LESSON 11 bahasa inggris memberikan .pdf
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LESSON 11
STRUCTURE: PAST PARTICIPLE
Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of
the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a
part of the verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears
with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular
past participles in English.
The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. (Left is VERB)
The classes were taught by Professor Smith. (Taught is VERB)
In the first sentence, the past participle left is part of the verb
because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence, the past
participle taught is part of the verb because it is accompanied by were.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form
of be or have.
The letter left in the mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)
The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is
ADJECTIVE)
In the first sentence, left is an adjective rather than a verb because
it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was,
later in the sentence). In the second sentence, taught is an adjective rather
than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and
there is a verb, were, later in the sentence).
The following example shows how a past participle can be
confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just
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In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the
sentence, it appears that bread is the subject and baked is either a
complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you
look further in the sentence, you will see the verb smelled. You will then
recognize that baked is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of
the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because baked is an adjective
and does not need a helping verb such as has or was. Answer (C) is
incorrect because there is no need for the subject it. Answer (D) is the
best answer to this question.
EXERCISE: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past
participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the
past participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. ( )
Analysis:
The sentence should be "The food served in this restaurant is
delicious".
is served is incorrect, it should be served (past participle as an
Adjective).
Subject is The food and Verb is IS
2. The plane landed on the deserted runway. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is The place and Verb is landed
Deserted is past participle as an adjective
3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is unexpected guests and Verb is arrived
Unexpected is past participle as an adjective
4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. ( )
Analysis:
The sentence should be The course listed in the dialogue are required
courses.
Subject is The course and Verb is are required.
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are listed is inccorect, but it should be listed (be past participle as an
adjective)
5. The teacher found the lost exam. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is The teacher and Verb is found
Lost is past participle as an adjective
6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. ( )
Analysis
Subject is the small apartment but there is no Verb
The sentence should be The small apartment is very crowded and
disorganized.
Crowded and disorganized are past participle as adjectives.
7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is The photograph and Verb is showed
Developed is past participle as adjective
8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is the locked drawer and Verb is contained
Locked and unworn are past participle as adjectives
9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. ( )
Analysis:
The sentence should be The tree blown over in the storm was cut into
logs
was blown should be blown (past participle as adjective)
Subject is The tree and verb is was cut
10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
( )
Analysis:
Subject is The students and Verb is are listed
Registered is past participle as adjective
listed is past participle as verb
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WRITTEN EXPRESSION: PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE
CONNECTOR
The job of the coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) is to join
together equal expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these
words must be parallel to what is on the other side. These conjunctions
can join nouns, or verbs, or adjectives, or phrases, or clauses; they just
must join together the same structures. Here are examples of equal
structures correctly joined by coordinate conjunctions:
He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor
The professor was knowledgeable but boring
She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can.
There are meetings in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening
You can do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do
it
In the first example, two nouns are joined by the coordinate
conjunction and. In the second example, two adjectives are joined by the
coordinate conjunction but. In the third example, three verbs are joined
by the coordinate conjunction or. In the fourth example, three phrases are
joined by the coordinate conjunction and. In the last example; two clauses
are joined by the coordinate conjunction or.
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The sentences that follow show the types of errors in parallel
structure that are common on the TOEFL test.
The evening dress was beauty* but expensive.
The student reads each chapter, takes a lot of notes, and memories* the
material.
In the first example, the coordinate conjunction but joins the noun
beauty and the adjective expensive. The adjective beautiful is needed in
place of beauty. In the second example, the coordinate conjunction and
joins the verb reads, the verb takes, and the plural noun memories. The
verb memorizes is needed in place of memories.
The following chart outlines the use of parallel structures with
coordinate con junctions.
EXERCISE: Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of
words that should be parallel. Circle the word that indicates that the
sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be
parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
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1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously. ( )
Analysis:
before BUT and after BUT must have the same structure.
EXPENSIVE is adjective, but deliciously is adverb.
It should be ....very expensive but quite delicious.
2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the
dresser, or in the jar. ( )
Analysis:
in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar are all in same
structure (adverb).
3. The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance
lamps. ( ).
Analysis:
expensive (adjective) painting and elegance (noun) lamps have
different structure.
It should be ....expensive painting and elegant lamps.
4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation
was not going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.
Analysis:
......that the situation was not going to improve and that he needs to
get a job have the same structure. Both sentences are clauses.
5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing,
sledding, or played in the snow. ( )
Analysis:
...skiing, sledding, or played..... It should be ..skiing, sledding, or
playing.
6. The car needs new tires but not a new engine. (
Analysis:
...new tires (phrase) but not a new engine (phrase).
)
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7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has
finished. ( )
Analysis:
...when he gets too tired to continue (clause) or when he has
finished (clause).
8. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left,
and continuation down the hall. ( )
Analysis:
...go (verb) through this door, turn (verb) to the left, and
continuation (noun) down the hall.
It should be ".....go......, turn, and continue,,,,,,,"
9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or
butter cookies.( )
Analysis:
....lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake and butter cookies are all
phrases.
10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest. ( )
Analysis:
some medicine, some juice and to rest.
It should be "..some medicine. some juice and some rest"
LESSON 11
STRUCTURE: PAST PARTICIPLE
Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of
the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a
part of the verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears
with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular
past participles in English.
The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. (Left is VERB)
The classes were taught by Professor Smith. (Taught is VERB)
In the first sentence, the past participle left is part of the verb
because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence, the past
participle taught is part of the verb because it is accompanied by were.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form
of be or have.
The letter left in the mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)
The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is
ADJECTIVE)
In the first sentence, left is an adjective rather than a verb because
it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was,
later in the sentence). In the second sentence, taught is an adjective rather
than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and
there is a verb, were, later in the sentence).
The following example shows how a past participle can be
confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just
2
In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the
sentence, it appears that bread is the subject and baked is either a
complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you
look further in the sentence, you will see the verb smelled. You will then
recognize that baked is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of
the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because baked is an adjective
and does not need a helping verb such as has or was. Answer (C) is
incorrect because there is no need for the subject it. Answer (D) is the
best answer to this question.
EXERCISE: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past
participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the
past participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. ( )
Analysis:
The sentence should be "The food served in this restaurant is
delicious".
is served is incorrect, it should be served (past participle as an
Adjective).
Subject is The food and Verb is IS
2. The plane landed on the deserted runway. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is The place and Verb is landed
Deserted is past participle as an adjective
3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is unexpected guests and Verb is arrived
Unexpected is past participle as an adjective
4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. ( )
Analysis:
The sentence should be The course listed in the dialogue are required
courses.
Subject is The course and Verb is are required.
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are listed is inccorect, but it should be listed (be past participle as an
adjective)
5. The teacher found the lost exam. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is The teacher and Verb is found
Lost is past participle as an adjective
6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. ( )
Analysis
Subject is the small apartment but there is no Verb
The sentence should be The small apartment is very crowded and
disorganized.
Crowded and disorganized are past participle as adjectives.
7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is The photograph and Verb is showed
Developed is past participle as adjective
8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels. ( )
Analysis:
Subject is the locked drawer and Verb is contained
Locked and unworn are past participle as adjectives
9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. ( )
Analysis:
The sentence should be The tree blown over in the storm was cut into
logs
was blown should be blown (past participle as adjective)
Subject is The tree and verb is was cut
10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
( )
Analysis:
Subject is The students and Verb is are listed
Registered is past participle as adjective
listed is past participle as verb
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WRITTEN EXPRESSION: PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE
CONNECTOR
The job of the coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) is to join
together equal expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these
words must be parallel to what is on the other side. These conjunctions
can join nouns, or verbs, or adjectives, or phrases, or clauses; they just
must join together the same structures. Here are examples of equal
structures correctly joined by coordinate conjunctions:
He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor
The professor was knowledgeable but boring
She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can.
There are meetings in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening
You can do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do
it
In the first example, two nouns are joined by the coordinate
conjunction and. In the second example, two adjectives are joined by the
coordinate conjunction but. In the third example, three verbs are joined
by the coordinate conjunction or. In the fourth example, three phrases are
joined by the coordinate conjunction and. In the last example; two clauses
are joined by the coordinate conjunction or.
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The sentences that follow show the types of errors in parallel
structure that are common on the TOEFL test.
The evening dress was beauty* but expensive.
The student reads each chapter, takes a lot of notes, and memories* the
material.
In the first example, the coordinate conjunction but joins the noun
beauty and the adjective expensive. The adjective beautiful is needed in
place of beauty. In the second example, the coordinate conjunction and
joins the verb reads, the verb takes, and the plural noun memories. The
verb memorizes is needed in place of memories.
The following chart outlines the use of parallel structures with
coordinate con junctions.
EXERCISE: Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of
words that should be parallel. Circle the word that indicates that the
sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be
parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
6
1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously. ( )
Analysis:
before BUT and after BUT must have the same structure.
EXPENSIVE is adjective, but deliciously is adverb.
It should be ....very expensive but quite delicious.
2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the
dresser, or in the jar. ( )
Analysis:
in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar are all in same
structure (adverb).
3. The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance
lamps. ( ).
Analysis:
expensive (adjective) painting and elegance (noun) lamps have
different structure.
It should be ....expensive painting and elegant lamps.
4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation
was not going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.
Analysis:
......that the situation was not going to improve and that he needs to
get a job have the same structure. Both sentences are clauses.
5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing,
sledding, or played in the snow. ( )
Analysis:
...skiing, sledding, or played..... It should be ..skiing, sledding, or
playing.
6. The car needs new tires but not a new engine. (
Analysis:
...new tires (phrase) but not a new engine (phrase).
)
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7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has
finished. ( )
Analysis:
...when he gets too tired to continue (clause) or when he has
finished (clause).
8. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left,
and continuation down the hall. ( )
Analysis:
...go (verb) through this door, turn (verb) to the left, and
continuation (noun) down the hall.
It should be ".....go......, turn, and continue,,,,,,,"
9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or
butter cookies.( )
Analysis:
....lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake and butter cookies are all
phrases.
10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest. ( )
Analysis:
some medicine, some juice and to rest.
It should be "..some medicine. some juice and some rest"