it comes to international travel,… a.6, p.36, l.1 2. And when local experts chime in, it makes for entertaining…a.6, p.36, l.75

Since

1. In the seven years since it was founded, Wikitravels has accumulate enough entries..a.6, p.36, l. 26

After

1. …, after a guidebook they were using on a trip through Southeast Asia… a.6, p.36, l39.

As

1. Avoid eating marmots, as they can carry the bubonic plague. a.6, p.36, l.80

Before

1. …taken from notes scribbled during their trips, it wasn’t long before word of the project spread and the contributions started coming in. a.6, p.36, l.55 2. …there’s no better guide than those who have gone before you. a.6, p.36, l.148