Sektor Peternakan sebagai Sumber Emisi GRK, Pembelajaran dari SNC, dan Potential Improvement Data Aktivitas dan Faktor Emisi untuk Inventarisasi GRK pada 1st BUR

Pertemuan Tindak Lanjut Pembahasan Inventarisasi
GRK
Sektor Pertanian pada 1st BUR - Kementerian
Lingkungan Hidup.
Bogor 14 Mei 2014

Sektor Peternakan sebagai Sumber Emisi GRK,
Pembelajaran dari SNC, dan Potential
Improvement Data Aktivitas dan Faktor Emisi
untuk Inventarisasi GRK pada 1 s t BUR

Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc.
Institut Pertanian Bogor

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian

Source: IPCC (2006)
Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian


Rice Cultivation (CH4)



Cropland Burning (CO2, CH4 , N2O, N2O)



Liming (CO2)



Urea Fertilizer (CO2)



N2O Emission from Managed Soil (N2O)





Direct N2O Soil



Indirect N2O Soil

Livestock
 Enteric Fermentation (CH4 )


Manure Management (CH4 and N2O)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

JENIS TERNAK PENYUMBANG EMISI
GRK


Ternak Ruminansia: sapi (sapi perah,
sapi potong), kerbau, domba dan kambing



Ternak Non Ruminansia
(Pseudoruminant): kuda



Ternak Unggas: ayam (broiler, petelur,
ayam buras), itik, puyuh dll



Ternak Monogastrik lainnya: babi

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

EMISI GRK DARI PETERNAKAN


Enteric Fermentation
(Fermentasi Enterik)




Methan (CH4)

Manure Management
(Pengelolaan Kotoran)


Methan (CH4)



Direct N2O



Indirect N2O
Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

CH4

Enteric Fermentation



Ternak ruminansia (sapi
potong, sapi perah, kerbau,
domba, kambing), kuda, babi
menghasilkan Methan (CH4).



Gas yang dihasilkan ternak

ruminansia adalah CO2, CH4,
H2S, H2O



Methan dihasilkan dari proses
methanogenesis di dalam
rumen dengan bantuan
bakteri methanogen.



CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O
Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Manure Management


Methan:




CH4

Dihasilkan dari proses
penanganan manure
(manure management)
pada semua jenis ternak
(sapi perah, sapi potong,
kerbau, domba, kambing,
babi, itik, ayam ras, ayam
kampung, ayam petelur)
secara anaerobik
Penanganan secara liquid
(kondisi anaerob) lebih
memungkinkan terjadinya
methanogenesis
dibandingkan
penanganan

Pembahasan
Inventarisasi
GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1

st

BUR

Manure Management


Direct N2O






Dihasilkan dari proses kombinasi
nitrifkasi dan detrifkasi N dari

manur selama dalam
penyimpanan.

N2O

Proses nitrifkasi adalah
perubahan N-ammonia menjadi Nnitrat dalam kondisi oksigen yang
cukup.

Indirect N2O


Dihasilkan dari N-volatile seperti
NH3 atau NOx. N organic yang
mudah menjadi volatil adalah urea
dan ureic acid

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

N2 O

FAKTOR EMISI PADA TERNAK
TERGANTUNG DARI BERBAGAI HAL:
 Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak
 Berat Badan, Umur
 Produksi Susu/Kerja
 Status reproduksi
 Kualitas Pakan
 Sistem Pemberian Pakan
 Sistem Pemeliharaan
 Sistem Pengelolaan
Kotoran

METHODOLOGY (SNC)



2006 IPCC Guideline for
National Greenhouse
Gas Inventory



Vol 4 – Agriculture



Chapter 10 –
Emission from
Livestock and
Manure
Management

Dilengkapi Worksheet
untuk inventory
Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1


st

BUR

METHODS



TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATION



TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS





Defnitions for livestock subcategories;



Livestock population by subcategory, with consideration
for estimation of annual population as per Tier 1;



Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in each
subcategory.

TIER 3: FOR COUNTRY-SPECIFIC

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

SOURCE OF DATA (SNC)



Livestock population data from Statistic Centra
Buro (2000-2006)



Livestock Population Stucture of Animal from
Survey from Department of Agriculture –
Statistic Central Statistic (2006)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

EMISI METHAN DARI FERMENTASI
ENTERIK DAN MANAJEMEN MANUR

Estimation of Methane Emission
from Enteric Fermentation
 Using IPCC 2006

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Population Structure of Beef Cattle, Dairy and
Bufalo

No. Species Type

Calf

Growing

Mature

1.

Beef Cattle

18.13

28.99

52.88

2.

Dairy Cattle

19.66

20.33

59.71

3.

Buffalo

19.66

20.33

53.92

Source: Biro Pusat Statistik (2006)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

EMISSION FACTORS FOR ENTERIC
FERMENTATION
Enteric Fermentation
(kg CH4/head/year)

No

Species Type

1.

Beef Cattle

47

2.

Dairy Cattle

61

3.

Buffalo

55

4.

Sheep

5

5.

Goat

5

6.

Pig

1

7.

Horse

18

Estimation of Methane Emission
From Manure Management
 Using IPCC 2006

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

EMISSION FACTORS FOR MANURE MANAGEMENT

Manure Management
(kg CH4//head/year)

No

Species Type

1.

Beef Cattle

1

2.

Dairy Cattle

31

3.

Buffalo

2

4.

Sheep

0.20

5.

Goat

0.22

6.

Pig

7.

Horse

2.19

8.

Local Chicken

0.02

9.

Broiler

0.02

10.

Layer

0.02

11.

Duck

0.02

7

Distribution of Methane Emission by Animal Type (2000)
No.

Animal Types

Number of
Animal

CH4 emission
by enteric
fermentation
(Gg)

CH4 emission
by manure
management
(Gg)

Total
(Gg)

1.

Beef Cattle

8,121,691

381.72

8.12

389.84

2.

Dairy Cattle

265,744

16.21

8.24

24.45

3.

Buffalo

1,766,248

97.14

3.53

100.68

4.

Sheep

7,414,965

37.07

1.48

38.56

5.

Goat

12,613,108

63.07

2.77

65.84

6.

Pig

5,247,200

5.25

36.73

41.98

7.

Horse

412,919

7.43

0.90

8.34

8.

Poultry :
Native Chicken

261,132,020

-

5.22

5.22

Broiler

534,810,990

-

10.70

10.70

Layer

69,702,890

-

1.39

1.39

Duck

29,674,120

-

0.59

0.59

607.89

79.69

687.58

TOTAL

TOTAL EMISI METHAN DARI
PETERNAKAN

14.8; 2.07%
698.6; 97.93%

Fermentasi Enterik

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi Enterik
berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

10.4%

0.9% 1.2%
Beef Cattle

6.1%

Dairy Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goat

16.0%
2.7%

62.8%

Pig
Horse

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur
berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

13.4%

1.7%
0.7%

10.2%
10.3%
4.4%

6.6%
1.1%

1.9%
3.5%
46.1%

Beef Cattle
Dairy Cattle
Buff alo
Sheep
Goat
Pig
Horse
Local Chicken
Broiler
Layer
Duck

DISTRIBUSI EMISI METHAN BERDASARKAN
DARI SEKTOR PERTANIAN BERDASARKAN
SUMBERNYA

43.86%

15.48%

2.00%

38.7; 38.66%

Enteric Fermetation
Manure Management

EMISI N 2 O DARI MANAJEMEN MANUR

DEFINITION OF MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
System

Defnition

Pasture/Range/Paddock

The manure from pasture and range grazing
animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not
managed.

Daily spread

Manure is routinely removed from a confnement
facility and is applied to cropland or pasture
within 24 hours of excretion.

Solid storage

The storage of manure, typically for a period of
several months, in unconfned piles or stacks.
Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence
of a sufcient amount of bedding material or loss
of moisture by evaporation.

Dry lot

A paved or unpaved open confnement area
without any signifcant vegetative cover where
accumulating manure may be removed
periodically

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

DEFINITION OF MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
System

Defnition

Liquid/Slurry

Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal
addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds
outside the animal housing, usually for periods less
than one year.

Uncovered anaerobic
lagoon

A type of liquid storage system designed and operated
to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon
supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the
associated confnement facilities to the lagoon.
Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of
storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the
climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and
other operational factors. The water from the lagoon
may be recycled as fush water or used to irrigate
and fertilise felds.

Pit storage below
animal confnements

Collection and storage of manure usually with little or
no added water typically below a slatted foor in an
enclosed animal confnement facility, usually for
periods less than one year.

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

DEFINITION OF MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
System

Defnition

Anaerobic digester

Animal excreta with or without straw are
collected and anaerobically digested in a large
containment vessel or covered lagoon. Digesters
are designed and operated for waste
stabilization by the microbial reduction of
complex organic compounds to CO2 and CH4,
which is captured and fared or used as a fuel

Burned for fuel

The dung and urine are excreted on felds. The sun
dried dung cakes are burned for fuel.

Cattle and Swine deep
bedding

As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added
to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly
for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure
management system also is known as a
bedded pack manure management system and may be
combined with a dry lot or pasture.

Composting - invessel

Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with
forced aeration and continuous mixing.

Composting - Static
pile

Composting in piles with forced aeration but no mixing.

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

DEFINITION OF MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
System

Defnition

Composting - Intensive
windrow

Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning
for mixing and aeration.

Composting - Passive
windrow

Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing
and aeration.

Poultry manure with litter

Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not
combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all
poultry breeder focks and for the production of meat type
chickens (broilers) and other fowl.

Poultry manure without litter

May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confnement
facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the
manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a high-rise
manure management system and is a form of passive
windrow composting when designed and operated Properly

Aerobic treatment

The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with
either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited
to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is
due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems
typically become anoxic during periods
without sunlight.

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

DIRECT N2O EMISSION

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

INDIRECT N2O EMISSION

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N2O
No

Species Type

Emission Factor for Direct
N2O

1

Beef Cattle

0.02

2

Dairy Cattle

0.02

3

Bufallo

0.02

4

Sheep

0.02

5

Goat

0.02

6

Swine

0.02

7

Horse

0.02

8

Local Chicken

0.001

9

Broiler

0.001

10

Layer

0.001

11

Duck

0.001

IPCC (2006) Table 10.21

Direct and indirect N2O emission from manure
management
Manure
Management
System

Species Type

Pastura*

Beef Cattle**

Daily Spread

Dairy Cattle

Dry Lot

Poultry With
Litter
Poultry Without
Litter
TOTAL

Number of
Animal

Annual direct
N2O emissions
(kg/year)

Annual indirect
N2O emissions
(kg/year)

2,436,507

-

-

265,744

0

582

Beef Cattle***

5,685,184

155,217

14,816

Buffalo

1,766,248

42,792

5,446

Sheep

7,414,965

55,731

7,093

Goats

12,613,108

118,935

15,137

Swine

2,623,600

8,427

1,207

Horses

412,919

10,372

1,485

Broiler

534,810,990

4,555

14,494

Layer

69,702,890

885

2,816

261,132,020

2,211

7,738

29,674,120

424

1,483

399,549

72,297

Native Chicken
Duck

POTENSI PERBAIKAN DALAM
DATA AKTIVITAS DAN FAKTOR EMISI

POPULASI TERNAK NASIONAL (20002011)
DALAM RIBUAN EKOR
Livestock

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011 *)

Beef Cattle

11,008

11,137

11,298

10,504

10,533

10,569

10,875

11,515

12,257

12,760

13582

14,824

Dairy Cattle

354

347

358

374

364

361

369

374

458

475

488

597

Buffalo

2,405

2,333

2,403

2,459

2,403

2,128

2,167

2,086

1,931

1,933

2,000

1,305

Sheep

7,427

7,401

7,641

7,811

8,075

8,327

8,980

9,514

9,605

10,199

10,725

11,372

Goats

12,566

12,464

12,549

12,722

12,781

13,409

13,790

14,470

15,147

15,815

16,620

17,483

Swine

5,357

5,369

5,927

6,151

5,980

6,801

6,218

6,711

6,338

6,975

7,477

7,758

412

422

419

413

397

387

398

401

393

399

419

416

Horses
Native
Chicken
Broiler

259,257 268,039 275,292 277,357 276,989 278,954 291,085 272,251 243,423 249,964 257,544 274,893
1,041,96
8
530,874 621,870 865,075 847,744 778,970 811,189 797,527 891,659 902,052 991,281 986,872

Layer

69,366

70,254

78,039

79,206

93,416

84,790 100,202 111,489 107,955

99,768 105,210 110,300

Duck

29,035

32,068

46,001

33,863

32,573

32,405

42,318

32,481

35,867

38,840

44,302

49,392

Sumber: Biro Pusat Statistik

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

P o p u la s i ( x 1 0 0 0 e k o r )

POPULASI TERNAK NASIONAL

20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
Sapi Potong
Sapi
Perah
Kerbau
Kuda
Kambing
Domba

12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Tahun

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Distribusi Ternak Sapi Potong di Indonesia

Jawa: 42%
Sumatera: 24%
Lainnya: 34%

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

Distribusi Sapi Perah di Indonesia

Jawa : 98%
Luar Jawa: 2%

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

POPULASI SAPI POTONG (2011)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

POPULASI SAPI PERAH (2011)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

POPULASI KERBAU (2011)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

STRUKTUR POPULASI
TERNAK

Sapi Potong
19.00%
26.00%
55.00%



Sapi Perah
54.00%

22.00%
24.00%

Ternak Kerbau
16.00%
21.00%
63.00%

Anak
Muda
Dewasa

Faktor Emisi (EF) untuk sapi potong, sapi perah
dan kerbau perlu dikoreksi berdasarkan
Struktur Populasi :




Ternak Dewasa = 1.0
Ternak Muda = 0.5
Ternak Anak = 0.25

Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik (terkoreksi)

No Species Type

EF (dewasa) *
(kg/head/year)

EF (muda) **
(kg/head/year)

EF (anak) **
(kg/head/year)

1

Beef Cattle

47

23.5

11.75

2

Dairy Cattle

68

34

17

3

Bufallo

55

27.5

13.75

4

Sheep

5

-

-

5

Goat

5

-

-

6

Pig

1

-

-

7

Horse

18

-

-

8

Local Chicken

-

-

-

9

Broiler

-

-

-

10

Layer

-

-

-

11

Duck

-

-

-

* IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11
** Dikoreksi berdasarkan stuktur populasi ternak

Faktor Emisi Managemen Manur (terkoreksi)

No Species Type

EF (dewasa) *
(kg/head/year)

EF (muda) **
(kg/head/year)

EF (anak) **
(kg/head/year)

1

Beef Cattle

1

0.5

0.25

2

Dairy Cattle

31

15.5

7.75

3

Bufallo

2

1.0

0.5

4

Sheep

0.20

-

-

5

Goat

0.22

-

-

6

Pig

7

-

-

7

Horse

2.19

-

-

8

Local Chicken

0.02

-

-

9

Broiler

0.02

-

-

10

Layer

0.02

-

-

11

Duck

0.02

-

-

* IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11
** Dikoreksi berdasarkan stuktur populasi ternak

PERHITUNGAN POPULASI AYAM
BROILER



Pada perhitungan inventory SNC populasi ayam broiler dan
ayam kampung tidak dikoreksi



Populasi ayama broiler dihitung dengan mempertimbangkan masa
pemeliharaan. Pada umnya ayam broiler dipelihara selama 60 hari
dan ayam kampung dipelihara 120 hari.



Jika pada tahun 2011 produksi Boiler ekor/tahun 1.041.968.000
ekor/th, maka rataan populasi broiler per tahun:
Rataan produksi per tahun = 60 x (1.041.968/365) =
171.822.410 ekor/tahun

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

KOREKSI POPULASI
TERNAK


Impor sapi bakalan dan kerbau masuk
dalam perhitungan populasi sapi (?)



Setiap tahun Indonesia masih mengimport
sapi bakalan sekitar 500 ribu ekor.



Sapi bakalan dipelihara hanya 4 bulan
(120 hari), dengan demikian perlu
dikoreksi (120/365)

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

KEGIATAN MITIGASI


Kegiatan mitigasi dalam peternakan
berupa instalasi Biogas melalui
BATAMAS atau BIRU dapat dihitung.



Perbaikan kualitas pakan, peningkatan
kualitas pastura dan peningkatan
mutu genetik masih sulit untuk
diperhitung.

Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian dalam 1 st BUR

TERIMA KASIH